Seminario Phalaenopsis Leandro Fachola

Seminar of Phalaenopsis Akiko -Sion Leandro de Jesus Fachola Production Manager at VENFLOR Graduated: Horticulture Industry Business Administration

-Phalaenopsis: 800.000 plants per year -Oncidium: 200.000 plants per year -Cattleyas: 150.000 plants per year -Cymbidium: 60.000 plants per year -Raphis: 600.000 plants per year -Zamioculcas: 300.000 plants per year -27 hectare of Greenhouse

-150 employees -More than 2 million plants per year

Agenda/Overview 

Topic 1- Overview of the Brazilian Phalaenopsis market and climate.

Topic 2- Optimum growing conditions to produce under Latin American circumstances.

Topic 3-The most frequent problems during growth and how to solve.

Coffee break  Topic 4-How should I choose my varieties?

Topic 1 Overview in the Brazilian Phalaenopsis market and climate.

Brazilian Phalaenopsis Market Growth in recent years ( Millians per year) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Forecast for the next years (Millians per year) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2018

2019

2020

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita

Cooperative Veilling Holambra

Benefits of being a cooperative member - Guarantee of payment.

- Efficient logistics.

- Marketing advice - Market information.

-Control and standardization.

-Wide portfolio of clients.

Market behavior Market Market share share by by pote pote in in 2010 2010 Pote 15 Pote 09 4%

1%

Pote12 outros

Market share by pote in 2017 Pote 15

Pote12

7%

Pote 09

outros

3%

20%

35%

75%

55%

Brazilian Climate – Temperature Summer - Week 01/2018 40 40 38 38 36 35 34 32 32 29 27 24 24 23 23 23 22 22 22 24 21 20 20 20 21

7:00 8:00 9:00 10:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:0016:0017:0018:0019:0020:0021:0022:0023:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 Temperature

Winter - Week 30/2017 30 32 31 29 28 26 24 24 26 22 21 20 19 17 15 15 13 13 12 10 9 9 8 9 10 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 Temperatura

Brazilian Climate – Air Humidity Summer - week 01/2018 75%

69%

65%69%

77%80%

82%85%83%83%82%80%

76%

55% 41%39%38%37%

34%33%32%

36%38%40%

45%

7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 Air Humidity

Winter - Week 30/2017 76%76%78%80%75% 72% 70% 67% 61%63%65% 53% 45% 40% 32%30%28%27% 28%30%34%36% 26%

72% 60%

0 7:

0

0 8:

0

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 :00 :00 :00 :00 :00 :00 :00 :00 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Air Humidity

Brazilian Climate – Sun Light Summer – Week 01/2018

Winter – Week 30/2017

Most used greenhouses in Brazil Plastic Greenhouses

-shade screen outside

-Air conditioning

- shade screen inside

- Pad and fan

- Chiller

Topic 2- Optimum growing conditions to produce under Latin American circumstances



Young plants - plugs



Growing area – first phase



Growing area – second phase



Cooling area



Flowering area

Young plant - Plugs -Delivery on trays -Selection in three sizes -Extra spacing (30) - Growth time 4 / 6 weeks

Youg plant - Benefits of spacing



-Better microclimate for planting



-Reduction of the cycle in the growing area first phase, from 30 to 24 weeks. ( 15 cm pote )



-More time to identify possible problems

Growing area – First phase *Planting - 50 plants per M2. *substrate: 50% bark/50% coconut. *Watering: -First 2 weeks: 4L m2 ever 2 days -After 2 weeks: 15l m2 ever 5/6 days *EC: 1.00 / 1.20 *PH 5,5 / 6.0

Growing area – First phase - Climate *Temperature: 

28 / 29

ºC daytime



27,5 / 28. ºC overnight 28,2 ºC



Average

*Air humidity  65 / 75% daytime 

73% / 80% overnight 72%



Average

*Light 

3,5 / 4,5 ParSum



First 2 weeks 30% less light

*Growing time: 22 / 24 weeks

Calculation: ParSum Hours of light : 12 hours Average of Par/m2/s or umol/m2/s : 95par (1par = 56 lux) ParSum 130

150 145 150 140 145

120 125 125

120

105

95 100 95

90

95 100

133 85 60

15 6:

30

30 7:

00

40

40 15

7:

30

8:

00

8:

30

9:

00

9:

30

10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 0:3 1:0 1:3 2:0 2:3 3:0 3:3 4:0 4:3 5:0 5:3 6:0 6:3 7:0 7:3 8:0 8:3 9:0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ParSum

Linear (ParSum)

ParSum: 3.600x(Hours of light x Average of Par/m2/s)/1.000.000 ParSum: 3.600x(12x95)/1.000.000 ParSum :3600x1.140/1.000.000 ParSum:4,104.000/1.000.000 ParSum: 4.104

Average of CO2 in Brazil -Average night:

500 to 550 ppm

-Average of the day: 100 to 200 ppm -C4 Metabolism Recommendation in europe: 700 to 800 ppm -Should I add CO2 in my Greenhouse???

Growing area – First phase -Leaf Surface Temperature (LST)

*What is the optimum Leaf Surface Temperature?

During the day: +2ºC Growing area first fase: 28ºC Over Night -2ºC *What can influence the ( LST) ???

-Ambient air temperature -Light -Relative humidity

Growing area – Secund phase 50 per M2

-Extra space -Extra water and fertilizer -Increase night temperature (0,5ºC) -Decreased light (10%) -Growing time: 7 / 9 weeks *Advantages of the secund phase -Plants feed better -Better plant uniformity -Rapid growth -More spikes in the cooling *Disadvantages -More labor.

-Less plants per M2

36 per m2

32 per M2

Mature plants for cooling (15cm pote) Plugs delivery - 6 weeks spaced  Growing area – phase 01 – 24 weeks  Growing are – phase 02 – 8 weeks  Total of 38 weeks 

Mature plants for cooling (12cm pote) Growing area – phase 01 – 19/21 weeks  Growing are – phase 02 – 12/13 weeks  Total of 31/34 weeks 

Cooling area 

What is most important for good stem induction ???

Cooling area 1º Genetic – Variety 2º Average temperature 19,5/20ºC 3º Light: from 4,0 to 6,0 ParSum 4º Cooling time: minimum of 6 weeks.

5º Air Humidity: from 65% to 75%

Hormones -Test before -Balance between light, temperature, genetics and dose of hormone.

-Mature plant with good root system -The dose of hormone is different between winter and summer.

Cooling area - Refrigerating capacity

-915 BTU/m2 /per hour (British Thermal Unit) or -0.076 TR/m2/per hour (Ton of Refrigeration)

Cooling area- Current situation in brazil *Air humidity  

65 / 75% daytime 70 / 80 % overnight

*Light 

3,5 / 4,5 ParSum

*Temperature:  22 / 24 ºC daytime  17 / 18. ºC overnight  19,5 / 20 ºC Average

*Cooling time: 8 weeks *Average of spike 70/75%

Flowing area Temperature:  23 / 25 ºC daytime  21 / 22. ºC overnight *Air humidity  68 / 72% daytime  70 / 80 % overnight *Light  3,5 / 4,5 ParSum *Growing time: 9/14 weeks

Topic 3-The most frequent probems during growth and how to solve

1º Psedomonas

2º Fusarium

3ºErwinia

4ºPot worm

Triangle of diseases

Cycle and relation between host and pathogen (Whetzel)

Coffee break

Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae.

Pseudomonas catteyae

*Optimum condition: - Temperature: 22ºC / 30ºC -Air humidity: higher than 65% - Rainy and cloudy days *Symptoms:

Pseudomonas catteyae - Dissemination

-Water

-Tables

-Machines/equipments

-People

Pseudomonas catteyae - Control

-Start with healthy plants -water and substrate free of pathogens -Sterilized tables and machines -Remove infected plants before watering -know where the disease comes from -less water -decrease air humidity -decrease nitrogen levels -chemical will not work

Fusarium oxysporum/ Solani *Optimum condition: - Temperature: 18ºC / 30ºC -Air humidity: higher than 65% *Symptoms:

Fusarium oxysporum/ Solani - Dissemination -People

-Water

-Wind

-Machines/equipments

Fusarium oxysporum/ Solani - Control -Start with healthy plants -water and substrate free of pathogens -Sterilized tables and machines -Remove infected plants before watering -know where the disease comes from -chemical or biological control: Tricoderma Benzimidazol.

Tiofanato-Metilico Prochloraz Phosethy-aluminium

-less water

Erwinia carotovora *Optimum condition: - Temperature: 25ºC / 32ºC -Air humidity: higher than 65% *Symptoms:

Erwinia carotovora-Dissemination

Erwinia carotovora-Control -Start with healthy plants -water and substrate free of pathogens -Sterilized tables and machines -Remove infected plants before watering -Spray peroxide after remove the infected plants -know where the disease comes from -Add peroxide in the watering ( 2/3ppm) -less water -decrease air humidity -Prevent growth too fast

Pot worm

Sciara gnat / Lyprauta gnat - Life cycle

-Adult females lay about 200 eggs

Sciara gnat / Lyprauta gnat - Control -Population monitoring.

-Clean greenhouse, free of mosses, algae, weeds, and substrate residues under the tables.

Biological or Chemical control

*chemical spraying for fly by Chemical group

*Stratiolaelaps scimitus *bacillus thuringiensis israelensis *Nematodes

Piretróide Organofosforado Diclorvós Milbemicinas Metilcarbamato de Benzofuranila

Chemical group: Organofosforado water irrigation: 1,3 liters of Losban /1000 m2 using 5 liters of water per m2

Topic 4-How should I choose my varieties *Understand your market/segment -Supermarket -Retail -Flower shop *Look at your greenhouse *80% known varieties, 20% tests of new varieties *Split the risk

Performance Measurements

White variety registration 2017 Supplier Variety Color

Growig time

Cooling time

flowering time

Nº Leaves

stem height

flower size Nº Flowers % 3stem % 2stem %1stem

Shelf life

XX

1

White 37 weeks

8 week

12 weeks

7

70 cm

11

16

10%

70%

20%

62 days

XX

2

White 38 weeks

8 week

10 weeks

6

72 cm

10

14

0%

83%

17%

41 days

XX

3

White 39 weeks

8 week

16 weeks

6

68 cm

12

15

2%

83%

15%

33 days

XX

4

White 38 weeks

8 week

10 weeks

7

65 cm

9

18

0%

55%

45%

39 days

XX

5

White 39 weeks

8 week

11 weeks

6

66 cm

9

17

0%

60%

40%

46 days

XX

6

White 39 weeks

8 week

11 weeks

6

60 cm

8

19

30%

55%

15%

27 days

XX

7

White 40 weeks

8 week

9 weeks

7

77 cm

9

15

0%

20%

80%

36 days

XX

8

White 39 weeks

8 week

10 weeks

6

69 cm

12

13

0%

30%

70%

46 days

-Measurement is the key to knowledge -More than one vendor (split risk) -Investment in people (training) -Investment in climate (do not make mistakes) -Test before making decisions -High or low quality, do not stand in the middle.