Innovation Through Technology
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2. Spatial Contiguity Principle: Students learn better when corresponding text and visuals are physically integrated rather than separated.
4. Split-Attention Principle: Students learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and sounds are excluded rather than included. 5. Modality Principle: Students learn better when text is presented auditorily as speech rather than as on-screen text. 6. Individual Differences Principle: Design effects from these principles are higher for low-knowledge learners than for high-knowledge learners, and they are higher for high-spatial learners than for low-spatial learners. 7.
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3. Temporal Contiguity Principle: Students learn better when corresponding text and visuals are temporally synchronized rather than separated in time.
Students engaged in learning that incorporates high-quality multimodal designs outperform, on average, students who learn using traditional approaches with single modes.