The New York
FORESTOWNER A publication of the New York Forest Owners Association January/February
LIFE ON OUR FOREST FARM NEW YORK'S FORESTS-THEN
AND NOW
HOW TO BLAZE BOUNDARIES Volume 36 Number 1
1998
THE NEW YORK
FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION VOL. 36, NO.1
FOREST OWNER A publication of the New York Forest Owners Association Editorial Committee: Betty Densmore, Chair, Alan Knight, Mary McCarty, Jim Minor, Bob Sand, and Eileen Schaefer.
Materials submitted for publication should be addressed to: R-J. Fox, Editor, R. D. 3, Box 88, Moravia, New York 13118. Articles, artwork and photos are invited and are normally returned after use. The deadline for submission for MarlApr is February 1. Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box 180, Fairport, N.Y. 14450. Cost of individual membership/subscription is $20.
OFFICERS & DIRECTORS
Jill Cornell, President 703 Johnsonville Rd. Johnsonville. NY 12094: 518/753-4336
WOLF TREE
Robert M. Sand, Recording Secretary 300 Church Street Odessa. NY 14869-9703; 607/594-2130
Don Wagner, Treasurer 5330 Graham Road. Utica. NY 13502: 3151733-7391 Deborah Gill, Administrative Secretary P.O. Box 180 Fairport. NY 14450: 716/377-6060
1998 Jill Cornell, Johnsonville: 518/753-4336 Elizabeth Densmore, Machias: 716/942-6600 Robert Sand, Odessa: 607/594-2130 Bob Sykes, Elbridge: 315/673-3691 1999 Harry Dieter. Honeoye Falls. 716/533-2085 Thomas Ellison, Manlius. 315/682-9376 Richard Fox, Moravia: 315/497-1078 David Swanson, Mount Morris. 7 I 6/658-460 I 2000 Hugh Canham. N. Syracuse: 315/457-4972 John Hastings. Queensbury: 5 I 8/798-0248 Ronald Pedersen: Latham: 518/785-6061 Betty Wagner: Utica: 315/733-7391
CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Charlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills: 7 I 6/676-36 I7 Stephen Davison, Cayuga: 3 I 5/496-2392 ./oan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; 518/861-8753 Tom Graber. Central New York: 315/255-3662 Elizabeth Nichols, Lower Hudson: 914/ 241-7289 David Daut, Northern Adirondack: 5 I 8/359-3089 Rita Hammond. Niagara Frontier; 7 I 6/652-2857 James Durller, SE Adirondack; 5 I 8/ 747-5958 Larry Lepak, Southern Tier: 607/656-8504 Don Schaufler, Tioga: 607/589-6095 Jack Hamilton, Western Finger Lakes: 716/728-5769
A large beech tree with Red Shoulder Hawk's Nest (A Threatened NY Species.) Photo by Phil Ranke
Table Of Contents President's Message, Jill Cornell
All rights reserved. Contents llIay not be reproduced without prior written permission [mm th« publisher. NYFOA does not necessarily support or oppru\'e procedures. prodIlcts, or opinions presented by authors or advertisers.
Cover: Deer and Turkey.
Photo
by Robert Bamber Marshall (See
Life On Our Forest Farm, Robert Bamber Marshall New York's Forest-Then and Now, Peter Smallidge The State of World Forestry, Henry Kernan Meet Debbie Gill, LETTERS, Trained Logger Certification, David Colligan How To Blaze Borders, D. E. Bedford & M. A. Jenkins Maple Leaf Cutter, Douglas Allen Rip Van Winkle Had Good Health, Jane Sorensen Lord
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President's Message By Jill Cornell
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its unfortunate that I can't have a chance to talk with all NYFOA members and find out what everyone considers important issues for forest owners in NY. But at least I can tell you what I am trying to do for NYFOA. 1. Reach the remaining 99.5% of the over 500,000 nonindustrial private forest owners in New York. This means getting state wide publicity. It also means we need some more help to do this. 2. Expand our membership so that we "speak" more loudly to legislators. 3. Convince new forest owners about the benefits of sustainable management of their woodlots. 4. Inform the general public about the benefits of our forests: air and water quality, erosion control, wildlife habitat enhancement, family recreation AND TIMBER PRODUCTION. All of these goals are compatible. There are several projects in place to further these goals: 1. Our application for IRS ruling on tax exempt status for our independent New York Woodland Stewards, Inc. is pending. When this process is finished, NYFOA will have a great tool to raise money for NYFOA's educational purposes. 2. The Capital District and Southeastern Adirondack Chapters are working to produce Family Forest Fair '98. It will again be at the Washington County Fairgrounds in Greenwich, NY on October 3rd and 4th. Plan to come and consider holding the next fair in your region. 3. Chapters around the state are meeting with Peter SmaIIidge from Cornell Cooperative Extension to plan urban workshops to get our message out.
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OUR AUTHORS
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our Editor has put NYFOA's newly acquired computer and penpherals to use. All magazines since Vol. 30: No.3; May/June 1992 are archived in digital form and an indexing process is underway, currently represented by a listing of all Tables of Contents for the past 6 years, a copy of which is available from Debbie. Further, there now exist Collections of past articles by the following contributors: Douglas C. Allen John S. Braubitz David J. Colligan Dorothy S. Darling Henry S. Kernan Peter S Levatich Jane Sorensen Lord (see p. 22) Norman A. Richards More will follow. Reprints of the Collections or individual articles may be obtained from Debbie Gill at NYFOA, PO Box 180, Fairport, NY 14450.
Jill Cornell 4. Grant proposals have been written to seek funding for: a). Developing a data base and writing to the 2100 recipients of Stewardship Incentive Program (SIP) Funding, since the program started in 1991. The letter will urge recipients to write their congressional representatives to ask them to support continued and increased SIP funds for the USDA FS FY99 budget, so that more New Yorkers can be induced to manage their woodlots on a sustainable basis, and to tell them about the educational information NYFOA offers. b). A major publicity campaign for an even bigger Family Forest Fair "98. AND in the FUN DEPARTMENT: 5. The first NYFOA-NYWS note card series is available to solve all your gift giving needs this year while you help raise money for NYFOA and subtly spread the management word. Contact your Chapter Chair or Debbie Gill to place an order. 6. NYFOA Forest Travel Tour of the Pacific Northwest is being organized by former FOREST OWNER Editor, Alan Knight for late summer or early September, 1998. Please take lots of winter photos ill your woods so NYFOA can do a Winter/Christmas Card Series for winter '98. NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566 - INFO
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Life On Our Forestfarm By Robert Bamber Marshall
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ne morning last August I was en joying our new automatic- turn-off water kettle given by my younger son, our family's electrical and electronicengineering expert. As the water started to boil and the on-off button popped to off position, the steam attracted my sightline to kitchen-window level and a patch of redbrown in the forest behind a yellowwood bush. Taking coffee and binoculars to the dining-room table and opening the sliding glass-door, I watched an eight-point buck and a big doe for at least five minutes. They were necking enthusiastically! They simply stood still and groomed each other from the ears to the shoulders. Then they left the forest and crossed our driveway, followed by a six-point buck and smaller doe who then briefly stopped and necked each other just like the first pair! After that they munched here and there half-wayround the house, through our "forest-park", before vanishing into neighboring woodland. Our four acres here in Yorktown has become a yearround favorite feeding-ground for wildlife, every year better than the last during twenty years.of forest management. Being uniquely attractive as old-growth oak-hickory forest, we have practiced understory thinning of suppressed and intermediate trees, combined with great reduction of thorny understory, briars and vines. In replacemernt we have much more groundcover, and healthier fruitful trees. Constant thinnings, along with fallen giants, provided enough firewood every year for a double-facing fireplace burning night and day from Labor Day to New Year. Thus our forest remains old-growth oak-hickory, 4
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adding growth to larger and higher-quality trees. Now the overstory should be thinned before the big oaks stagnate and become defective by overcrowding. Now also the lower-quality codominant red maples should not be allowed to penetrate the overstory and kill the oaks. The best sugar maples and hickories should remain. Additionally, our forest remains more interesting by keeping representation of many species, such as black walnut, tulip poplar, white ash, black birch, red cedar, quaking aspen, basswood, black tupelo, beech and hemlock. Wow! All on four acres! But two more I planted, in our deer-exclusion area, a half-dozen "deer-yard" white cedars, a canoe birch, and high-bush blueberries. If our biggest and best oaks were not so valu-
able for wildlife, landscaping, and property resale, then it would be wiser to invest their value in a Brazilian forest farm, especially next year. Nevertheless, what should be sold will be valuable, easy to fell and transport, because of forest management foresight. Imaginative personal silvicultural foresight and followup action improves our home forest constantly, each square foot better providing its particular benefit to our ecological community. Uncut grass maNYFOA·
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tures for songbirds that need to nest in grass. Grass-seed is enjoyed by most wildlife. most conspicuously by our wild turkeys. Blueberries love the drumlin soil on our larger hill, especially since the blackberries and hardwood shrubs above them were cut and an inch of our duck pond soil scattered over their shallow roots. During our peak gypsy-moth defoliation, duck pond soil saved some of our shallow-rooted dogwoods, while also leveling our stumblestone ground. Our one-acre highland swamp, originally solid skunk-cabbage covering waterfilled potholes between glacier-dropped boulders, now has only a few skunk-cabbages and a winding watercourse between three tiny ponds. This was accomplished easily by pulling out skunk-cabbage, raking leaves and tossing rocks from watercourse and developing duck ponds. I cut paths through the jungle of understory leaners and vines, chiefly hornbeam, yellowwood, poison i y and wild grape, poisoning the stumps of vines. In later years I cut all leaners and all thorny understory, except the best large hawthorn ornamentals whose thorny trunks I chose to prune. Now everybody can enjoy walking through the swamp and on our woodland trails e erywhere. atein October I harvested my firstin-a-lifetime wild turkey, now that Westchester's fall season permits two and our flock had seven birds. To balance nature in an old-growth oak-hickory forest we need especially to harvest squirrels, to limit their cutting of small branches both spring and fall. They eat the buds in spring and early acorns in fall, then use the leaves with their attached small branches
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for winter nests. One year I counted twenty squirrels in a few minutes on our four acres, the day after shooting the last four of twenty harvested that year! This year and last a family of goshawks have helped reduce overpopulation, but after shooting five squirrels I know I should shoot at least ten more. Usually in late summer there will be a raccoon that threatens or destroys property. One, not noticed as groceries were unloaded from a car, was shut inside and tore out the upholstery around a slightlyopen window. Another pushed in a house window-screen, and was old enough to growl ominously from a pantry counter's bowl of apples. What a raccoon can do often a skunk can do. Perhaps once in five years a fearless skunk starts coming every evening and should be dispatched before a distasteful disaster. Finally, there are the deer to be harvested with bow and arrow. With shotgun I could shoot two deer every year soon after Election Day. Our livingroom wall has two eight-pointers, one shot here with bow and arrow at forty yards and the other in the Adirondack Mountains with rifle at thirty-five yards. This year 1 have released two arrows. They flew too high,so we had no venison for Thanksgiving Day. However, we thanked God for everything else. And I prayed that next year the bowand-arrow season will include October. Also 1 prayed that the New York State Assembly will no longer delay "The Right To Practice Forestry" Bill, A370A. Foresters constantly care about the silviculture and best management practices for each of North America's 200 forest types, and try to practice forestry according to the rule of law. Foresters try hard to live by our professional society's code of ethics. Foresters are not more sinful than the politicians and nonlandowning public who increasingly prevent the practice of our profession. Many foresters have to spend their entire lives arguing to retain or win back some simplistic forestry fundamentals, , never overcoming the disincentives discouraging creative silviculture. The blind continue to lead the blind, demanding domination of forest practices worldwide that conform to their current simplistic politically-correct concept, however locally lunatic, which continues to guarantee lower quality future forests and lower present and future production of forest products. Must the voting majority be bankrupted by preposterously-higher taxes and costs of living before a cry for productive forestland takes the place of the cries for "Open-Space" forNY FOREST
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est junkyards? Must demand for "OpenSpace" become economic and political suicide before America's fantastic forest potential is deregulated enough for foresters to practice silviculture scientifically? Unless the blind leading the blind begin to see the way out of their wilderness, "OpenSpace" worldwide will imitate "OpenSpace" USA, until the next worldwide economic depression. The blind must see foresters as CREATIVE in HOW they choose to CUT forests and that only with productive forest management can America afford to have more forests today than when the white man came to America. On our forestfarm we believe in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the U.S. Constitution and The Bill Of Rights, including the Second Amendment that guards all the others. Hopefully we never will be visited here by the greatest predator of all, who would find little of value except life, which we intend to defend. We believe true Americans want to eat their own bread, obey the law, and trust in God. When man's laws and regulations do not conform to God's law, because lawmakers fail to pray humbly "Thy Will be done on earth" through me, then naturally new laws increasingly overburden and drag down the American way of life. Jesus said, "I am the way, the truth, and the life." John Adams said, "Our constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate for the government of any other." George Washington said, "The establishment of Civil and Religious Liberty was the Motive which induced me to the Field (of battle); the object is attained, and it now remains my earnest wish and prayer,that the Citizens of the United States would make a wise and virtuous use of the blessings placed before them ... " The Apostle Paul wrote to the Galatians, "Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ has made us free, and be- not entangled again with the yoke of bondage." For hope, growth and opportunity my Society of American Forester's automobile bumper-sticker proclaims, "A healthy forest is no accident." .6. Robert Bamber Marshall is a consultant forester and member of NYFOA 's Lower Hudson Chapter. He owns forest land in Brazil and enjoys its management with equal fervor (NYFO 35: U8.)
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THE STATE OF WORLD FORESTRY By Henry S. Kernan
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mong the many specialized agencies of the United Nations, the agency concerned with forestry is a department of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with headquarters in Rome. Italy. The head of the forestry Department is David Harcharick, an American, with the title of Assistant Director General. Forests and near-forests cover a third of the earth's land area and are an important influence upon our present and future welfare. Hence, the special value and significance of the forestry staff's work. Biennially, the department publishes a "State of the World's Forests," whose 1997 Edition is now available, 200 pages offacts, figures, and reasoned interpretations, horrendous in complexity and breadth but fascinating in detail. Are tropical forests disappearing at an accelerating rate? If they are, what are the consequences for human welfare? Where are those forest resources, and what part do they have in the national and world economies? In dealing with subjects so vast and complex, many statements must be tentative, although drawn from data more accurate with each evaluation as the techniques of inquiry improve. The latest and best answer to the question of the world's forest area is 3454 million hectares, 26.6 per cent of the total land area without Greenland and the Antartic. Both figures present problems of definition. The document defines forest as land with tree crown cover of more than about 20 per cent of the area for developed countries and 10% of the land area for developing countries. The FAO thereupon credits Canada with 245 million hectares, the third largest national forest, after the Russian Federation's and Brazil's. Yet Canada credits itself with 418 million. The difference must be the sparse cover of aspen, willow, and spruce found over vast areas of Labrador and the Northwest territories. Nearly half the world's forests are boreal and temperate, about equally divided and together, 1.64 billion hectares. The former have less human impact because they are mostly remote and sparsely populated. Perhaps for that reason their condiNYFOA·
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tion and survival receive less attention than warranted by their fragile ecology. Fire is lethal to their thin bark: yet without fire they have a tendency to give way to muskeg. The majority of the world's forests, 56. per cent, are tropical, and they cover 1.76 billion hectares. No issue of world forestry receives more concerned, even emotional attention, than the condition and survival of the tropical forest, for many weighty reasons. They are thought to contain half the world's species of plants and animals: because of their extent and exuberant growth, they must have a profound influence upon the regimes of water and air. Because most humans live in tropical countries, their forests have a significant influence upon human welfare. Are the tropical forests losing area, \"01ume and quality? Yes, they are. The hectares so affected each year are estimated to be 15.4 million for the decade 1980-1990_ more forested hectares than in New York. and 0.8 per cent of the total tropical forest. Nevertheless, the situation is not one for despair. We are not about to live in cement trailers and eat with plastic chopsticks. Changes are coming to forests which heretofore have undergone but the slightest human intervention. Only 40 per cent 0the change is complete and permanent conversion to other land uses. The rest is change in varying degrees of intensity. Examples of such change are partial logging and temporary (swidden) clearings. The developing countries alone, where most of the tropical forests are, have nearly 100 million hectares of tree plantations, Plantations are increasing by about three million hectares a year and are far more productive of usable wood than the natural forest. The temperate forests are increasing. The boreal forests of Canada, Scandinavia and Alaska are stable. Information about change in the boreal forests of the Russian Federation are not available. "State of the World's Forests" can be had for $30.00 from Barnan Associates. The 800 number is 274-4888. .i.. Henry Kernan is a consulting forester in World Forestry, a Master Forest Owner Volunteer and a regular contributor to the NY FOREST OWNER. JANIFEB 1998
This appears-a midwinter dilemmaThe water wheel immobile, deep in snow; There must be none left in the heavens, It has all fallen here below.
WINTER WATER WHEEL
The foot bridge has lost its bearings, Rendered superfluous, solemn and still; A cold white mountain looms on high, Redesigning all land into hill. Snows chill the panes of the tall windows As winter spreads its sprawling quest, Exhaling an all-encompassing breath As though it were a welcome guest. There are those who embrace this challenge, Deeming it the essence of playful fun. But where are also a few timid earthlings Craving the advent of a very warming sun.
Last in the Photographic Series "Winterscapes " By Patricia Kay Photography ©1986 With Added Poetry By Dorothy Darling
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New York's Forests -Then and Now By Peter J. Smallidge
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s I travel around the state and meet other people interested in nonindustrial private forest management, I am continually amazed by the extent of our forested lands. Equally as interesting is the way New York forests change from north to south and east to west, and the varied history of our forested landscape. By understanding the characteristics of our forests and how the forest has changed to arrive at its current condition, we can better understand what the forest can provide and how it must be tended. New York was predominately forested at the time of European colonization. The nonforested areas of our landscape existed as open meadows, pine barrens, lakes, and nonforested wetlands. The nonforested areas resulted from soil or topographic features or opened due to a recent disturbance. Our best records suggest that New York forests in the late J 700's and early J 800's were dominated predominately by red spruce and balsam fir at the highest elevations, sugar maple, American beech, and yellow birch on good soils, and oaks, hickory, and American chestnut on the drier and warmer sites. White ash occurred as scattered, infrequent trees mixed with other species on fertile soils. Certainly other species occurred, approximately 60 tree species in various areas of the state. As colonists spread across New York shortly after the Revolutionary War, they cleared land in small patches for subsistence farming. (The use of fire was used 30+ Years Experience
ROBERT DEMEREE Professional
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Timber Sales¡ Management Planning Tax Law - Tree Planting 3987 Northway Drive Cortland, NY 13045-9317 Telephone:
(S07! 753-0497 8
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by Native Americans to establish some clearings.) As today, agriculture was important to the early colonists of New York, and as the population grew so did the acres being cropped and grazed. Then, as now, New Yorkers used the forest land as sources of lumber, other forest products and as habitat for wildlife. Early citizens went to great lengths to clear the land of forests as demands increased for agricultural crops. By early in the 1900's, most of the lands outside of the Adirondacks were being farmed or had been farmed during the previous century. Agriculture continued to dominate the New York landscape, with 75% (22.6 million acres) of the state being used for agriculture. However, many farms were located on soils limited in suitability for agriculture. During the 1930's and the Great Depression, many farming families left their farms in search of employment in urban cities and areas of the West. On most lands not suitable to remain in agriculture or to be used for development, the forest began its return. The early successional maples, ash, and aspen with lightweight seeds blew onto agricultural fields starting many of the forests that now cover our state. The succession of farm field to forest is too long of a story for now, but we know that agricultural lands in New York declined from 75% to 25% by the 1990's with large shifts in acreage from farm to forest. As the forests developed, many species of wildlife expanded their populations into the newly created habitat. Other species, such as the ring-neck pheasant, were introduced to use the grass and shrub habitats that covered the state. The State Conservation Department (now Department of Environmental Conservation) and the U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) planted red pine, Norway spruce, and eastern white pine to reforest the state, stabilize soils, and reduce erosion. The forests grew, changing from seedlings mixed among grasses and golden rod to saplings and by 1953, 52% of the NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566
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forests, 6.6 million acres, (about one-fifth of the state) were classified as seedling or sapling sized forest and almost 20% (2.3 million acres) of the forests were "pole" sized (trees between 6 and 11 inches Diameter Breast Height). In 1953,30% (3. million acres) of the forests were classified as sawtimber (greater than 12 inches in diameter). OU can imagine that the change in the character of the forest was not constant across the state. Areas thar seeded into the faster growing but shorterlived aspen reached pole size sooner, and areas that seeded to sugar maple were slower to reach pole size. Trees in other areas, particularly those having poor soils may not have grown so quickly or as tall. Thus, our forests have a fairly similar "birth date" but differ depending on the first species to invade and survive, and the rate they grew. The forests that started from field have changed through time. Some of the early invaders have died, leaving an opening filled either by the crowns of their neighbors or by seeds from surrounding areas. Many forests around the state are between 60 and 90 years old, ages that reflect the changing land use and history of disturbances. A common feature of many forests, a result of them originating at the same time in a given area, is that they are even-aged. Even-aged is a term used by foresters to reflect that even though the forest can have trees of different sizes, all trees are approximately the same age. This feature is both interesting and useful. It is interesting that trees of very different sizes (I have seen trees 4 inches in diameter the same age as trees 10 inches in diameter) are about the same age. It is useful because it helps us understand how to manage the forests. The larger trees are those species or individual trees (due to genetics) able to grow quickly.
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We leave behind the "runts of the tree world" that may not be able to utilize the increased soil and light resources available following a timber harvest. This process of taking the largest and best trees and leaving the runts provides interesting food for thought and the topic of a future article. Our forests today are beautiful, abundant, and productive. Other than the virtualloss of American chestnut by the chestnut blight (caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasiticai, we have all the species present in the 1700's plus a few introduced exotic species we would probably be better off without. Our state is 62% forested, 18.6 million acres of our 30 million total acres. Currently, 53% of the forests are sawtimber, 30% are pole-sized, and 17% are seedling or sapling sized. In a state where agriculture once dominated, now only 7 counties have greater than 50% of their land devoted to agriculture. Twentyfive counties have between 50 and 75% of their land as forest, and 10 counties have greater than 75% forest land. Other than the New York metropolitan area, all counties have greater than 25% forest land. The 8 most abundant tree species (in decreasing order) are sugar maple, red maple, eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, white ash, American beech, northern red oak, and black cherry. A recent economic analysis indicates that the companies that comprise the forest industry employ over 60,000 people, account for 5.6 percent of the state's total manufacturing, and directly contribute $4.6 billion to New York's Gross State Product. For.all of us interested in forests and forestry, New York is a wonderful place. If you would like additional information on the characteristics of forests throughout the state or in your area contact your local office of the Department of Environmental Conservation. If your would like more information on your particular forests and how to manage it to meet your objectives, contact the DEC or a professional consulting forester. (I appreciate access to 'reports by B. Stanton and N. Bills, Cornell Univ. Dept. of Agric., Res., and Manag. Economics; NYS - Dept. of Environ. Cons.; and the Empire State Forest Products Assoc.) •. Peter 1. Smallidge is the State Extension Forester for the Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. This article is available from Cornell Cooperative News Service (the series, Forests For Tomorrow.) NY FOREST OWNER 36:1
H~-\LE FORESTR\"' COl\/IP~~N\T 610 East Main Street. Westfield, PA 169~0 Professional Forestry Consulting Forest Resource Management Services TIMBER SALES
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PONDS UNLIMITED INVITES yOU .... to think of all of the benefits you could enjoy from having a pond or a lake on your own property. This idea could become a reality if the right conditions prevail. From our experience it normally requires favorable watershed conditions, good site conditions, ownercommitment to stewardship for enhancement of forest land values, appropriate engineering planning and design, and good construction practices. PONDS UNLIMITED CAN EVALUATE the site of your choice. We can provide all ofthe engineering services needed to .plan, design and oversee the construction of a dam to create a handsome pond or lake on suitable property. You can get additional information by calling 315/422POND or sending a letter of inquiry to:
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No property is too small or too large to benefit from experienced professional assistance when you are faced with important decisions regarding its use. Contact Lake George Forestry today to arrange a free initial consultation. Christian Gearwear, President
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FAXl476-3635 NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566 - INFO
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MEET DEBBIE GILL
I
want to introduce my family, the love of my life. I live in Penfield, with my husband, Tom, who works at Bausch & Lomb in Rochester. He grew up outside of Watertown and has always enjoyed the outdoors. Our children are Steve, 16, Tim, 14 and Becky, 10. In addition to taking care of my family, I manage the NYFOA office and provide office support for the New York Tree Farm System, which involves maintaining a database on the Tree Farms in New York. In my spare time I volunteer at church and the schools and lead my daughter's scout troop. I grew up in Monroe County and always enjoyed my grandparent's woods in south-
ern Ohio. While in my teens, my parents, John & Helen Marchant, purchased a 150 acre wooded farm in Steuben county in the Southern Tier. I had the wonderful opportunity to see that plot of land go from a rustic, lean-to, get-a-way to a real home, with a log cabin, barn and pond. Although, most of my involvement with the woods has been purely recreational, I have an appreciation for all the hard work and dedication that goes into being a good steward of the land. My family and I are rejuvenated every time we visit the farm. Over the years, we have hauled cinder blocks for the cabin basement, cut, split and stacked wood, cleared the view to the pond from the cabin, pulled cattails, built a dock, cut trails, and more. All were labors of love. The cries for help to get a hook out of a hungry fish, or the' look, come see' to show us a nest of tiny mice that were nestled in the wood pile, are food for the soul. My older son's boy scout den camped every fall for many years at the farm. He loved sharing his grandparent's "little piece of heaven" with his friends. In addition to hiking, building blue bird houses, launching rockets, playing football in the fields, they enjoyed the peace and quiet of the evening campfire. Tom and I hope to introduce our daughter's girl scout troop to the same opportunities. The Christmases we've spent at the cabin were magical. We loved arguing over which tree to cut and then later sipping hot chocolate by the wood stove in the glow of the decorated tree. The children's anticipation seemed to be intensified, the years we were there, not just a coincidence, I'm sure. There's nothing like Christmas in a cabin in the woods!
Debbie Gill I was introduced to the New York Forest Owners Association through my parents, who took over the office work for two years after the Boonville office closed. During this time, in their occasional absence, I handled the day to day responsibilities of processing membership dues, providing mailing labels, etc. I enjoyed the work and the contact I had with so many of you. In July 1991, I had the opportunity to take over the administrative office at my home. This was a very welcomed opportunity. I'm so fortunate to do work that I enjoy and be able to do it from my home, so that I can be there for my family. The office has changed somewhat since I started six years ago. NYFOA's membership has grown, chapters have increased the number of exciting and informative activities for members and the public. Equipment and software have been upgraded, the information database was developed and implemented and more. One thing hasn't changed though, and that's the wonderful conversations and contacts I continue to have with you, the members ofNYFOA ...•.
Clockwise, Husband Tom, Deb, Becky, Steve and Tim at Deb's brother's farm in Vermont 10
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NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566
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JANIFEB
1998
THE NYFOA SCHOLARSHIP FUND • Wednesday, March 20, 1996, was a landmark day in the history of the New York Forest Owners Association. NYFOA President Bill Minerd, and President Ross Whaley of the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF) formally agreed to establish a permanent endowment for forestry education and research purposes at the College. It is known as The NYFOA Endowment Fund. • The purpose of the fund is defined in the agreement as follows: "Grants and awards shall be assigned by the ESF Chair of the Faculty of Forestry, in consultation with the President of NYFOA." This wording was chosen so that NYFOA could retain significant influence in selection of scholarship recipients and research direction, without unduly restricting the scope of the grants and awards, within a forestry context. • The NYFOA Fund will be supported by invitation of gifts, donations, bequests, honoraria, and memorials from all NYFOA members, chapters, affiliates and others in agreement with our stated purposes. These tax deductible, charitable donations are invested by the ESF College Foundation, Inc. Scholarships, grants and awards will be assigned from the income earned by the investments. Thus, the endowment will be a permanent fund in the name of NYFOA. The NYFOA Fund should surpass the $10;000 minimum threshold in short order. • Funding from such sources as the NYFOA Board of Directors, Chapters, Affiliates and allied organizations and industries will be important to the success of the NYFOA Scholarship Fund. Your active participation in generating interest at any of these sources is encouraged. • However, individual NYFOA members probably represent the greatest potential source of support over the long run. Donations, in the form of memorials, honoraria and bequests, would be very appropriate means of commemorating personal relationships. At the same time, we are dedicating our support for the type of study vital to the needs of forest owners, present and future. • A more direct means of supporting The NYFOA Fund is for NYFOA members to donate a portion of the gross receipts from the sale of forest products from their lands. At harvest time, it would appear that forest owners could justify donating 1% of gross receipts to support study that helps to increase future productivity and enhancement of other woodland benefits. In (honor) (memory) of I enclose $
_ for the NYFOA SCHOLARSHIP
FUND.
NEW YORK FOREST
OWNERS ASSN.
OPTION: I pledge $ with the initial gift of $ ance to be paid in installments on (dates)
The bal_
Name ----~--------------------Address _
Signature
Date Please send acknowledgement
SCHOLARSHIP FUND
NY FOREST
OWNER 36:1
to the above address
Gifts are deductable to the extent provided by law Make checks payable to ESF College Foundation. Mail to Development Office, SUNY-ESF, One Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13021.
NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566
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JANIFEB
1998
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A
Pplication or Facsimile Application for Membership in the New York Forest Owners Association.
LETTERS TO INCREASE DISTRIBUTION
IlWe would like to support good forestry and stewardship of New York's forest lands. ( ) IlWe own land.
acres of wood-
( ) IlWe do not own woodland but support the Association's objectives.
NAME,
_
ADDRESS,
_
City
Zip
Telephone
_
County of Residence
_
County of Woodlot.
_
Referred by
_
Annual Dues (Please Check One) INDIVIDUAL
$20
FAMILY (or co-owners)
$25
CONTRIBUTING
$30-$100
SPONSORING MEMBERSHIP Six
issues
of
$10land
up
INCLUDES:
NY FOREST
the
OWNER, woodswalks,
chapter meetings, and two statewide meetings for all members. PLEASE make check payable to: NYFOA and SEND TO: NYFOA,Inc P.O. Box 180. Fairport, New York 14450
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1.lThe last issue of this year is the best Forest Owner yet! Congratulations to all the fine articles you attracted. 2,/ Could you send me half a dozen copies? I have several MFO clients who should read some of the articles and then join NYFOA. 3./ The article on danger trees is as amusing as it is frightening. What will OSHA do next? And who will remove (cut) the danger trees if people have to stay two tree lengths away? -Peter S. Levatich, Brooktondale
NEW YORK WOODLAND STEWARDS, INC.(NYWS) What is the NY Woodland Stewards for; and why do you need a tax-exempt organization? -Lee Laechelt, Alabama Forest Owners Association NYFOA is determined by the IRS as a typical not-for-profit, 501 (c) 5, association of members. very much like a union, with little or no restrictions on political activities. They exist to serve their members in an "exclusive" sort-ofway. A 501 (c) 3 organization (such as NYFOA's pending NYWS) is primarily directed to charitable or educational goals and activities for the general public and denied unlimited political activity. Donations to a type-(c)3 of real estate or any other assets are recognized as deductible from income or estate taxes according to law. Hence, NYFOA is expecting to use its filial entity (NYWS) to advance educational goals historically identified with NYFOA; but with greater intensity or in whatever ways the new entity evolves. The new structure will also enable the older parent (NYFOA) to adopt stronger private property advocacy positions in the political arena and to serve and protect member's interest without conflict and with proprietary rights when such a need or opportunity should arise. The two entities are required to have separate governing Boards, Officers, State Charters, and Bylaws. -Editor NYFOA • 1·800·836·3566
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CONSULTING
FORESTERS?
After reading the article "Managing a Woodlot Timber Sale" (NYFO 35:6, '97; Nov/ Dee), I concluded that some of the facts did not add up. I believe the article leads people to believe the landowner more than doubled his original offer of $8,000 for a timber sale by going through a consulting forester who was able to obtain $17,220 for the sale. First of all, the logger's offer of $8,000 was for the 176 high value trees. When the consulting forester enters the picture, he then agrees to pay $17,220 to the landowner, but he also gets 876 cull trees which amount to 200 cords of firewood. At this point, we are no longer comparing apples with apples in this sale. Secondly, no mention is made in the article of the consulting forester's fee. Could we have that number, so that it could be subtracted from the $17,220? Thirdly, I was concerned with the owner's dissatisfaction with the clean-up (proper grading was not done which was called for in the contract). Is this not part of the responsibility of a consulting forester? What was the purpose of the bond in the contract? I do not doubt that the consulting forester had the best interests of the forest and the landowner in mind. What I do doubt is whether the landowner received the greatest amount of profit as a result of dealing through a consulting forester. It appears that the main factor which determined the owner's degree of profit in thissale is the claim that it was an "emergency" sale. Had this landowner the time to do his homework and the initiative, I believe he could have done as well or better on his own. My contention in this letter is that the article appears to go overboard in touting the benefits of a consulting forester. While careful reading of the article indicates some inconsistencies, there is no doubt a professional forester should be consulted in any hurried, uninformed sale. -James D. DeLelllis, Clarence
JANIFEB
1998
Some Forestry Facts:
VERSES By Celiz Congreve Beechwood fires are bright and clear, If the logs are kept a year. Oaken logs burn steadily If the wood is old and dry. Chestnut's only good they say If for long, it's laid away. But Ash new or Ash old Is fit for a Queen with a Crown of Gold, Birch and fir-logs burn too fast Blaze up bright but do not last, It is by the Irish said, Hawthorn bakes the sweetest bread, But Ash green or Ash brown Is fit for a Queen with a golden Crown. Elmwood burns like churchyard mould. E'en the very flames are cold. Poplar gives a bitter smoke Fills your eyes and makes you chokeApple-wood will scent your room With an incense like perfume. But Ash wet or Ash dry Is for a Queen to warm her slippers by. (from NYFO 15: J; 1977)
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A cord of wood (4' x 8' x 4') can produce any of the following: -
61,370 standard envelopes 1,200 copies of National Geographic 30 rocking chairs 460,000 personal checks 942 one-pound books 250 copies of the New York Times 7,500,000 toothpicks
Reprintedfrom: The Forest Steward. September/October 1997. The National Arbor Day Foundation. Pg. 6.
Custom and Stock Signs for the Forest Industry
Vo~ Signs ---..;.
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Dept. NYF, Box 553 Manlius, NY 13104-0553 Ph. (315) 682~418 or 682-7332 Fax: (315) 682-7335
JOIN TODAY AND RECEIVE: • NATIONAL WOODLANDS MAGAZINE (quarterly) • Eight issues of WOODLAND REPORT • Plus other benefits
MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
National Woodland Owners Association 374 Maple Avenue East, Suite 210 Vienna, VA 22180 (703) 255-2700
Name.
_
Address
_
Phone:
(
DUES: $15 FOR ONE YEAR, OR $28 FOR TWO YEARS Payable to NWOA or National Woodland Owners Association. ARE YOU A WOODLAND OWNER?
yes no
If yes, how many acres do you own?
_
Have you participated in FIP or other incentive programs?
yes
no
Do you have a forest management plan for your property?
yes
no
NY FOREST OWNER 36:1
The following from The NY FOREST OWNER 31:2, Mar/Apr 1993:
A
t the January 16, 1993 meeting of the Board of Directors, the Board supported a direction which would complete the NYFOA Archives at Moon Library of SUNY ESF. An appeal is hereby made t- i the members to advise the Editor of any NYFOA records of which the owner would permit copies to be made or the owner would donate outright. Particularly helpful would be back copies of the FOREST OWNERJNY FOREST OWNER prior to 1990. An effort will be made to create a detailed index and to determine the items missing. At this time there appears to be many "holes in the record," notably through the seventies. The response to this appeal produced several donations which helped to complete the record; more is needed.
Send for Catalog and Free Samples
:~TIONALWOODLAND OWNERS ASSOCIATION
Help NYFOA to Update its Archives
The NATIONAL WOODLAND OWNERS ASSOCIATION is a nationwide organization of non-industrial private woodland owners with offices in the Washington, D.C. area. Membership includes landowners in all 50 states. NWOA is affiliated with state and county woodland owner associations throughout the United States. Founded by non-industrial private woodland owners in 1983, NWOA is independent of the forest products industry and forestry agencies. We work with all organizations to promote non-industrial forestry and the best interests of woodland owners. Member of: National Council on Private Forests, Natural Resources Council of America, and National Forestry Network. Members receive 4 issues of NATIONAL WOODLANDS MAGAZINE and 8 issues of WOODLAND REPORT with late-breaking news from Washington, D.C. and state capitals. An introductory visit from a certified professional forester is available in most states (for holdings of 20 acres or larger), plus other member benefits. ~Keith A. Argow, Publisher "Informed woodland owners--our best protection"
NYFOA ·1·800·836·3566·
INFO
JANIFEB 1998
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TRAINED LOGGER CERTIFICATION (TLC) PROGRAM
By David J. Colligan
his author attended a meeting in Syracuse on November 13,1997, to participate in a Board of Directors meeting regarding the Trained Logger Certification (TLC) program. This program should be of great interest to landowners, as the proper training of loggers is critical to successful timber harvest from both the industry and the landowners' points of view.After years of on-the-job experience, many of New York's loggers are going "back to school" to learn more about their trade. In an effort to provide New York forest owners and rural communities with the benefits of knowledgeable and capable forest management and practices, a group
T
Adirondack Forestry Inc. Incorporated 1955
Services Include: Timber Inventory Timber Appraisal Management Plans Timber Marking & Sales Sale Supervision Trespass Appraisal S.I.P. Plans Phone: Garry L. Nelson • (518) 793·9022 James A. Farrar • (518) 623·9449 Dennis M. Flynn> (518) 581·f055 Member of SAF, NYFOA, Tree Farm, NYS Coop. Cons. For.
E·Mail: 14
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fatbike@capital.net
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of loggers voluntarily developed the Trained Logger Certification (TLC) program. More than 220 loggers have completed the three-part TLC program and are committed to keeping their skills honed and increasing their knowledge about logging productivity and forest ecosystems. The program requires ongoing training to maintain certification. These loggers are among the most skilled and professional members of a centuries old business that is a mainstay throughout much of rural New York. The TLC program consists ofthree, oneday core components: Standard adult first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); environmental concerns, and chain saw operation, safety and productivity. The continuing education segment of Trained Logger Certification requires loggers to maintain their first aid and CPR certification and take additional approved courses during a three-year period on topics ranging from small business management, to sustainable forestry, to advanced chain saw safety. Several major forestry companies and an increasing number of smaller forest owners require that the loggers they deal with participate in the TLC training. Others provide significant incentives for employee participation in the program by underwriting training costs. The training on environmental concerns has the greatest direct impact on forest owners and resources. It addresses the management practices that are necessary and appropriate for ensuring the continued productivity and vigor offorests. It emphasizes how the components of forest ecosystems interact. This aspect of the training helps improve the working relationship between loggers and foresters. Loggers better understand how and why certain trees are selected for a harvest and why others remain. Correct choices help ensure the long-term growth, regeneration and health of the forest. Loggers become more knowledgeable about how forest management practices help maintain water quality and logging aesthetics, and why different practices are used in different situations. The chain saw training course includes a hands-on session to explain the relationNYFOA - 1-800-836-3566
- INFO
ship between safety and productivity. Accredited workshops are offered by certified professional logging instructors who themselves have completed rigorous training. The chain saw training benefits forest owners as well as loggers. It has reduced insurance costs for companies and logging supervisors, reduced damage to the trees left standing after logging, and helped reassure landowners about the safety of those working in their woods. The first aid and CPR lessons are given through the American Red Cross or other local providers and exceed the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Topics include: cardiac arrest, strains and sprains, transport of injured people, treatment of shock, bums and other first aid situations. The TLC program is gathering momentum among loggers throughout New York. In addition to those who have completed initial certification, more than 200 individuals have completed two of the three components, and another 1,000 loggers are currently participating in the training program. After a recent forest ecology and silviculture workshop in Warren County, participants reported that the sessions were highly useful. Topics included the importance of aesthetics, skills for interacting with the public, and an improved understanding of the ecology of forested wetlands and watersheds. The Warren County sessions have drawn loggers from throughout the Adirondacks, ranging from new hires to loggers who have worked the woods for more than four decades. The TLC program benefits loggers, forest owners and many rural communities of New York. The program's strength is that it is a cooperative effort supported by timber harvesters, the forest industry, government and academia. For more information about New York LoggerTraining Inc. and the Trained Logger Certification Program, contact Muriel D. Karp at the Empire State Forest Products Association at (518) 463-1297. .A David Colligan, former NYFOA Director, serves NYFOA as the legislative liaison, and is a practicing Attorney in Buffalo. JANIFEB
1998
ing of a tree and hit a person below, the force can be tremendously devastating from even a small branch. Therefore when about to harvest a tree one must first evaluate it. Consider all trees which will be affected by the felling of a particular tree. Look for branches which may become dislodged or break during the felling process. Be alert to danger and be prepared to escape if necessary. These are important techniques for the "professional firewood" gatherer. When the tree has actually been cut from the stump along a predetermined "escape route" which is at an angle to the direction of the fall rather than directly behind it so that if the tree jumps backward as the crown bounces off adjacent tree tops the harvester will not be hit by the tree bole. As the tree is falling one must continually glance upward to see if any "widowmakers" or dead branches have become flying missiles. Not until all possible branches ofthe tree come to rest on the ground can vigilance be relaxed. .•.
WIDOW MAKER By Dave Taber
"WIDOW MAKERS" are dangerous. Whenever felling trees for firewood always evaluate the tree first by looking at the crown and branches of adjacent trees. Look for old dead branches which may be loose in the tree tops or dead branches which may break when they fall. -, Loose branches hanging in the treetops are called "widow-makers" because so often they have killed the chain saw operator who is harvesting them. When "widowmakers" become dislodged during the fell-
FARM
Dave Taber in 1980 was Cornell Cooperative Extension Specialist for forestry.
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FORECON INC. Forestry - Recreation - Ecology - Conservation
Loan or lease? It depends ... ome say obtaining a loan and buying is the most cost-effective "'ay to finance expensive equipment. Others say leasing equipment is the way to go. hi fact. each financing option has certain advantages with regard to convenience, flexibility and tax obligation. To find out which makes most sense for you, talk to an ag business expert at Farm Credit. When you do. remember this: Eligible borrowers can buy or lease through Farm Credit - a choice you won't find at manv other institutions.
S
Farm Credit gives you the choice. First Pioneer Farm Credit, ACA 394 Route 29, Greenwich, NY 12834 (800) 234-0269
NY FOREST
OWNER
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• • • • • • • • • Now With Three Offices to Better Serve Your Needs!!! Main Office 100 E. 2nd St., Jamestown ,NY 11 N. Main St., Suite 202, Cortland, NY 314 E. Fourth St., Emporium, PA
NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566
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(716) 664-5602 (607) 753-3113 (814) 486-1276
JANIFEB
1998
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Forest Service To Convert To Cubic Measure he u.s. Forest Service announced at the end of July that it will begin implementing cubic foot scaling of log and cordwood volumes on all National Forest timber sales on October 1, 1997. This means that the more traditional method of calculating timber volume by conventional logs scales (International Rule in the East and Scribner Rule in the Lake States) and by the cord, will be replaced by cubic foot volumes. Forest Service officials say they have coordinated the move, required by the 1988 Act and Executive Order 12770, with the American Forest & Paper Association. It follows a conversion of road contracts to metric measure, which has already been begun. The agency says that to avoid confusion, it will prepare timber sale prospectuses in cubic feet and, for at least two years thereafter, will include both a cord and board foot "shadow volume" to "assist purchasers in better understanding cubic units." Bid forms, however, will contain only cubic units beginning October 1, which means that loggers and other timber buyers will have to express their bids in hundreds of cubic feet of sawtimber and hundreds of cubic feet of pulpwood. "Volume estimation will be based on the existing Forest Service merchantability specifications and the appropriate volume adjustments currently used on each specific National Forest, but volumes will be in cubic," according to White Mountain National Forest Supervisor Donna L. Hepp. "No other change in our volume estimation program will be made at this time so that cubic foot/board foot volumes will be comparable." Forest Service officials say that while they expect the job of converting all National Forest timber sales to cubic measure to be a tough one-especially making timber buyers comfortable with the new system-it is a more consistent and accurate way to calculate sale volumes. A log containing 100 board feet according to the International Rule, for example, yields only 80 board feet when scaled in Scribner and a mere 50 board feet when
3.) Volume varies by the amount oftaper in trees and that taper is better accounted for in the cubic measurement system; 4.) Cubic measure allows for estimating or predicting amounts of forest products such as chips, veneer, plywood, sawdust, and material for engineered products, as well as for lumber. Cubic measure provides a more accurate estimate of volumes from all sizes of trees or logs than does board foot measure: 5.) The Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management and the National Forest Products Association (predecessor to the American Forest & Paper Association) joined on a national level to develop the National Cubic Scaling Rule in 1989; 6.) In today's world market, cubic measure is simpler to convert to metric than board foot measure.
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measured with the Doyle Scale. That same log will always yield a consistent 16.9 cubic feet, however. They further point out that the cubic foot measure takes taper into account, which is useful in calculating volumes of by products such as chips, sawdust and bark. Conventional full cords will be converted with a .79 conversion factor. A full cord, in other words, will equal. 79 cubic feet. The Forest Service cites six official reasons for making the move to cubic measurement: 1.) The current log rules in use all give a different estimate of volume for the same size log; 2.) Each ofthese outdated systems is trying to predict only the amount of lumber that will be produced from a given log. Today, there is more than lumber produced from a log; NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566
- INFO
In addition to sending letters explaining the conversion to all likely bidders, the Forest Service has published a pamphlet, "Cubic Conversion: What Makes A Good Measurement System" which explains some of the finer points of the new system. Copies of the publication #1993-776849 are available from the Forest Service USDA, 14th & Independence, S.W., P.O. Box 96090, Washington, D.C. 20090-6090 or the Bureau of Land Management, Room 208,1620 L. Street N.W., Washington, D.C., 2003-5605. Copies are also available at some local National Forest offices. .&. From The Northern Logger & Timber Processor of September 1997.
Nolan's 'Sporting Supplies Outdoor EquIpment Speclol/st 37 . 47 Genesee Street Auburn. NY 13021 315/252-7249
JANIFEB
1998
Stalk the Tubes By Doreen Schriven Way back in 1990 a conscientious supplier of protective tubes for tree seedlings sought the advice of Jack Finch, a North American Bluebird Society (NABS) member from North Carolina. Dead bluebirds were being reported in Tubex tree shelters, translucent plastic tubes placed around young tree and plant seedlings. Working with Jack, the company, (now called Treeessentials) devised a flexible photodegradable mesh that fitted to the top of the tubes, Sadie Dorber, then President of NABS, was visited in New York by the president of Tubex,a St. Paul, Minnesota company. She was delighted to find a company so caring and so willing to cooperate. Carol Henderson, Minnesota's Nongame Supervisor, alerted to several findings of dead bluebirds on tree farms in southern Minnesota, also contacted the Bluebird Recovery Program of Minnesota at about the same time. We found that the Tubex company was not only going to supply, free of charge, mesh caps with all orders for tubes 2 feet of more high, it also was offering them gratis to all past customers, along with a set of instructions for proper installation. End of a great success story? Unfortunately, not quite. Many tree farmers and especially government Forestry Departments are frequently not using the mesh caps. Perhaps hindered by lack of manpower, they also do not change the tubes regularly as recommended.
Last year the DNR took over my bluebird area and planted 2,000 trees placing plastic tubes around them (to remain for two years). My first pair of bluebirds disappeared shortly after arrival last year. This year the first pair of blue birds to arrive also disappeared. Sadly, we found them, along with fmches and kingbirds, dead in those tree tubes. I notified the DNR at once and they admitted the company that produced the tubes knew that they are a death trap for smaller birds. They seemed to think the birds were looking for a nesting place, but I rather think they were looking for insects. The tube provides a good place to perch and an insect on the small tree inside would be tempting, only to collapse and the bird cannot escape. Ann Auer of the Indiana Bluebird Society contacted TreePro of Lafayette, Indiana. TreePro will now regularly include mesh caps and is willing to include a warning about uncapped tubes. There may be other similar tree shelter products. Please help: Whenever you see uncapped tree shelters investigate. Find out who put them up. Tell them they should use the mesh caps. If you know of other producers urge them to notify their customers of the very real danger for bluebirds and other insect-eating birds. .6. Reprinted/rom the Spring/Summer '97 Edition 0/ the Bluebird News, Newsletter a/the New York State Bluebird Society.
How To Make An Ash Broom From an old book, WISDOM OF THE WOODS, by Dan Beard c. 1920. Take a piece of ash about the size of a broom handle and with a sharp knife shave one end (Fig. 1) until you have strips long enough to bend over and make a broom. (Fig. 2)
Wittle the handle down to make a proper sized handle. (Fig. 3) This broom is easier to make at your cabin in the forest than to bring one in from civilization. -from NYFO 18:2; 1980)
~appy
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Home, Shop Barn Domestic Water Works With Any Pool Existing Heating System Greenhouse Etc. Hewitt's Hill Haven With, Clean, RD 1 Box 323;Locke, NY 13092 Safe, Efficient Phone 315/497-1266 Hot Water
NY FOREST OWNER 36:1
NYFOA·
1·800·836·3566·
Year INFO
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How To Blaze Boundaries By David E. Bedford & Melvin H. Jenkins lazes should be made at breast height with a shallow axe cut. They are generally elliptical (5-6 inches long and 3-4 inches wide). Painting the blazes with a bright, durable paint, such as a marine enamel or a polyurethanebased paint, will make the blazes stand out, although the scar from the blaze will last longer than the paint (up to 100 years if properly done). Blazes should be spaced close enough so that a blazed tree can be seen in either direction from any other blazed tree. Keep in mind that if trees are blazed in the fall or winter, visibility may be reduced when the foliage returns in the spring.
B
of the blazed tree. A quarter spot is favored in this case, since the blaze can be seen more easily from either direction than the face spot. I The approximate locations of corner monuments (iron pipes, stakes and stones, granite blocks, etc.) can be determined from witness trees. These are usually a group of three trees with blazes (face spots) all facing the corner monument. If the corner monument is ever obliterated, the witness trees will at least give the general location of the corner in question. If the line was surveyed, the witness trees may be described in the surveyor's field notes with their respective bearings and distances to
QUARTER FAIR SPOT
blaze
boundary
~
' ...
""
should not attempt to put in a new one. A licensed land surveyor should be contacted to reset the corner at its proper location. Although it's preferable to blaze and paint trees, occasionally one encounters a valuable commercial tree such as a red oak. In this instance, it would be better just to paint the tree to avoid damaging it with a blaze. Paint will be visible up to three years, and traces of paint discernible for up to six years. Once the boundary lines are known and clearly established, they should be inspected and maintained every 3 to 5 years. Existing blazes should not be recut and any painting of existing blazes should be lim-
SPOT
,
line
blaze
blaze
bJaze~
O A knowledgeable surveyor or landowner uses several types of blazes to indicate the precise location of boundary lines. For example, blazes made at a right angle to the boundary line are called/air spots, and indicate that the property Iine goes through the center of the tree (see illustration). Two blazes forming a 45-degree angle mean that the line is just to the right or left of the blazes (depending on which direction they face). These are known as quarter spots. A/ace spot, or a blaze made parallel to the line, indicates that the line is approximately an axe handle's length from that blaze. Ideally, this is the maximum distance a blazed tree should be from the line. In many instances, only two types of blazes are used: the fair spot to indicate a tree on line, and either the quarter spot or the face spot to indicate the line is just to the right or left 18
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FACE SPOT
ited to the outer edge of the old blaze. If new wood has grown over and obscured the old blaze, only one edge of the old blaze should be recut at that time. In this way, prior evidence of the line will not be destroyed and the callus tissue formation will serve to protect part ofthe original blaze. A landowner should exercise caution whenever blazing and painting boundary trees. No line should be marked unless its exact location is known. In addition, abutters should be notified prior to blazing and painting, This will help avoid future boundary problems and conflicts. There are many goodreasons why landowners should know where blaze their boundaries are and have them well marked: to prevent timber trespass, for transfer of land and in general to avoid boundary problems.' It is especially important for forest landowners to know where their
the corner. Witness trees can be differentiated from boundary line trees (with face spots on them) by putting three face spots in a vertical row on each witness tree. This is the method used to make witness trees in New Hampshire on state forestlands. If no trace of the corner monument can be found (lost corner), the landowner
o
O~blaze
CORNER MONUMENT blaze
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boundaries are. The first step in managing a forest should be to walk known boundaries. Timber sales administration and any inventory require that the exact location of boundaries be known. Walking the line will avoid cutting on an abutter's property, and knowing the exact location of boundaries is important because volume estimates are first made on a per acre basis, and later expanded by the total acreage of the tract (to determine total acreage accurately, the location of boundary lines must be known). Property lines extending through woods where there are no physical monuments such as stone walls, fences and streams are commonly delineated on the ground by blazing and/or painting trees along or near the line. Forest landowners can blaze and paint their own boundaries but should be cautious in doing so. It is relatively easy, for example, to mark trees along deteriorating known property lines indicated by a barbed wire fence. Where nothing delineates a line on the ground, however, it is nearly impossible for the novice to run a straight line for any distance. In this situation, professional surveying advice should be sought o blaze and paint trees on the boundary line, or at least to flag trees or put in stakes on the line. A layman's understanding of property surveying and its problems is a ailable in a low-cost paperback manual: Surveys, Deeds, and Title Searches by Charles E. Lawson (Stephen Greene Press). I. Don Wilson, "Boundary Problems, and the Landowner," Forest Note, 142, Fall 1980, pp. 8-9, 2. Maine Dept. of Conservation. Bureau of Forestry, Forest Management Division. "Boundary Information Sheet," October 99. A David Belford is a consulting forester in _fadbury. Melvin E. Jenkins is a licensed land surveyor and Professor of Forest Technology at the University of New Hampshire. -Forest Notes 1983 From the NY FOREST OWNER 22. 1; 1984
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Property Boundary Line Trees
T
rees often grow on or near property boundaries in woodlands as well as in city and suburban housing lots. Sometimes disputes arise as to who owns the property boundary line trees. The question may involve who has the rights to cut a tree or remove branches from a tree growing on a property boundary line. When legal questions are asked, it may take negotiations between lawyers to develop a satisfactory solution. Of course, the ultimate authority for resolving disagreements over interpretation ofIaws rests with the State and Federal courts. Even if one is innocent, it is unpleasant, nerve-racking, time-consuming and costly to be accused of a law violation. Therefore, in many cases it may be advantageous to remain in the enviable position of not being involved in any way in a legal controversy. What is the New York State law concerning ownership of trees that grow on property boundaries? We do not know the exact citation in the law books, but we do have a legal opinion from the Attorney General of New York State. The following article entitled "Trespass, Line Trees" was dated September 23, 1930 and has been since verified by NYS DEC officials. Trespass, Line Trees "On the line". - If the trunk of a tree is on the boundary line, the tree is common property of both owners whether marked as a boundary or not. A shade tree standing on a boundary between adjoining owners is common property of both, and the mere fact that it stands on border of sidewalk affording shade for pedestrian does not interfere with right of either to protect it or recover damages for its destruction. 'Each of the owners upon whose land any part of a trunk of a tree stands, has an interest in that tree, a property in it, equal in the first instance, to, or perhaps rather identical with, the part which is upon his land; and, in the next place, embracing the right to demand that the owner of the other portion shall so use his part as not unreasonably to injure or destroy the whole.' As such trees are the common property of both, neither may destroy without the consent of the other, and where a row of trees is on NYFOA - 1-800-836-3566
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the line neither is entitled to make his own partition by cutting alternate trees, and furthermore an injunction may be granted to prevent the destruction of a line tree. However, the mere fact that a tree stands upon a boundary does not preclude either owner from cutting away the branches overhanging his land. "Line trees belong to the adjoining proprietors as tenants in common. Where such trees are destroyed by one of the adjoining proprietors a trespass action may be maintained by the other adjoining proprietor. *" The following opinions may help you to understand the property boundary line tree situation. 1. The "old tale" is that every other merchantable tree growing on a property boundary line belongs to each adjoining owner. This is not legally correct unless both owners agree. 2. Trees which stand on the boundary line belong to adjoining owners together as tenants in common. Where such trees are destroyed by one of the adjoining owners, proprietors or agents, a trespass action may be maintained by the other adjoining owner. 3. To prevent errors or trespass it would seem that most owners would prefer to keep a tree standing when marked as a boundary line tree as evidence of the boundary. Keeping a boundary line plainly marked would assist the owners as well as the logger to avoid trespass. Of course, this is a decision of both owners collectively as a matter of their common interest. 4. Trees standing close to the boundary that are face blazed or painted are not jointly owned. They belong to the owner on whose land they stand. Face blazed trees also serve a useful purpose as witness to the boundary. The N.Y. State Department of Environmental Conservation does not want face blazed trees adjacent to the property line cut if they are located on the stateowned side of the boundary. *The case of Dubois v. Beaver, reported in Vol. 25 of the New York Court of Appeals Reports at page 123, is an authority for the views above stated. A Reprinted from the NY FOREST OWNER 21:4,12; 1983 JANIFEB
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MAPLE LEAF CUTTER -the By Douglas C. Allen amage by this peculiar insect was first reported in New York during the 1850s by State Entomologist Asa Fitch. However, the first outbreak was not recorded until 1911 when it defoliated 25 acres of sugar maple in the vicinity of Lake George. The next significant episodes occurred in the early 1920s when a 12 acre sugarbush near Deposit in Delaware County and several sugarbushes in St. Lawrence County were severely damaged. More recently, outbreaks have appeared in New Hampshire (1970s), Vermont (1980s) and currently the northern New England states and New York report scattered areas (a few to several acres) of noticeable to heavy defoliation. To one degree or another, most of the northern hardwood stands I visited over the past few summers were infested. The Extension Office at ESF received several calls about maple leafcutter during 1997, as did many foresters in DEe. Because of its current prominence, bizarre habits and the fact that it has attracted the attention of many forest owners, I thought it was a timely subject.
D
THE ADULT is a metallic blue moth 0.2" to 0.3" long with a bright orange head. Even though striking in appearance when examined closely, it is easily overlooked due to its small size. At high population
Story of a Moth and its Mobile Home
densities, however, moths become more conspicuous, because they appear as innumerable dark bluish to black spots on top of foliage and are especially apparent on understory vegetation. LEAF DAMAGE is the most striking evidence of an infestation and results from a combination of activities. When attempting to deposit eggs on the top of a leaf, the female often creates a row of tiny, light brown specks which terminate in a small, irregular and elongate necrotic spot (brownish, dead tissue). The specks represent unsuccessful attempts to embed eggs within the leaf tissue, and the blotch that follows is an area where egg laying succeeded and a newly emerged caterpillar fed within the leaf (Fig. 1). After ten days to two weeks, the caterpillar foregoes this leafmining habit and moves to the top of the leaf where it constructs an oval case from two circular pieces of tissue cut from the leaf blade and sewn together with silk. It resides within the pancake-like, portable "shelter" for the rest of its life (Fig. 2). As the caterpillar grows, it must cut new pieces of leaf to provide for a larger case. When doing this it creates circular holes and severs leaf veins causing the leaf, which is otherwise intact, to turn brown. The end result when populations are high, are light
Fig. 2. Lea/cutter case (A-actual size 0.6" in long dimension), feeding ring (B) and . head a/caterpillar (C). to rusty brown leaves with many holes accompanied by circular cases attached to the upper surface (Fig. 3). The larva feeds by attaching its case to the leaf surface with silk and sticking its head out of the shelter to feed around the margin. The end result is a ring of feeding damage surrounding an area of intact leafwhich was positioned beneath the case (Fig. 4). Often this uneaten circle of leaf eventually falls out, because tissue in the feeding ring dies, dries and becomes brittle enough to dislodge. Therefore, holes are the result of two activities, case construction and feeding. The largest holes, made by full grown caterpillars, are about the size of a nickel. .- ,-.' The PRINCIPLE HOST is sugar maple, though in heavy infestations the insect may feed inadvertently on American beech, red maple and hornbeam.
O
Fig. 1. Lea/mine
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(arrow) made by young caterpillar a/maple leafcutter ..
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UTBREAK HISTORY for maple leafcutter is similar both in Canada and the northeastern United States. Severe damage (browning offoliage) usually is restricted to scattered, small areas of a few to several acres for five to seven successive years. One of the most extensive outbreaks on record materialized in Vermont during the mid-1970s when susceptible stands throughout approximately 40,000 acres were affected. JANIFEB
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Fig. 3. Feeding ring with its center of intact leaf (A), case (B - note intermittent, whitish silk threads around margin of case) and hole where leaf tissue was removed.
Fig. 4. Sugar maple leaf heavily damaged by maple leafcutter.
Another unusually persistent and widespread outbreak occurred in southern Quebec and eastern Ontario from 1939 through 1947. The LIFE CYCLE begins in late May and early June at which time adults emerge from the litter where the insect overwintered as a pupa (pew-pah) within the silklined case. Though life stages tend to overlap during the summer, leaf mines generally are prevalent from late May to midJuly, and cases may be present as early as the first week in June. The fifth, final and largest cases first appear in mid-August and feeding ceases when full grown caterpillars, along with their cases, vacate trees in September. This event is quite a spectacle to behold, because tree boles can be covered with caterpillars carrying their circular cases to the ground. Sometime before cold weather sets in the larva pupates (pewpaytes) within the case.
age (browning of foliage). Occasionally temporary crown dieback occurs and sugar maples in the understory may be killed, but rarely is mortality of overstory trees associated with outbreaks. .•
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This is the 36th in the series of articles contributed by Dr. Allen, Professor of Entomology at SUNY-ESF. Reprints of this and the complete series are available from NYFOA, phonel-800-836-3566.
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The Stewardship of Northern Hardwoods A forest Owner's Handbook This handbook owner
The principle CONSEQUENCES OF HEAVY AND PROLONGED DAMAGE are discolored foliage which is unsightly and may detract from stand appearance in the summer as well as reduce the qual ity of fall colors. Also, in infested sugarbushes operators may notice a significant drop in the quantity and quality of sap produced following heavy, repeated dam-
SUSAN J. KEISTER
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NYS hardwood • 'Stand
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ral response to hypothermia. Dr. Hall discussed throughout the seminar, how the modern age challenges our biology. Understanding both external and internal factors that compromise our nature gives us a chance at damage control. And getting enough, regular, good sleep is better and more complete nourishment for your immune system than all the herbs, vitamins and antioxidants combined]. .•.
By Jane Sorensen Lord, PhD, OTR, ND
N
ot long ago, I attended a seminar on psychoneuroimmunology (how thoughts, beliefs and emotions affect our health). Expected and got lots of info on DNA, hormones, peptides and the like, but was surprised when Dr. Nicholas Hall, research scientist and therapist lectured an hour on sleep. He claimed the number one health complaint in the US today is fatigue. Americans just don't get enough sleep--our "sleep debt" dwarfs our national trade debt, he pronounced. An estimated 46% of us are sleep deprived. Not getting 8-9 hours of sleep regularly is a major cause of all types of accidents and a contributing factor to both chronic and infectious diseases. The body heals and the immune system strengthens during sleep. Since a lot of my clients ask about sleep problems, I paid close attention when Dr. Hall said sleep is one of the easiest human behaviors to program. I immediately incorporated what he told us with successful techniques and natural methods I' d already learned. Pre-sleeping and sleeping behaviors are personal, so you need to discover and create your own good habits.
ing what follows. Circadian cycles of night and day influence our pineal gland. Accordingly, the optimum time to fall asleep is between 9:30-1 0:30 PM. To take best advantage of that you want to dim electric lights and turn off the TV about 9. The light and motion stimulate wakefulness. If you need sound turn on light classical music. You can read non-mentally captivating material (no murder mysteries), or do repetitive, calming hand crafts (knitting, crocheting) that don't need bright light. The idea is to soothe and relax both mind and body. Burning lemon balm, rose or jasmine incense will calm you even more. A cup of chamomile, passion flower or valerian root tea can help you relax. A bit of carbohydrate (honey, maple sugar candy) will make you sleepy. Don't eat a protein snack because protein energizes. Your bedroom should be used only for sleeping. The lighting and the temperature should be kept as low as possible. All lighted clocks should be out of sight, behind your head or turned to the wall, for instance. OU might want to make a dream pillow stuffed with mugwort and lavender. Dream pillows or sachets are old-fashion techniques to calm babies. If, at 9:30, you aren't feeling sleepy, run a hot bath with a drop or two of spearmint or bergamot bath oil (or rose, lavender,jasmine, chamomile). Stay in it long enough to heat up and calm your muscles. Now get out slowly, dry off, go directly to bed, and turn the light off immediately. The cooling off from the bath will make you sleepy. You are taking advantage of your body's natu-
Y
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Dr. Jane, a regular contributor; is a Master Forest Owner and Certified Tree Farmer. She has a private consulting practice in Occupational Therapy and Naturopathic Medicine
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