NAPSA's The Hopper - November 2020

The Official Newsletter of the North American Power Sweeping Association

What’s in The Hopper?

1 President’s Message 2 Prepare Your Vehicles for Winter 3 Boost Employee Morale During COVID-19 4 NPE Gears Up for 2021 5 The Value of Membership 6 Doing Business During Riots 7 NAPSA Congratulates 8 The First Woman of Power Sweeping

NAPSA Partners Gold

Silver Bronze

Schwarze Industries TYMCO, Inc. Elgin Sweeper Company Nite-Hawk Sweepers Victory Sweepers Visual App United Rotary Brush Corp.

Stewart-Amos Sweeper Co. 1-800-SWEEPER Old Dominion Brush Isuzu Commercial Truck of America, Inc. World Insurance Associates

Call for Content

THE HOPPER, the official newsletter for NAPSA, warmly welcomes article ideas, content, and photos submitted by members. Don’t be shy. This is your newsletter. Send content, high-resolution pictures, and ideas to the attention of the editor at info@ powersweeping.org.

4th Quarter 2020 | Vol. 4 | Issue 3

It Has Been an Education!

By Scott Duscher

As I write this, I find that it is bittersweet. This will be the last President’s Message I write as my term ends this year.

When I first started on the board of NAPSA, they told me it was just an hour a month. They lied.

However, what they did not express nearly enough was the value that I would receive by being on the board and serving as the president. It has truly been an education which has helped me. I encourage every member to serve on the board when the opportunity presents itself.You can be in the parade or watch it go by. So, with that let us look at all that is happening, because I am passing the baton to our current vice president and friend, Chris Dick, with a lot happening. And I know he is up for it.

Did you know NAPSA has a health care plan? We have started a multi-employer welfare plan that our members can take advantage of and which we hope will create some great savings. There are two providers, Cigna and PHCS. Each provider has multiple plan deductibles, so you can select the plan and provider that works for you. We are gearing up for an effective date of December 1; however, since health care is monthly, you can really enter the program whenever you like.

For more information, contact John Monico at World Insurance Associates, johnmonico@worldins. net or 860-372-4106 ext. 337.

The next work I am passing to Chris is the development of a new Certified Sweeper Operator program for Municipalities. Lee Miller of Pacific Sweeping is leading the charge on that project.

Chris is leading the marketing team which has just completed a website revision and is working on materials for our marketing toolbox and a new video about Certified Sweeping Operators and companies.

This can be used to educate our customers, so we are super excited about that.

Nikki Kryston had just launched a new Facebook group called Power Sweeping Pros and she is also working with her team on a new Certified Sweeping Manager course.

Pete Phillips is leading a team which has been tasked with updating and revising he Power Sweeping Standards.

These are just a few of the things happening at NAPSA. We continue to work to provide things that will keep us all in business. This year has been a challenge but with challenges come opportunities and NAPSA has risen to them. Our Covid 19 response page and information was (Continued on page 5) The Hopper | 1

Prepare Your Vehicles for Winter

By Karen M. Smith

Folks north of the Mason-Dixon Line know that the onset of autumn means more than indulging in pumpkin spice everything. Winter weather and society’s tactics in dealing with it take a heavy toll on vehicles. As fall transitions into the snow, ice, and salt of winter, make sure your vehicles are prepared.

Prepare an emergency kit Especially for those vehicle operators who sweep rural roads and highways, covering long stretches of pavement, the possibility of becoming stranded in bitter winter weather poses a real danger. Every vehicle should be equipped with a first aid kit, but those drivers who head out into less populated areas need something extra. ATBS recommends the following: blankets, flashlight with extra batteries, canned food and bottled water, gloves, scarves, hats, snow boots, a snow shovel, flares, radio, extra coolant, washer fluid, and engine oil, extra fuel filter and a fuel filter wrench, and tire chains.

Check the battery, fuel filter, and water separator Freezing temperatures drain batteries fast, so any batteries nearing the end of their predicted life cycle should be replaced. Load test batteries not yet needing to be replaced to be sure each vehicle’s alternator and starters are in good functioning order. Also make sure that batteries are securely mounted and that connections are tight and free of corrosion.

Along with the battery’s condition, also check the fuel filter and water separator. Replace damaged, gunky filters. As temperatures cool, the water vapor in air condenses – inside the fuel

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tank as well as outside. That means water forms inside the fuel tanks and must be directed away from the fuel before it contaminates the fuel. Make it a regular practice to drain the water separator.

Check the fluids Diesel fuel gels in cold weather, allowing water to emulsify within the fuel and preventing fuel from flowing through the fuel filter. David Smith, a vehicle maintenance facility manager for a federal government agency, recommends using fuel additives to keep diesel fuel flowing freely in frigid winter temperatures.

“They have to be added with every refueling,” he says. Fuel additives assist in keeping the diesel flowing freely, which in turn makes the truck easier to start in winter. Big Road also recommends that other fluids, such as the antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, and coolant also be topped off. Flush the systems flushed and replace the fluids replaced.

Remember to always keep spare fluids on hand.

Check the tires Climate, usage, and road conditions, for the most part, determine whether your tires will adequately serve through the winter. For maximum safety on snow-covered roads, tires require deep tread for better traction. According to Bridgestone Tires, “Deeper tread depths reduce snow buildup and provide better tractions. Winter tire tread patterns are designed to channel snow and slush and expel water.” Inspect tires for sufficient tread and consider the wisdom of investing in chains or studded tires. Smith also advises regularly checking tire pressure, which is critical for stability, fuel

Functional tread on a winter tire.

Add a blanket to the operator’s emergency kit.

economy, and proper function of the tire tread. “Changes in temperature result in changes in tire pressure, so check routinely to make sure adequate tire pressure is maintained,” he says.

Don’t forget the small stuff Other small tips and tricks don’t necessarily affect the function of a vehicle, but do make life a bit easier for the operators. Insurance Agency of Ohio offers several tips to help manage winter’s minor inconveniences, such as ice-proofing windows with vinegar, fog-proofing the windshield with shaving cream, keeping headlights clear with car wax, prevenging vehicle doors from freezing shut with cooking spray, squeak-proofing rubber wiper blades with rubbing alcohol, and de-icing door locks with hand sanitizing gel.

WD-40 also works to defrost frozen locks. n

Boost Employee Morale During COVID-19

By Karen M. Smith

The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have forced employees to scatter rather than congregate in offices and other workplaces. This physical distancing leads to emotional distancing which affects employee engagement. Especially for those extroverted employees who work best when surrounded by their colleagues, the ramifications of isolation can make them feel unappreciated and of little value. That disengagement has serious consequences for their employers. A Virgin Pulse survey concluded that “remote employees are more likely to be disengaged and quit.” Any CEO who has run a business for more than a few years understands the financial hit of losing employees then hiring and training new employees.

So, what can you do to keep your employees engaged and boost morale when the world around them seems to be falling apart?

Celebrate Achievements Virtually – Since it’s unlikely that everyone can gather at the office for a company lunch or party to celebrate personal and professional achievements and holidays, consider hosting virtual parties. Writing for Fond, Erin Nelson suggests, “You might celebrate closing a sale by having a round of applause, hitting a gong, or buying the office lunch. Now that your employees are working remotely, invite them to a virtual meeting using programs like Zoom or Skype to announce these major accomplishments.”

One key aspect of recognizing employees and keeping morale from plunging is to engage in recognition activities in a timely fashion. Don’t wait for annual award ceremonies: a lonely employee feeling isolated and unappreciated may very well quit by then. Instead, says T. B. Land, “If an employee achieves a major accomplishment, provides exceptional

customer service or simply completes a task, praise the employee immediately. If you wait to commend the employee, you may inadvertently dull the value of the recognition.”

An excellent way to boost morale is to participate in Sweeperschool. com and celebrate the education accomplished by your team.

Refocus on the Company’s Mission – With all the adjustments made to accommodate lockdowns and social distancing, it’s easy to forget the people caught up in the chaos. Stress, fear, illness, and other concerns and obligations may, in fact, have reduced employee productivity which in itself is discouraging. Take the time to remind your employees why they’re important and to reassure them that their contributions to the company matter more than ever. Writing for RewardGateway, Alexandra Powell states, “Reminding people that the contribution they make today will help create a stronger future can be incredibly encouraging, and provide hope and focus.”

Adjust Your Expectations – As stated above, uncertain times place additional stress on employees who may be trying to homeschool their children, care for a sick family member, or deal with other issues that intrude upon their work. Powell advises that managers work closely with their teams to determine what employees can realistically accomplish and then adjust corporate expectations to fit rather than leaving employees to feel they’ve been set up to fail.

Continue or Increase Professional Development – Professional development offers a win-win opportunity for both employees and their employers.

Employees know that their employers

value them by investing in them, and employers get better skilled employees. Seek opportunities for your employees to take online courses, such as NAPSA certification classes (www.SweeperSchool.com). Other rewarding classes may not be careerfocused, but more geared toward personal growth. Be flexible and consider your employees’ interests and ambitions.

Be Kind – It shouldn’t need to be said, but chaotic times often result in a lack of empathy.Your employees are scrambling to keep their personal and professional lives from spinning out of control and so are you. However, they look to you, their managers, for guidance and support. Remember to exercise empathy and be considerate in your communications with them. Except in emergencies, latenight email messages and telephone calls are rude and disruptive. Set communication boundaries and respect them. Measure your words: everyone’s stressed and careless words have greater impact than usual. Show and express genuine interest in your employees’ well-being, which might be as simple as a friendly chat on the phone.

Give Tangible Rewards – Sometimes nothing says “I appreciate you” better than a tangible reward.

These need not be extravagant, but they should take the employee’s interests and preferences into consideration. For instance, use a service like DoorDash to deliver lunch with a message of gratitude recognizing an employee who lands a new contract, completes a continuing education course, or navigates a particularly challenging obstacle on the job. Or purchase gift cards with encouragement for the employees to redeem for whatever they want. . n

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NPE Gears Up for 2021

By Karen M. Smith

The National Pavement Expo (NPE) for 2021 won’t be quite the same as in previous years, but show management is taking a positive outlook on moving past the current pandemic. Still, expect social distancing and requirements to wear facial coverings.

The event will be held January January 20 - 23 at Music City Center in Nashville, Tennessee. As before, NAPSA is a conference sponsor and encourages members to attend and network with the other paving professionals. Who knows what you’ll learn?

Conference Topics NAPSA knows. The NPE website (nationalpavementexpo. com) lists paving industry highlights and critical issues on the roster: management skills, operator performance and safety, risk management, leadership strategies, asphalt design, cracksealing, paving, sealcoating principles, striping, and sweeping.Yes, sweeping made it to the master list of topics.

Since NAPSA holds its annual conference in conjunction with NPE, you’re likely eager to see what’s on the 2021 roster of association events. Wonder no more.

Wednesday, January 20 ● “Sweeper Performance” presented by Costas Cardonis ● “Gotcha! Attitude Is Everything in Sales” presented by Guy Gruenberg ● Preview Night at Booth #216

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Thursday, January 21 ● “Best Practices” moderated by Chris Dick ● “Utilizing NAPSA Certification and Training as Your Competitive Advantage” presented by Lee Miller and Nikki Kryston ● “Owner’s Guide to Sweeperschool Basics” presented by Cole Watts ● “Performance Assessment and Incentives for Employees” presented by Mat Andrews ● “Business Diversification: Don’t Put All Your Eggs in One Basket” presenter to be announced ● “Maintenance Misery: Staying Ahead of the Curve” presented by Ken Lindsey ● “Ready, Set, Lawsuit” presented by Mark Carter ● “Sweeper BAsics for Newbies: The Do’s and the What NOT to Do” presented by Jay Presutti ● “Leadership: Dictator or Held Hostage by Employees” presented by Loring Dunton ● “Contract Liability/Risk” presented by Josh Ferguson and Scott Cerosky ● Sweepers Night Out at Omni Barlines Friday, January 22 “Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire” keynote speech by Traci Brown Annual membership meeting Sweepers roundtable discussions Keynote Speaker Traci Brown Is that potential hire telling the truth about his experience?

Do those discrepancies in the company’s accounts mean someone is embezzling? Did the dog really eat your kid’s homework?

Laugh and learn how to prevent fraud and detect deception – skills that just might save your business and reputation. In a down economy, clients and sales personnel often engage in deceptive practices.

Renowned keynote speaker Traci Brown’s 9-point program teaches practical, eye-opening “techniques that can be applied immediately to detect fraud, increase your company’s bottom line, and keep you out of jail.” Armed with the skills to separate fact from fiction, you’ll better protect your company, your life, and your reputation from destructive lies. Don’t be a victim.

Fraud-busting body language expert Traci Brown has delivered her energetic, funny, and pointed programs to audiences around the world. She has been seen in Newsweek, the Wall Street Journal, Forbes, and TIME. Named by TIME magazine as one of the USA’s top deception experts, Brown has trained alongside the country’s most prestigious law enforcement agencies, serves as a frequent television guest, and is the author of How to Detect Lies, Fraud, and Identity Theft.

Thanks go to TYMCO for sponsoring this dynamic keynote speaker.

If you do decide to join us at NPE, be sure to use the discount coded of NAPSA when you register! n

The Value of Membership

By Karen M. Smith

The economic devastation wreaked

by COVID-19 makes it impossible to avoid worry and pushes people to succumb to a mindset of retrenchment: What expenses can we cut to stretch our dwindling dollars further? What expenses are essential? NAPSA reminds you that your membership is more than just “nice to have.” Membership confers advantages and benefits that more than justify the cost of membership—they’re essential.

Certification. Everyone knows that an outside party certification is the gold standard for best practices.

With NAPSA’s involvement in writing the ANSI standard for power sweeping, certification takes on even greater importance: it helps to show compliance with the industry standard. Compliance with ANSI means that it will be more difficult to bring frivolous litigation against power sweeping contractors and it boosts contractors’ defense with evidence of having followed best practices. Certification might also contribute to reducing insurance premiums. Certification is open to non-members, but NAPSA members receive a substantial discount on tuition.

Lead generation.You gotta get clients from somewhere. NAPSA is the best resource to help property owners and municipalities needing power sweeping services to find contractors. If you’re not a member, your company definitely won’t show up in search results.

Insurance. Insurance for power sweeping contractors is a niche offering that not every insurance company will have. Rather than hop from broker to broker, NAPSA

did the work for you through the offer of industry-specific insurance covering healthcare, general liability, property, inland marine, umbrella, and workers compensation. NAPSA members also have access to the association’s group healthcare plans through Cigna or PHCS with options for health, dental, and vision care and multiple deduction options.

Check out the newest healthcare benefit NAPSA offers!

Marketing. Professional association membership confers a certain high level of expectations and assumptions. With access to NAPSA logos, videos, and marketing content, members can distinguish themselves from competitors by basking in the glory of assumed superiority.

In addition, website developer Visual App offers NAPSA members discounted website design, SEO, and digital marketing services.

Supplier discounts.You need equipment, expensive equipment.

Your NAPSA membership entitles you to substantial discounts on equipment produced by the industry’s top manufacturers.

The above benefits more than pay for association membership, but NAPSA sweetens the deal a little more. Where else will you find ongoing, year-round networking with industry professionals? Check out the NAPSA community on Facebook look for Power Sweeping Pros. That one free admission to Sweepers Night Out is responsible for a lot of good memories. The National Pavement Expo confers special discounts and free courses to NAPSA members, too.You can advertise your equipment for resale

in the association’s classifieds at no additional cost. And, of course, you get this fabulous newsletter. What’s not to like?

Make sure to renew your NAPSA membership now. n President (Continued from page 1) one of the best I have seen. And as NAPSA has written the standard for the industry we were able to have some wording changed in the Homeland Security definition of essential service to help us help our communities’. NAPSA membership has its benefits so I hope you will all take a moment to review the new website and see which benefits will help your company.

And I must thank the members who stepped up and helped on committees and the push with Homeland Security.

A thanks to all those who served and currently served on the board.

I do not just mean during my term as president, I mean all those who have helped make NAPSA what it is.

I also must give a big thank you to Nancy Terry. She manages NAPSA, she helps all of us on the board, she knows where stuff is, she knows what’s up and coming and she has always been there to assist me, like getting this message out.

Lastly, do not forget to register for National Pavement Expo and use the NAPSA member code (NAPSA) for discounts and free sessions. More info will be coming on event at NPE including Sweepers Night Out and our annual meeting. I really hope to see you there. n

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Doing Business During Riots

By Karen M. Smith

Periodically, the USA erupts in social unrest. Disturbing video of George Floyd’s death in June unleashed a barrage of protests that rapidly devolved into violence across the nation fueled by specific organizations. Added to the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, people are defensive, scared, and depressed. Some employees may feel inspired to join in the protests and others may unleash their frustrations and ire on social media. What impact does this have on your business if your employees are involved in incidents of social unrest?

What responsibilities, if any, do their employers have?

“A growing number of employers are taking action against employees whose conduct outside of work violates their policies or adversely impacts their business,” Lawyer Monthly states. The periodical also cautions that, before taking action, employers should understand the legal ramifications. Some states, including California, Colorado, Louisiana, New York, North Dakota, and the District of Columbia, limit the actions employers may take against employees who engage in legal activities when not at work, even though discipline or discharge may still be warranted.

Is It Discrimination or Harassment?

A clearly stated policy defining harassment and discrimination and the company’s response to such undesired activity holds to ensure consistent and fair enforcement. It’s important to treat all employees and for employees to treat each other with dignity and respect.You cannot change deeply ingrained attitudes, but you can enforce polite behavior.

To emphasize appropriate behavior and to help the clueless to identify inappropriate behavior, diversity

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training may be warranted.

Remind employees that not everything they find offensive fits the definition of discrimination or harassment. However, your employee handbook should make it clear that bullying, name calling, threats, intimidation, and personal conflicts will not be tolerated. Review workplace policies on employee conduct, discrimination, and harassment to ensure all employees understand the behavior expected of them and the consequences of violating those policies. A firm commitment to providing staff with a safe work environment will ease worries regarding workplace bullying and injustice.

Engage company leaders and employees in discussions as to workplace inequalities – real or perceived – and how to best address them. Once a course of action has been decided upon, follow through.

Civil Unrest Beyond the Workplace Especially if your business is located in a large, metropolitan area, you and your employees may very well be intimately familiar with the fear, resentment, and frustrations attending civil unrest. Mobs quickly turn nasty with injury and property damage soon following. “It can be difficult for employees to leave their personal concerns at home, especially if they or a loved one are actively involved in civic engagement,” states Terri Howard of FEI Behavioral Health.

The social conflict takes both personal and professional tolls that can pose a financial risk to employers.

Property damage, traffic obstructions, curfews, delayed supplies, and other consequences of violent civil unrest result in closed businesses, truncated operating hours, employee tardiness, delays in

shipments (incoming and outgoing).

These place financial strains on businesses which are passed along to employees whose livelihoods have already been threatened by the pandemic.

If riots result in temporary closure of the business such that you must lay off employees, make sure your time-off policies are up to date and fair.Vigilant employers will comply with federal laws such as the Family Medical and Leave Act to accommodate employee claims resulting from possible disabilities such as depression or injury resulting from civil unrest.

Support Your Employees Don’t ignore what’s going on.Your staff knows that the next uprising is only one provocative video posted on social media away from where they work and live. Speak to them to let them know you share their worries.

Be sure to keep managers and supervisors informed and trained to present a unified corporate response to unrest occurring within the workplace walls or outside of working hours. Writing for Trüpp HR, Audra Hedbeg urges employers to encourage managers and supervisors “to check in with employees one-on-one to make them aware of the resources your organization is providing and to see how they are coping.”

Protecting Employees Rakesh Jain, CEO of Paysquare Consultancy Ltd., offers practical advice which is based in the real-life circumstances of the violent rioting surrounding his workplace: ● Hire taxis or arrange for employee carpools to ensure employees have safe passage to their homes. ● Stay informed through up-todate and accurate information

sources and communicate that information to employees. ● If circumstances are too dangerous for employees to return home or even leave the workplace and they must stay, then do your best to accommodate them. ● Assemble a team of staff who will communicate with employees’ family members to keep employees and their families

updates on their statuses.

Jain also recommends taking special care with regard to the safety of female employees who may be especially vulnerable to violence.

You cannot guarantee nothing bad will happen to your employees, but you can take action and encourage your employees to participate in mitigating the potential for harm. n

1-800-SWEEPER Welcomes Keystone Plastics Effective October 1st Keystone Plastics became the exclusive broom supplier to 1-800-SWEEPER. Michael Naftal, Exe. Vice President of Keystone came to the Toledo HQ of 1-800-SWEEPER to meet with 800 staff and tour the facility. Ben Steyer, Executive Director of 1-800-SWEEPER said “We are excited to welcome Keystone Plastics to the fold. Keystone Plastics is a widely recognized manufacturer and we appreciate their support of our organization. 1-800-SWEEPER Partners look forward to working exclusively with Keystone to create a mutually beneficial and long-lasting partnership.”

NAPSA New Members CONTRACTOR: Clean Sweep Property Service, Sand Diego, CA – Markell Jones Garza Facility Service, LLC, Shallowater, TX – Antonio Garza HPL Sweeping, S. Chesterfield,VA – Hoyt Burdette Service CEO’s, Leesburg, GA – Jeramie Keller Texas Exterior Maintenance and Sanitation, Katy, TX – Edward Martinez DEALER: J & J Equipment, LLC, Brewerton, NY – George Lonergan

Newly Certified Sweeper Operators

CSO PARKING LOT: Winton Henderson – Capitol Lot Service Daniel Camacho – Pacific Sweeping Shelly Dyer – Lambrecht – Cantel Sweeping Edward Martinez – Texas Exterior Maintenance and Sanitation Mary Dominique – Smith Property Service Jerry Pierce – Katsam Enterprises Darrin Estrada – Jake’s Sweeping Tornados

NAPSA NEWS STAFF President Scott Duscher/Agua Trucks Executive Director Nancy Terry Editor/Staff Writer Karen M. Smith

ADVERTISING/CONTACT

Please inquire at: North American Power Sweeping Association P.O. Box 1166 Lebanon, OH 45036 (888) 757-0130 info@powersweeping.org www.powersweeping.org/contact/

CIRCULATION

As of February 1, 2017, members of the North American Power Sweeping Association may receive THE HOPPER as a part of their paid membership. THE HOPPER is an official publication of the North American Power Sweeping Association and is published bi-monthly.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to North American Power Sweeping Association, P.O. Box 1166, Lebanon, OH 45036, info@powersweeping.org. © 2020 North American Power Sweeping Association

CERTIFIED SWEEPING MANAGER GRADUATES Winton Henderson – Capitol Lot Service Edward Martinez – Texas Exterior Maintenance and Sanitation Martha Estrada – Jake’s Sweeping Tornados CERTIFIED SWEEPING COMPANIES - VERSION 2.0 Capitol Lot Service, Springfield, IL Progressive Sweeping, Toledo, OH Armstrong Sweeping, Arvada, CO Texas Exterior Maintenance and Sanitation, Katy, TX C & L Sweeping Service, Jackson, NJ Jakes’ Sweeping Tornados, San Jose, CA

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P.O. Box 1166 Lebanon, OH 45036

The First Woman of Power Sweeping

By Karen M. Smith

Much is made of B. W.Young, one of the founders of what became the well-known TYMCO company, for inventing the regenerative air Florence Parpart street sweeping Layman, c. 1914. machine, and rightfully so. B.W. was a trail blazer for sure. Other inventors share glory in having made innovative improvements to the technology. But one inventor is ignored by the annals of street sweeper history: Hoboken, New Jersey resident Florence Parpart.

We don’t know much about Parpart, as she apparently lived a quiet life and, in accordance with 8 | The Hopper

social mores for proper feminine behavior, kept herself out of the newspapers. However, she claimed two patents in her lifetime, both significant achievements in themselves and even greater when one considers the obstacles facing women, particularly unmarried women, in technology and industry.

History credits the first patented street sweeping machine to Eureka Fraser Brown in 1879.

The inspiration for the sweeper isn’t entirely certain, but historians believe journalist Martha Rayne’s 1893 article refers to Parpart: “A Hoboken lady, after having her dress splattered with mud by a street sweeping machine, invented a new street sweeping machine.” Parpart improved upon it in terms of both

its use and its manufacture.

Parpart designed an industrial machine to sweep debris from street surfaces and shunt them into a receptacle which could then be dumped into a wagon to be hauled away for disposal. The U.S. Patent and Trade Office finally granted her the patent in 1900. Parpart displayed her entrepreneurial savvy and, by 1902, had sold the design to several cities in the USA, including New York City, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.

Parpart wasn’t finished with innovating. She married Hiram Layman and later is co-credited on a second patent awarded in 1914 for the invention of the modern refrigerator which rendered ice boxes obsolete. n