Open. Vertical Design Studio. David Ruy. Fragments of Research by masha hupalo

RUY STUDIO FALL SEMESTER 2018

The Open

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OPEN

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The Open

Rainer Maria Rilke

The Open

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With all its eyes the creature-world beholds the open. But our eyes, as though reversed, encircle it on every side, like traps set round its unobstructed path to freedom.

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BRIEF

This studio will take an extended look at phenomena of extraterritoriality and develop new spatial products to extend its potentials. Extraterritorial spaces exist outside the normal jurisdictions of nation-states and constitute an ambiguous zone in contemporary urbanism. Everything from dutyfree shopping areas of airports to embassies to free trade zones to military bases are examples of these peculiar spatial conditions that exist adjacent to, but ultimately outside of, the normal spaces of societies. All of these examples can be understood as a kind of spatial product that has been manufactured to fulfill some unaddressed need of globalization. In this studio, we want to understand this phenomena and design new spatial (and temporal) objects in The Open

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relationship to it. Because of their controversial nature, extraterritorial spaces tend to hideâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;stakeholders seek to guard their interests and veil their plans within the narratives of unrelated plans. Therefore, the research will require some skepticism and detective work. However, the premise of this studio is that phenomena of extraterritoriality address provocative potentials of urbanization and that its potentials, usually suppressed by the organizational needs of the nationstate, may not be undesirable. We will explore in this studio what other forms of life might be made possible when the constraints of nationhood are released, giving way to something radically open.

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The Open

CONTENTS OPEN POEM BRIEF INTRODUCTION

002 004 008

GEOPOLITICS

014 Heidi Au Yeung

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Marine Lemarie

032

Sara Alsubhi

048

Tal Dotan

062

LEGISLATIONS

05 CONTAINMENT 06 EMBEDDED CAPITAL & URBAN GROWTH 07 LIQUID LUXURY

080 Andrew Chittenden

082

Dan Otte

106

Samuel Flower

130

144

TYPOLOGY

08 MONUMENT ORIENTED URBANISM 09 BOUND TOGETHER 10 AIRPORT URBANISM 11 WELLNESS 12

Cisem Saglam

146

Liang Yu

160

Lin Liu

174

Liz Van Dyke

188

Reka

206

LANDSCAPES

13 CHAIN WHAT BLOCKS 14 TAX HOLIDAYS 15 POST NATURAL EXTRATERRITORY

INDEX

220 Addin Cui

222

Nicolas Stephan

236

Yiqun Wang

250 266

The Open

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01 OCCUPYING OCEANS 02 CRUISING TAXES 03 SYNTAX ACTUAL 04 THE “IGEJ” CANAL

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INTRO

The Open discovers possibilities of extraterritorial spaces, interrogates their operational mechanisms and projects possible futures around them. Examining issues like tax evasion, shell corporations, the flag of convenience and their tangible forms as they exist in the world creates an attitude of wonderment. They are hidden form plain sight while orchestrating entire world cities. It is impossible to explore each and every wrinkle in the folds of such abstract organisations. Instead, this critical inquiry sets a modest goal of representing a tiny fraction of unfolding spatial relations. It is not exhaustive and therefore is not definitive. This collection brings together parts of the research carried out during the Design Studio Project: sketches, thoughts, facts, rumours and first attempts of translating data into future The Open

Looking at this parade of projects, it seems logical to organise them into four sections: Geopolitics, Legislation, Typology and Landscapes. Particular The Open

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projections. Independently verifiable evidence has played an important role in creating projects that are speculative and do not reproduce a set of acknowledged and moral judgements about what is a better urbanity. The Open seeks to conceive urban in very broad terms. Acknowledging the inconsistent definitions of the phenomenon all projects see urbanisation as a planetary built environment with no distinctive differences between city and periphery. When taken individually, the projects exhibit different qualities, origins, motivations, and desires. They are not immune form contradiction but can be seen as elements in a larger narrative. In many cases, it has seemed better to examine several case studies to find a replication of the operational logic and show how this manifest itself in design.

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issues that are taken up in one section often reverberate through others as well. Each section is introduced by three to four related investigations that led to a speculative design that is not a part of this publication. The final results of the studio require a different context: they are simplified to provoke and amplified to engage. Geopolitics is concerned with big scale architectural and infrastructural responses to the threat of rising tides, the need for new territories or the problems of political and economic isolation of regions. Legislation battles with issues of regulating housing, its lack or its vacancy, determining borders of zones, and flexible mechanisms of planning for long-term transformations. Typology pays close attention to new hybrid places that do not follow orthodox categories of planning and whose primary forms can be seen across the world: embassies for political unions of several countries, hospitals that provide more wellness services than medical The Open

treatments, monumental public buildings that need no function, and duty-free zones that gain spatial autonomy from the airports.

What brings these various topics into alignment is an attempt to envision new forms of spatial negotiation by employing traditional means of design in search for alternative ways to adjust the global political and economic landscape. By paying close attention to politics, dominant ideologies, provocative forecasts and investment markets, this collection is factual but aims to outline potential approaches to designing open and diverse spaces that do not fit under conventional categories.

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Landscapes question the common definitions of nature, explore how parks and natural preserves can become active participants in tax repatriation, investment mechanisms and increase land value.

MAP 13

012

03 12

14 05 08 07 09

11 15

13 02

The Open

Heidi Yat Ning Au-Yeung

Marine Lemarié

Sara Alsubhi

Tal Dotan

Andrew Chittenden

06 07 08 09 13

OCCUPYING OCEANS CRUISING TAXES SYNTAX ACTUAL THE “IGEJ” CANAL CONTAINMENT EMBEDDED CAPITAL & URBAN GROWTH Dan Otte

LIQUID LUXURY Samuel Flower

MONUMENT ORIENTED URBANISM Cisem Saglam

BOUND TOGETHER Liang Yu

Lin Liu

Liz Van Dyke

AIRPORT URBANISM WELLNESS PORT RASHID REVITALIZATION

Rekha Kumar

Addin Zhongding Cui

Nicols Stephan

CHAIN WHAT BLOCKS TAX HOLIDAYS POST NATURAL EXTRATERRITORITY Yiqun Wang

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014

GEOPO The Open

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OLITICS

OCCUPYING OCEANS

flood float 016

submerge sink amass attach The Open

OCCUPYING OCEANS

OCCUP Y I N G OCEANS

The Extraterritoriality of International Waters and Small Island States Heidi Yat Ning, Au Yeung The Open

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OCCUPYING OCEANS

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This project explores international water as exterritorial space, investigating how climate change and rising sea levels will alter the territories set by the Montevideo Convention in 1981, not only altering the natural but also international political and economic landscape. Extracting knowledge from the incremental growth of ephemeral cities, a pseudocode was developed for as a resillence strategy for small island states threatened by rising sea levels. This project is situated in Rangiroa Atoll of French Polynesia, the second largest atoll in the world known for its tourism industry. With a mean elevation of 2m above sea level - it may soon cease to exist on the map. Applying the pseudocode, this project speculates on how the atoll may incrementally grow to rise above the sea levels, developing its tourism industry as it paves itself to political independence. The Open

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intitial sketches

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OPEN WATERS

OCCUPYING OCEANS

Hashed Area:International Water Red Area: Countries that did not sign the UN Law of Sea agreement. Blue lines: Exclusive Economic Zone Boundary.

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The ocean covers 140 million square miles - 72% of the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. The vast body of water is a highly contested area as nations attempt to extend their national borders and territory, gaining access into offshore resources. On December 20th 1982, UN introduced the Law of Sea, establishing the zones of maritime boundaries are expressed in concentric limits surrounding coastal and feature baselines.

UN LAW OF SEA The Open

statehood?

The steps to become an independent nation according to the 1933 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States

Find a territory

Gather a population

Establish government and constitutionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Declare independence

Establish economy

Build international relations

Miscellaneous

Join UN membership

Design flag, establish official correspondence, state seal, coins, National language

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Temperature rises, ice sheets melt, water expands threatening the 600 million whos lives within 10 meters of sea level. Data from NASA indicates that the pace of global sea level rise nearly doubled from 1.7 mm/year throughout most of the twentieth century to 3.2 mm/year since 1993. The Paris Agreement aims to maintain the rise in global average temperature well below 2°C, and as close as possible to 1.5°C. If humans take action to limit warming to 1.5°C, it is estimated that sea level will rise 52 cm by the year 2100. If humans hold global warming to 2°C, sea levels will rise by perhaps 63 cm by 2100. However for Small Island States whose elevation is as low as 1m, any raise in sea levels threaten their existence. 24th October 2018 marked the dissapearance of Hawaii’s East island - many more are expected to follow. As land territory is engulfed by the ocean, how will the boundaries of international water and territory change?

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SINKING CITIES?

FLOATING CITIES?

Seasteading Institute was formed in 2008, a non-proit organisation pioneering the development of autonomous floating nations. Initial design indicates a set of open ocean cities comprised of 50m-wide blocks that can be connected together, allowing citizens to join and leave at will. Blue Frontiers is a private company that ‘acts a government service provider’, determing their law that their future citizens will agree to via a social contract. In July 2018, they began the selling of ‘Varyon’ - their own cryptocurrency to be used on the floating nations. They are currently looking for a host nation to provide a construction base for their nucleus city, from whom they will eventually move away from the coast into international waters to establish their own ntion state. French Polynesia was identified as their intial base, being in the centre of the Pacific Ocean with a highly developed local infrastructure. Seasteading institue may provide a solution their weak economy and vulnerability to rising sea levels, threatening their legal existence.

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Glastonbury is one of the largest music festivals held in the UK and the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest outdoor green fields event.

2012

Learning new rules of urbanism from ephemeral cities.

GLASTONBURY fallow year

EPHEMERAL Cities REFUGEE Years Dadaab Refugee Camp Kenya 2013 - Now 235,269 people

MILITARY Years/Months

Incremental Growth 1979

1989

1994

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German Military Base Marmal, Afghanistan 2005 - Now 5,000 people

EXTRACTION Years/Months Bodie Mining Town California, USA 1876 10,000 people

Processes MINI EVENTS

[

CELEBRATION Days Glastonbury Festival UK 5 Days / Year 150,000 people

COMPANY

]

[ EVENT PLAN ]

[

LIASE

Components

TRANSACTIONS Hours

[ TERRITORY ]

Damnoen Saduak floating market Thailand 0630 - 1130

Growth Spill Public Private

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[

SECURITY Border Policing CCTV

]

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Casestudy

2017

2014

Annualy, it hosts a temporary population of nearly 200,000 in June for a 5 day festival with a fallow year every 7 year.

2011

2017

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2002

PUBLICITY

[

INVITE

]

[ TICKETING ]

[ INFASTRUCTURE ] Water Power Internet

Sanitation Waste

[ PREPARE SITE ]

[

[ENTERTAINMENT ]

EVENT

]

[

[COMMUNICATION] Bars Food Market

Health Welfare Showers Toilets ATM

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CLEAN

]

[

REVIEW

FACILITIES Info Points App

]

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Rangiroa Atoll

Taihiti

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French Polynesia is a collection of 118 islands situated in the centre of the Pacific Ocean. Its land area of 4167km2 is less than 0.1% of its total territory - its 4,767,242km2 of territorial waters forms the 99.9% of legal territory. It was colonised in 1880 by France, being the main contributor to France’s global territory and exclusive economic zone. It has been exploited by the French for nuclear tests in the 1990s and is receiving repatriation for the damage done. Since 2017, French Polynesia has been on the UN list of decolonisation, yet it’s weak economy with a 22% unemployment rate has led to dispute on whether the nation wants to become independent. It’s unique location has attracted a range of people from tourists to Chinese investors and the Seasteading Institute wanting to exploit its large territory. Yet with an average elevation of 0m above sea level, its very existence and territory is threatened by rising sea levels.

Rangiroa Atoll

With a circumference of 220km and area of 1640km2, Rangiroa is the second Largest Atoll in the world with the lagoon being the size of Taihiti, its capital. It has one of the deepest lagoons of -37m, a haven for scuba divers.

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French Polynesia

Taking reference from the development of Ephemeral Cities, a psuedocode for the development of Small Island States was developed - an architectural response and resillence scheme to rising sea levels. The program combines new artificial islands with reinforcment of existing houses, and the memorial of submerged artefacts. These new structures provides rehabitalitation to the natural landscape, supporting the growth of coral reef, boosting the tourism industry of the states. With greater economic independence, these Small Island States may also embark on their path of politcal independence.

A psuedocode for the construction of Small Island States.

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OCCUPYING OCEANS

PROGRAM <City>: initialization; \begin{cyclone season} High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia \define{Rangiroa} {15.1162째 S, 147.6513째 W} \define{staff} if {administration}:{finance} {communication}hired continue {softprepartion} else continue hiring. \identify{threats} \update metro france if {residents} go to pre alert else contine soft preparation \proceed{city} end. softpreparation; \define{location>5msl} {00.00째N,00.00째E} \define{tidal boundaries} \identify{coral habitat} \begin{reclamation plan} \submit{reclamation plan} = council \begin{public consultation} while council process do keep planning; do host small events; do continue promotion; if {council approved} go to next step; else edit and resubmit end. \invite{tourists} \promote{online}:facebook, twitter,website,instagram \begin{promotion}:online if {sold out} arrange logistics; else continue publicity end. end. coastal dunes; in:[tempteam;contrators] ; \clear{site} if animals; go relocate; else flatten ground; \deliver{material}:fence \define {zones} \construct {fence} \construct {sand dunes} end.

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floating islands; in:[tempteam;contrators] ; \clear{site} if animals, homes; go relocate; \deliver{material}:fence \define {zones} \deliver {platform} \construct {structure} \test {stability} \install {artificial reef} end. processing [guests]; \check {guests arrival}= security; \monitor {zone density} if too dense; go relocate; else continue; end. \manage {facilities}: toilet,shower,waste \monitor {event} if emergency contact First Aid else contact state support end. finishing; in:[tempteam;contrators; volunteers] ; \clear{site} if belonging report lost and found; else recycle; end. \deconstruct {infrastructure}:water,power; \deconstruct {fence} \return{material}:fence \departure {team} : steward,security,staff; end. reviewing; in:[permstaff] ; \begin {financial accounts} if profit; donate; else invest; end. \review {event} if incident propose new else continue report end. end. \submit {report}=council. end. // res.

OCCUPYING OCEANS

5 6 New land is attached to the existing motu, Avatoru. It is the main motu of Rangiroa atoll where most of the population lives and transport node. 1. Old town 2. New Cultural Centre 3. Exisitng village combining residences and school. 4.Airport 5. Hotel 6. New Port

test001_rangiroa_atoll_section01 1

Interventions at Avataru, main motu of Rangiroa atoll where most of the population lives. Earth is added to existing ground level, elevating the island. 1. Extended buildings, 2. Sand dunes

test002_rangiroa_atoll_plan02

Interventions less inhabited motus where artificial islands are floated off the existing islands, acting as extended land.

test002_rangiroa_atoll_section02 1

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Three interventions at less inhabited motus to create holiday destinations through 1.Floating Islands 2. Rigged Islands 3. Reclaimed Lands The Open

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testsing...

test001_rangiroa_atoll_plan01

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Resillence.

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Three interventions were developed to build the resillence of the small island states, preventing the dissapearance of their land mass that threatens their legal existence.

1. Float

2. Amass

3. Submerge

New artificial islands are to be constructed with an undulating surface to mimic the natural landscape from above. Yet a dive underwater exposes the intricate structure that hides the infrastrucutre and mechanism for the functioning of the artifiical island whilst supporting the birth of artificial coral reefs adding to the underwater spectacle of the Small Island States.

Sand dunes are constructed along the outer atoll shore minimising the flooding of the built area and minimising the erosion of exisitng shoreline. Soil is aded to the ground as exising buildings extend their walls to become a burried tower - preserving the existing urban fabric whilst extending the depth of the city.

Cemetries, monuments, heritage that canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t and shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be rebuilt or replaced will be washed over by the rising sea levels. Memorials will float above their location acting as a marker to their existence, a floating graveyard to which people may sail to and around in memory and nostalgia of the submerged past.

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test001_rangiroa_atoll

1. Sand Motors

Sand Motors are added along outer lagoon shore to prevent erosion and to absorb energy of waves.

2. Sand Dunes

Sand dunes constructed on the outer lagoon to prevent flooding from rising sea levels.

3. Floating Islands

Artificial islands constructed along the lagoon shore of the atoll.

029 000

testsing...

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1. Float 2. Amass

3. Submerge

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OCCUPYING OCEANS

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References Territorial Waters http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/oceans-and-law-sea/ https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/S-23WG/S-23WG_Misc/Draft_2002/Draft_2002.htm Ephemeral Cities http://groundedvisionaries.org/stories/mapping-the-ephemeral-city-kumbh-mela/ https://www.bbc.com/timelines/z9cpfg8 https://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/ Kumbh Mela: Mapping the Ephemeral Megacity Rising Sea Levels https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/ https://www.sciencealert.com/entire-hawaiian-island-was-just-erased-by-hurricane-east-walaka-chipfletcher-monk-seals-green-sea-turtles https://wiki.seasteading.org/index.php?title=Main_Page https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/11/25/564098130/ protecting-the-netherlands-vulnerable-coasts-with-a-sand-motor> Sea Steading https://www.seasteading.org/ https://innovativegovernance.org/2018/07/23/seasteading/ https://www.blue-frontiers.com/en/varyon French Polynesia https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/351420/french-polynesia-sinks-floating-island-project https://www.sciencealert.com/french-polynesia-just-revealed-plans-to-build-the-world-s-first-floating-city https://www.sciencealert.com/french-polynesia-just-revealed-plans-to-build-the-world-s-first-floating-city https://travel.padi.com/d/french-polynesia/ https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/05/climate-change-sinking-pacific-islands/ https://www.9news.com.au/2018/11/17/08/10/french-polynesia-leader-admits-nuclear-lie https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/376333/ french-polynesia-okays-chinese-fish-farm-on-hao-atoll https://tahititourisme.pf/fr-pf/mon-fenua/les-gestes-eco-citoyens/ http://www.guidepolynesie.com/index.php/en/island-guide.html https://welcome-tahiti.com/fr/ http://www.discover-rangiroa.com/ The Open

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OCCUPYING OCEANS

CRUISING TAXES

climate change tax haven 032

ship urbanism flag of convenience libertarianism open registry The Open

CRUISING TAXES

CRUIS I N G TA X E S Towards a Maritime Urbanism

Marine LemariĂŠ The Open

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CRUISING TAXES

FLAG OF CONVENIENCE

Foreign shipowner Keel laying: Vessel age 0 High taxes+strict regulations A flag of convenience is used to avoid the regulations of the ownersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; country which may have stricter safety standards.

Basic trading operations

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Flag of convenience: Tax avoidance Vessel age 2 Vessel registration to marshallese flag: Accept terms (see Part 10 of Registration application)

Basic trading operations

Vessel withdrawal from owners fleet

Transfer to IRI/The Marshall Islands Registry

Becomes a unit of the semi-mobile city and part of the marshallese actual territory

Scuttling of the vessel into an artificial reef Vessel age 40 The Open

CRUISING TAXES

Open registries, permit ship owners to register their ships at low costs or to register substandard ships that would not comply with the requirements of a more stringent registry. Tamo Zwinge

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Depending on rules, the vessels will rearrange. For example, when one gets obsolete, it will need to be removed and sunken, which will result in a division inside the group. If one ship wants to leave, the other ones must clear a passage.

CRUISING TAXES

CASE STUDY AND SITE

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RMI consists of 29 atolls and 5 islets

Total area 181 km2 = 10.474,5 ships

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Along the coastline of Majuro, capital atoll of Marshall Islands, old cars and trash are being piled up in an attempt to make seawalls and stop the rising water levels. By 2009 more than half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s merchant ships were registered with open registriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2039;. As of 2016, 3244 ships were registered at the RMI registry with a 23% growth per year.

Depth and seabed topography analysis around the Republic of the Marshall Islands

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OPTIONS AFTER VESSELS LIFE

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Old subway cars turned into artificial reefs in New Jerseyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bay

Shipbreaking in Alang, India.

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CRUISING TAXES

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Vessels over 10 years in bad condition are being â&#x20AC;&#x153;recycledâ&#x20AC;?: ship owner sells vessel to a cash buyer who sells it to a recycler typically based in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Turkey. Else, it is sold on the secondhand market to developing countries who can only afford the obselete vessel worth two third of its newbuild price after five years.

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CRUISING TAXES

SUMMARY

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The City is conceived as a place for tax avoidance. Its perceived status as a tax haven attracts foreign shipowners whose vessels are registered to the Marshall Islands. The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), located in Micronesia, gained its independence from the United States in 1986. The islands, some 5,000 miles southwest of Los Angeles, remain heavily reliant on US government aid: $133 billion/year, which acts as their main income and is contingent on the use of one of the atolls as an American space base (also used by SpaceX). With a rise in sea levels the space base, currently 7 feet (2.1 m) above sea level, will vanish by 2100-and along with it, the financial aid. However, beyond its land boundaries, the country has a vast number of vessels flying the Marshallese Flag of Convenience (the second biggest registry worldwide). They are usually decommissioned after around 15 years lifetime, a number that was at 35, 20 years ago. A cash buyer buys it from the shipowner for $4m who sells it to a â&#x20AC;&#x153;recyclerâ&#x20AC;? in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan to break it apart in low conditions, the most preferred solution for fleet owning companies because of its low costs. In my proposal, they might be brought back to the country after their use, and packed around a central base which connects all vessels through vital equipment: drinking water, maintenance services, The Open

CRUISING TAXES

The location of the bases, never static and in constant flux, draws an archipelago-like urban system, able to migrate without fixed position. The site for their placement This version is a simulation during the aggregational process, intending to create an organization that is not tied to infrastructural constraints other than the primary form. The aim is to find an arrangement of vessels that minimizes the space between, allowing for the densest urban condition. Depending on rules, the vessels will rearrange. For example, when one gets obsolete, it will need to be removed and sunken, which will result in a division inside the group. If one ship wants to leave, the other ones must clear a passage.

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electrical power, proper plumbing, garbage collection services, and internet connectivity. Each station has a maximum capacity of infrastructure it can provide, ranging from 100 to 300 vessels per base. As a station nears capacity, multiples can be built throughout the site: the area of the legal Exclusive Economic Zone, 12 miles of the Marshallese coast.

CRUISING TAXES

POSSIBILITIES AGAINST A VANISHING LAND

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One of the many vessels registered in the RMI open registry

Because we keep calling these floating vessels “ships” we mostly don’t realize that we actually have a lot more cities than we think.

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Regarding the fact that both are named after the same city and operate under the same jurisdictions, could we say that they form the same country?

Majuro Majuro atoll in this case is used to be compared to the vessel on the left side which also flies the Majuro flag.

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CRUISING TAXES

REPATRIATION AFTER ITS USE PART 5. INSTRUMENT RECORDATION Do you intend to record a mortgage ( ), financing charter (

REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

MARITIME ADMINISTRATOR APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION Check all that apply: Newbuilding

Transfer from another flag

Re-registration

Laid-up

Self-Propelled

Non-Self-Propelled

PART 1. GENERAL NEW NAME

PRESENT NAME

PRESENT COUNTRY OF REGISTRY

IMO NUMBER

SERVICE TYPE

INTENDED CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY (only if changing at registration) DOMICILE / ADDRESS (full address)

OWNER IMO NO.

CITIZENSHIP

OWNERSHIP %

Subscribed and Sworn Before me day of this at

(SIGNATURE)

SIGNATURE OF NOTARY PUBLIC, OR OTHER OFFICER AUTHORIZED BY RMI LAW TO ADMINISTER OATHS

If more than one (1) Registered Owner, please attach an extra sheet. BUILT BY

HULL NO.

Yes

YEAR BUILT

PLACE BUILT (City, Country)

PART 7. DECLARATION OF RO FOR THE MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION, 2006 (MLC, 2006) Is MLC, 2006 Certification applicable?

DATE AND PLACE OF CONVERSION (if applicable)

DYNAMIC POSITIONING FITTED (if applicable)

AS PER ITC ’69: LENGTH

BREADTH

TOTAL PROPELLING POWER

DEPTH

GROSS TONS

Yes

NET TONS

Name of

DPA or

Name of

24-hour Mobile Telephone: Alternate DPA or

Telephone:

24-hour Mobile Telephone:

Telephone:

Voluntary

ANNUAL TONNAGE TAX INVOICES

MARITIME INVOICES

Company:

Attention: Address:

Telephone:

Email:

24-hour Mobile Telephone:

Email:

24-hour Mobile Telephone:

Email:

Name of Alternate CSO:

Check if Maritime Invoices information is same as Annual Tonnage Tax Invoice information.

Telephone:

The undersigned affirms that he/she is authorized to act on behalf of the Company and that the information contained in Parts 7, 8 and 9 herein are true and correct and that any change in DPA(s), DP(s), CSO(s), (RO)s or RSO(s) must immediately be made in writing by submitting the appropriate form(s) to the Administrator, electronically or otherwise.

Print Name & Title

1 of 3

Application for registration, Republic of the Marshall Islands Page 1 of 3

35 years

Is the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code applicable? Yes No Voluntary If Yes/Voluntary I________________________________________________, a citizen of____________________________________________, part owner(s) of the vessel as described in Part 1 herein, hereby swear and accept, in accordance with Section 2014(8) of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) Maritime Act, that I accept to transfer it to the RMI. The transfer will be accomplished after full use of the above named vessel or the owners choice to discard the vessel from its fleet but no later than 40 years after the date of the keel laying. RMI will take care of it as a new territory of its land.

Subscribed and Sworn Before me ___________________________________________ Print Name & Title

_____________________________________________ Signature _____________________________________________ Date

MI-101A (Rev. 8/15)

Application for registration, Republic of the Marshall Islands Page 3 of 3

Date

MI-101A (Rev. 8/15)

Application for registration, Republic of the Marshall Islands Page 2 of 3

PART 10. PLEDGE TO DONATE THE VESSEL TO THE REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS REGISTRY 30 years

Signature

2 of 3

MI-101A (Rev. 8/15)

3ofof33

Yes

Name of CSO:

Billing, including annual tonnage tax and maritime invoices, after vessel registration should be sent to the following address(es):

25 years

Email:

PART 9. DECLARATION OF RECOGNIZED SECURITY ORGANIZATION (RSO)/COMPANY SECURITY OFFICER (CSO)

Pursuant to Chapter XI-2, Regulation 4, of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended, and the ISPS Code the CSO(s) is/are:

PART 4. BILLING PARTICULARS

20 years

Email:

Alternate DP:

If Yes/Voluntary, name the RSO appointed for the issuance of an International Ship Security Certificate (ISSC):

Email:

Any change in ISM Code Company must be made in writing by submitting form MI-297A to the Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator. 3 Company Name and Address should be identical as per ISM Document of Compliance. 2

044

DP:

Telephone:

Is the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code applicable?

Expected time span until transfer: 5 years 10 years 15 years years

If the ISM Code is Yes/Voluntary, name of the RO appointed for the issuance of a Safety Management Certificate (SMC):

Recognized Organization (RO) for Document of Compliance

Facsimile:

Voluntary

Pursuant to RMI Maritime Regulation 1.07, the DPA(s) (for ISM Code vessels) or DP(s) (for non-ISM Code vessels) is/are:

If Yes/Voluntary, name the organization that has assumed the responsibility and duties for operation of the vessel and has agreed in writing to take over the duties and responsibilities imposed by the ISM Code from the owner or if No, name the organization responsible for the vessel: (if unknown at the time of application, please complete form MI-297A prior to the date of registration). 2 Company Name 3: Address 3: Telephone:

PART 8. DECLARATION OF DESIGNATED PERSON ASHORE (DPA), DESIGNATED PERSON (DP), RO

Voluntary

IMO ISM Code Company Number (if applicable):

Yes

Is a National Statement of Compliance being requested for mobile offshore units? Yes The RO appointed for the issuance of a Maritime Labour Certificate (MLC) to the vessel is: !!!!!!

DEADWEIGHT TONS

PART 3. INTERNATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT (ISM) CODE DECLARATION OF COMPANY Is the ISM Code applicable?

(TITLE)

SECTIONS 7, 8 AND 9 MAY BE COMPLETED IF INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AT THE TIME OF APPLICATION. IF UNKNOWN AT THE TIME OF APPLICATION DECLARATION FORM MI-297B MUST BE COMPLETED

PART 2. VESSEL PARTICULARS KEEL LAYING DATE

, a citizen of I , hereby swear and affirm, in accordance with Section 209(1) of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) Maritime Act, that I am a , duly authorized agent or officer of the owner(s), managing owner(s), or part owner(s) of the vessel as described in Part 1 herein and declare that all information contained in Parts 1 through 5 herein are true and correct and that, pursuant to Section 214(1) of the RMI Maritime Act, the Master has been ordered and instructed, upon receipt of the vessel’s RMI Provisional Certificate of Registry, to make the markings required by Section 230 of the RMI Maritime Act, and when transferring from another flag, to surrender the vessel’s documents issued by the Government of the Present Country of Registry as declared in Part 1 herein. I further hereby swear and affirm that the official tonnage of the vessel shall be the tonnage as calculated in accordance with the International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969, if such calculation is different than as declared hereinabove.

EXPECTED DATE OF REGISTRATION

PRESENT CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY NAME OF REGISTERED OWNER(S)1

), or builder’s certificate (

), bill of sale5 (

Required for re-registration.

PART 6. OATH OF OWNER OR AUTHORIZED AGENT

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The relationship between form and energy in this industrial macroinfrastructure. Starting from the realities of a packed city of ships, the device can be located in between vessels and in Marshallese space to help sustain and power new local economies.

Majuro Atoll, capital of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Seabed levels from 7ft high to 2.2 miles deep

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References http://www.itfglobal.org/en/transport-sectors/seafarers/in-focus/flags-of-convenience-campaign/ http://www.mua.org.au/flag_of_convenience_behind_rig_disaster https://www.thenation.com/article/mitch-mcconnells-freighted-ties-shadowy-shipping-company/ https://www.register-iri.com https://www.maritime-executive.com/features/americanization-exclusive-economic-zone

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S Y N TA X ACTUAL Insightful Technology Driven Development Sara Alsubhi The Open

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What is a Smart City? Testing of

Urbanism

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Mobility Cultural Social Architectural Economical Environmental Technological Governmental

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Sustainable and smart lifestyle; creative approaches; innovation; environmentally sustainable government; smart economy; the city of technology...

Telecom providers; flexible governance rules; usage of contemporary technology; attractive environment (mobility + housing + job opportunities)...

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What do we actually mean when we say “Smart City”?

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Case Study:

Masdar As Planned & Now Masdar Current Plan 2018 -5% of Masdarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footprint has beenÂ finished -completion pushed back from 2016 to 2030

Surrounding

Accessibility

Transportation System as planned: - driverless fleet of 3,000 free-moving electric vehicles - 2 to 6 passengers - 85 to 100 stations citywide

Current Transportation System: -driverless 6-8 free-moving electric vehicles -2 to 6 passengers -2 stations Masdar institute PRT station two stops

Residential Areas as planned: -Residential Complex (500 units) -65 % of the project is residential

Current Residential Areas

Solar Panel Area

Parks and open spaces as planned

Parks and open spaces now

Masdar City now

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DOING BUSINESS IN MASDAR - 0% import tariffs - 100% foreign ownership, no local partner required - no minimum capital requirement when setting up a branch - simple set-up with a ‘one-stop-shop’ for registration, government relations and visa processing - ability to move capital and profits outside the UAE without restrictions

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The use of smartness as a new way of preserving the architectural elements

SPATIALLY - starting “from scratch” - blending technology with the new methods of construction - well connected to city center, neighboring cities and airports - attractive global image

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DUBAI 2021

SAUDI ARABIA 2020

QATAR 2022

SMART COUNTRY

Estonia: What does it offer?

- 0% income tax on retained or reinvested profits - in January 2018 the corporate income tax rate on regular profit distributions was lowered from 20% to 14% on distributed profits - euro-currency or multi-currency bank account. - more trust due to incorporating into an EU state. - governmetntal e-services - remotely managed banking The Open

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GROWTH SCENARIOS PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The aim of the current design is to test the different approaches to living, to give the feeling that the implementation of the technology to make the life easy for the people is global development norm of any growth of the city , it is not something that should be published as attention to attract people to live in a certain area, the human scale living is the propriety, to let the people interact, live, communicate (physically and mentally).

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The space that is produced by the placement of the project programs must be treated with the same importance as the forms themselves. This will create different development stages of gathering areas, from public to semi-public to private, and exclusively private zones that function as a refuge from the ubiquitous technology. Integration of programs with an option of complete separation is the main smart feature in this city. Designing with the human scale in mind borrows from the intricate vocabulary of historical cities. Human scale in this project means horizontality, accessibility and short distances between places of work and housing which is a traditional space for social activities in this region.

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

In the current project, there are no strict boundaries between spaces and the usage of technology. It is embedded in the design to create invisible boundaries and control the space with different aspects not introduced in any other spaces. For instance, the educational spaces will have invisible boundary fences to alert if a child attempts to leave the school’s property. It is one of the ways to secure the space without creating visual barriers. The project uses infrastructure not only as a connection between existng and future developments but also as an enjoyment. This journey will be an attraction in itself acting as a connecting strip and defining connections in the early stages of the project.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Conceptual formation: variety and order, organising complexity, “ life of the city on display ”, natural preservation territories, bridging infrastructure.

5 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

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TYPES OF FORMATIONS & BOUNDARIES

Coastal line

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Bridging infrastructure

Accessibility

Stitching Communities

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References Batty, M. et al.: Smart Cities of the future. UCL Working Paper Series, Paper 188. (2012) ISSN 1467-1298 2. Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., Nijkamp, P.: Smart cities in Europe. In: 3rd Central European Conference in Regional Scienceâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; CERS, (2009) 3. Correia, L.M.: Smart cities applications and requirements, White Paper. Net!Works European Technology Platform (2011) https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/industries/smart-connected-communities/what-is-a-smart-city.html http://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/how-estonia-became-the-most-digital-country-in-the-world/ https://masdar.ae/ https://masdar.ae/en/energy/about-masdar-clean-energy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masdar_City https://www.wired.co.uk/article/estonia-e-resident The Open

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T H E “IGEJ” CANAL Tal Dotan The Open

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The literal translation for “STITCHING LINE" in Hebrew (the official language in Israel) means “BORDER” in English. This is the starting point of the project and its leading approach. In architecture, a door in the middle of one space creates two areas that can be referred to as connected with the mutual door or separated by the door. The door has a major role in this case. It defines the boundary of each side: where one ends and another begins.

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But it can also be defined as an independent master object enabling both sides to co-exist along the edges. In line with this thought, on a much larger scale, geographic border’s role can be redefined only through acknowledging that physically they are bonding and connecting objects just as much as separating them. It is a minor but very symbolic change of perception wiht an enormous political and economical potential. The border territory (most of the cases exist along side buffer zones) act as a boundary between two different areas, while at the same time it can be turned into a working productive edge or a programmed independent zone. The area it is occupying and the geographic location and connectivity - all have major roles in reprograming of new border typologies and creating new territorial strategies. The current project focuses on one specific border in the Middle East between Gaza, Israel and Egypt - and offers a new program in the form of a water canal, which establishes a new shipping route from Red Sea (the gulf of Aqaba) to Mediterranean Sea. This controversial area is known for its volatile relationships among the surrounding countries. History, land control, terror and security, sovereignty and natural recourses - are parts of this boiling stew . A new border model in the shape of major economical artery between these neighboring countries proposes a system of mutual man-maid recourse with individual benefits, in order to shift the old historical conflict discourse with new economy goals.

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GAZA AND ISRAEL_THE CONFLICT History and Politics:

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Gaza was inhabited since the 15th century B.C., and has been dominated by many peoples and empires throughout its history. It was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th Century. Following World War II, Gaza became part of the British Mandate in Palestine, and following the 1948 Israeli Arab war, the newly formed Gaza strip became under the Egyptian administration until 1967 when it was occupied by Israel. Chronicle history of the recent political development in Gaza Strip In 1994, Israel granted the Palestinian Authority the right of self-governance in Gaza but not a sovereign state or territory. In 2000, the Palestinian second intifada broke with waves of protests and unrest. Between 2000 and 2004, the construction of the separation barriers between Gaza and Israel and Gaza and Egypt was completed. In 2005, Israel withdrew from Gaza under their unilateral disengagement plan but continued to control its borders. In 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian legislative council election and became the elected government. In 2007, following Hamas win of the legislative council election, fighting erupted between Hamas and Fatah for six months, during which both parties attacked vehicles, personal and buildings of the other side. Hamas expelled Fatah from Gaza and formed a separate government breaking the unity government between Gaza and the West Bank. The blockade on Gaza by Israel started after Hamas came to power sealing by that its land, air and sea and severely restricting the movement of people and goods from and into Gaza. In December 2008, the Israeli army launched a series of air strikes on targets in Gaza destroying schools, hospitals, mosques, government buildings, and other buildings. In January 2009, Israel began the ground invasion in Gaza to put an end to the continuing terror act. The war lasted 22 days. In 2012, Israel launched an eight-day operation in Gaza (Pillar of Defense) targeting Hamas infrastructure. In 2014 Hamas and Fatah, after the reconciliation talks, formed a Palestinian unity government.

Urban and Economic Conditions:

The Gaza Strip is characterized by a housing crisis on multiple levels as a result of high population growth, Israeli restrictions on movement and access of people and building materials, as well as war damages. Regarding economy, Gaza is considered an urban economy depending on internal trade, external aid, communication and movement of people. However, Gaza’s economy is highly unsustainable due to the restrictions imposed on the movement of people and goods. Moreover, Gaza is facing a number of environmental challenges that include: desertification; salination of fresh water; lack of sewage treatment in many parts of the strip; water-borne disease; soil degradation; depletion and contamination of underground water resources. The Open

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Border as a potential economic infrastructure The blockade around Gaza makes it physically detached and independent entity but in reality the function is reversed. It is nothing but dependent. Creating a Gaza island with Gaza canal between Israel and Gaza and defining these ports as free trade zones is the first step of the IGEJ canal on its northern point in the Mediterranean. Both symbolically and strategically strengthen Gaza economics and access to the world

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multiple area of maritime economic activity.

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HISTORY OF GAZA’S SEA PORT PLANS The 1993 Oslo I Accord announced a program for the establishment of a Gaza Sea Port Area. Plans were re-announced in the 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement. The 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum determined that the construction works could commence on October 1st, 1999, but construction did not start until July 2000. Israel committed itself to facilitate the works. The Memorandum also determined that the port would not be operated in any way before reaching a joint Sea Port Protocol. Such a protocol, however, has never been signed.

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1994/2000 PA plan

In 1994, the Dutch Government committed some NLG45 million (circa €23 million) to the Gaza Sea Port project; France committed additional US$20 million. The same year, the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the Dutch-French European Gaza Development Group (EGDG) signed a contract for the project. It was difficult to reach consensus with Israel on issues regarding engineering, operations and security. Due to Israeli obstruction, the 1994 contract expired before the works could start. On 20 April 2000 the parties signed a new contract. Phase one of the project started on July 18th. The construction was halted, as Israel refused to facilitate the supply of needed construction materials. On 17 and 18 September 2000, Israeli tanks destroyed the project site. In October, Israel bombed the building site in response to an incident in Ramallah. Following this, the Donor States ceased funding the project and the work on the port stopped.

2011 Israeli plan

In March 2011, Israeli transport minister Yisrael Katz revealed a plan to build an island off the coast of the Gaza Strip with sea and air ports, a tourist area and a desalination plant for sea water. The island might be managed by the Palestinian Authority and could be under international control for at least 100 years to ensure Israel's security. The project would cost US$5 billion to $10 billion and take six to 10 years to complete. Katz said that the project would free Israel of responsibility for controlling commerce with Gaza and "aims at a total break with the Gaza Strip, while now Israel continues to be responsible for the trade of this area because we have not permitted the building of a port and airport." Environmentalists and Palestinian officials described the venture as "fantasy" and "madness", and accused the minister of political opportunism. A PA spokesman said that there were lots of simpler measures to improve the lives of Palestinians: "If they want to help Palestinians, they must end the siege on Gaza, and allow the reintegration of the West Bank and Gaza and the establishment of a Palestinian state. Then they are welcome to make proposals." The Open

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2014 PA plan

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In February 2014, Palestinian Transportation Minister Nabil Dmeidi revealed that the Palestinian Authority and Egypt have been working on plans for building two airports in the West Bank, as well as a seaport in the Gaza Strip and a railway line between the Gaza Strip and Cairo. The transport ministry has signed a protocol of cooperation with Egypt’s civil aviation authority to benefit from Egyptian expertise. The plans included the building of an airport east of Jericho and a second smaller one, somewhere in Area C. In May 2014, the Euro-Mid Observer for Human Rights released a working paper about the possibilities to realize the Seaport plans as an answer to the Blockade of the Gaza Strip. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navaneethan Pillay, said that the blockade is a violation of human rights and humanitarian law. The San Remo Manual on International Law applicable to armed conflicts at sea states that if the supplies essential for their survival are not reaching them, then the blockading party must provide them with these materials.

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HISTORY OF CANAL AND RAILING PROPOSALS/ PLANS IN THE AREA 1864 The Hejaz railway

The Hejaz (or Hedjaz) railway (Turkish: Hicaz Demiryolu) was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050 mm/3 ft 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network, and the original goal was to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Kadikoy beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. However, construction was interrupted due to the outbreak of World War I, and it reached no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250 mi) short of Mecca. The completed Damascus to Medina section was 1,300 kilometres (810 mi).

End of the XIX century

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Planners thought how to use the Jordan River water for irrigation and to bring sea water to the Dead Sea to create energy from its position of -400m below sea level. One of those planners was the Zionist leader Theodor Herzl.

2010 The Red Sea-Dead Sea Canal

This Red-Dead Canal is a much talked of possibility for increasing water supply to Israel, Palestine, and Jordan. This idea is based upon using the difference in level between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea (which is 400 metres below sea level) to generate hydroelectric power, which can then be used to desalinate approximately 850 MCM of salt water per year. Brines (water strongly impregnated with salt) could be used to restore the level of the Dead Sea. Potential benefits: the multi-billion dollar canal would carry water from the Red Sea, through the Arava, to the Dead Sea, over several hundred kilometres. Supporters of the canal state the Dead Sea will be restored to historic levels and fresh water would be made available to neighbouring countries. This would also strengthen the Oslo process by having Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians work together and would accelerate the development of this undeveloped area by bringing jobs and new infrastructure. It would also provide much needed potable water and inexpensive hydroelectric energy. The increase in the sea level would bring tourist facilities closer to the sea and eliminate mud flats, presumably helping the tourist industry.

2015 Israeli Suez Canal

What Israel ought to do is dig its canal, from Eilat to Ashkelon Israel is working with China to build a railway from Eilat to the Mediterranean; it’s intended to serve as an overland alternative to the Suez Canal. Ships will arrive on one end and unload; the The Open

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cargo will be rolled to the other end and loaded onto another boat to continue its trip around the world. It certainly makes sense for Israel to have a parallel to the Suez canal. It would follow the lowlands along the border with Jordan, and then begin to move west about 80 miles north of Eilat, near Ein Yahav. It would be a much bigger job than the Suez was.

INSTC is the shortest multimodal transportation route linking the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf via Iran to Russia and North Europe,” India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry said in a statement, adding that trilateral talks between the parties are scheduled on November 23. The route will make it possible to deliver cargoes from India to the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. Then, the goods will be transported by land to Bandar Anzali, Iran’s port on the Caspian Sea. After that, goods will be shipped to the southern Russian port of Astrakhan, from where they will move to Europe by rail. The new transport artery will potentially reduce the time and costs of shipping by up to 40 percent. Transport time between Mumbai and Moscow will reportedly be reduced to 20 days. Annual capacity of the transport artery is expected to reach 30 million tons.

"The geostrategic importance of the Middle East is vastly overblown. The region matters to the United States of America chiefly because of its influence in the world oil market, but that influence has been in terminal decline for a generation, a fact almost wholly unnoticed by outside observers." “In two decades or so, the global oil market and the Middle East’s geopolitical influence will be dramatically different from what they are today. … The importance of this development cannot be overstated. It is a tectonic shift in the geopolitical balance of power, a strategically pivotal development only slightly less momentous than the fall of the Soviet Union. It is the slow-motion collapse of the Middle Eastern oil empire.” Dr. Daniel Pipes The Open

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2018 The INSTC

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ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS AND RELATIONS BETWEEN ISRAEL, GAZA, EGYPT & JORDAN Paris Protocol was an agreement between Israel and the PLO, signed on 29 April 1994, and incorporated with minor amendations into the Oslo II Accord of September 1995. Essentially, the Protocol integrated the Palestinian economy into the Israeli one through a customs union, with Israel to control all borders, both its own and those of the Palestinian Authority. Palestine remains without independent gates to the world economy. The Protocol regulates the relationship and interaction between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in six major areas: customs, taxes, labour, agriculture, industry and tourism. Since Hamas’ takeover of the Gaza Strip, and the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, the Protocol cannot be fully applied to the Strip. However, Gaza importers still pay Israel customs, VAT and purchase taxes on goods that they import via Israel. The Protocol determines that Israeli currency, the New Israeli Shekel (NIS), is used in the Palestinian territories as a circulating currency which legally serves there as means of payment for all purposes and to be accepted by the Palestinian Authority and by all its institutions, local authorities and banks. The Palestinians are not allowed to independently introduce a separate Palestinian currency.

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Israel

Egypt

Jordan

The project proposes a new program at the border strip between Israel, Egypt and Gaza in the shape of a shipping canal and a special economic zone around it. It is a mutual plan with individual benefits. For Jordan that has no direct access to the Mediterranian sea and depends on the Israeli Haifa port (and gets its imports through the valley as part of the peace agreements). For Israel, this will be an opportunity to revive the Negev on its southern area and create a new economic import-export model with the rail and the airport. For Egypt, it is an opportunity to revive the Sini peninsula and establish another Suez canal on its territory. For Gaza, it is a major independenc call, enabling new and enlarged maritime activity as well as a new economic infrastructure model while connecting it to the world.

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References Published by the jerusalem post ,writer: Joshua Gelernter March 7, 2015 https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/An-Israeli-Suez-Canal-393225 MAERSK TRIALS SUEZ CANAL ALTERNATIVE Published by the Maritime standard October 18, 2018 https://www.themaritimestandard.com/maersk-trials-suez-canal-alternative/ The Suez Canal published by The Suez Canal outhority https://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/English/About/SuezCanal/Pages/CanalHistory.aspx Suez canal published by Enciclopedia Britannica writers:William B. Fisher,Charles Gordon Smith https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suez-Canal Danish shipping firm tests Russian Arctic alternative to Suez Canal route inShare published september 29 ,2018 by France 24 international news https://www.france24.com/en/20180929-danish-shipping-russian-arctic-suez Russia, India & Iran want to create alternative trade route to Suez Canal – report Published Dec 03, 2018 by RT-RTQUESTION MORE https://www.rt.com/business/442832-india-iran-russia-suez-alternative/ The arc-A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State Published 2005 by the RAND Corporation Reserch by Doug Suisman,Steven n. Simon,Glenn E. Robinson,C. Ross Anthony,Michael Schoenbaum The red dead canal published september 3rd, 2010 by the Fanack https://fanack.com/water/strategic-options/red-dead-canal/ WILL THE MIDDLE EAST LOSE ITS IMPORTANCE? published by THE PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE USA, An Online Journal of Political Commentary & Analysis July 1, 2012 writer: Dr. Daniel Pipes Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition / Edition 1 published 2005, writers: Steve Graham, Simon Marvin The Open

Law of economic zones - of a special naturs published by the General authority for economic zone_north west Golf of suez Urban Development and Planning in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Impacts on Urban Form published by The Conference on Nordic and International Urban Morphology: Distinctive and Common Themes, Stockholm, Sweden, September (3–5), 2006 writer: Dr. Ali Abdelhamid Director, Center for Urban & Regional Planning An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine Gaza Urban Profile published December 2014 by UN HABITAT Forensic Architecture published April 28,2017 by Eyal Weizman PROTOCOL BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT AND BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL ON QUALIFYING INDUSTRIAL ZONES March 26,1979 Agreement Between The Government Of The State Israel And The Government Of The Hashemite Kingdom Op Jordan On Irbid Qualifying Industrial Zone - October 26, 1994 Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area between the Government of Israel and the Government of the United States of America ,August 19, 1985 Two Unsustainable Urbanisms: Dubai and Gaza published by carboun, Middle east sustainable cities Gaza sea port- A window to the world published May 2014 by The Euro mid observer

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Skid Row and the Linguistics of Homelessness Andrew Chittenden The Open

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This project proposes a new approach to urban planning. It views the problem as one of linguistics: that the current modes of architectural representation and language of zoning are incapable of describing projects of the physical scope, complexity and temporal extent of urban development, and therefore cannot effectively participate in their design or execution.

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The project examines Skid Row in Los Angeles as an extraterritorial zone designated and maintained as part of the city’s broader efforts to address its homelessness and housing crisis. The zone’s foundational policy of containment has yielded fixed infrastructure that is no longer capable of serving its growing and developing population. This project seeks to reformulate the semantics and syntax of its containment strategies— immanent and intrinsic to any extraterritorial zone—to develop more functional lexicons and new systems of notation with observable generative potential.

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That a studio investigating extraterritoriality would concern itself with Skid Row is not a given. Located in central Downtown Los Angeles, Skid Row nonetheless shares many features of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) around the world, even if its goals are not purely economic. What is unique about such zones is not so much their architecture, nor even their broader physical characteristics, but rather the selective enforcement (typically, the lax enforcement or non-enforcement) of laws, regulations and norms governing the surrounding area. With humans erased from the image, the boundary between Skid Row and the rest of DTLA might blur or vanish altogether at places. But inhabitants’ behavior and enforcement of law differ so markedly that with humans in the picture, the boundary becomes crystal clear. Extraterritorial zones should not be automatically conflated with traditional zoning. Only a select few interact directly with zoning code (architects, developers and city officials being the primary users), and even those interactions are typically restricted to a single point in a development process. Once construction is complete—or often once an entitlement has been granted—there will be no further interactions with zoning law, barring some flagrant violation or natural disaster. The code itself is also just the starting point for design decisions. In cities like Los Angeles, most large construction requires variances to the code, for which there is no equivalent master plan or set of guidelines. Variances are instead granted at the discretion of Zoning Administrators in the Department of City Planning upon petition.

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“Covering fifty city blocks immediately east of downtown Los Angeles, Skid Row is bordered by Third Street to the north, Seventh Street to the south, Alameda Street to the east, and Main Street to the West.” Jones vs City of Los Angeles No. 04-55324. Decided: April 14, 2006

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There’s no intrinsic requirement for homelessness or housing shortages to be addressed with special zones, but the City of Los Angeles opted into such a strategy when it adopted a policy of containment in 1976. Skid Row already existed as an area of especially dense homelessness and poverty at that point. The containment plan did not advocate variances of law enforcement within the zone, but instead proposed concentrating resources for the homeless within the neighborhood. The rationale was twofold. Services could be rendered more efficiently to a concentrated population than to a dispersed one. But on a much more sinister level, a defined, isolated zone could also keep the homeless in, out of sight of the rest of the population. As the latter priority grew more dominant, focus shifted to crafting inducements that kept the homeless population contained, leading to variances on matters like sidewalk sleeping and public urination. An inhabitant of Skid Row, accustomed to these allowances, would feel uncomfortable ever leaving. The containment plan was never a legally binding document. The boundaries of Skid Row were not even legally designated until 2006, with the decision of Jones vs City of Los Angeles. In this case, six homeless men argued that citations and arrests for sidewalk sleeping criminalized homelessness. In the text of the decision, the judge—almost in passing—identifies the streets that trace the border of Skid Row. The city’s special enforcement zone thus became officially tied to a concrete boundary with legal precedent, creating a true extraterritorial containment zone.

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sole raison-d’être, and were they to fade entirely from consciousness or use, either the zone itself would dissolve into its surroundings, or its population would depart.

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CONTAIN Strategies of containment have been applied across an enormous range of scales, locations, and eras, from individual buildings to entire nations, temporary installations to permanent infrastructure. Many good intentions have produced profoundly negative consequencesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;yet just as many questionable motives have produced unintended benefits. What is evident is that few who endeavor to create any contained system anticipate the complexity of maintaining that system, nor the effort required across time to guide it towoard its intended effects. If we are to inherit Skid Row as a zone of containment, even if only to dissolve it, we must understand what is there, and why it works the way it does.

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Containment develops over time 1. The Seed (Designation) Spurs a spatial reorganization: Physical infrastucture Laws, zoning and regulations Speech acts Economic incentives Events and disasters

2. The Trellis (Enforcement) Guides further reorganization across time: Policing and enforcement Laws, zoning and regulations Formal (visual and viewcone) design Social dynamics Maintenance of physical infrastructure

All containment zones operate in two distinct phases: first, the initial designation, and then its subsequent enforcement. The first phase could be anything ranging from the construction of physical infrastructure to a speech act; the latter phase incorporates maintenance of and modification to that initial infrastructure, enforcement of economic and behavioral laws, maintenance of public image, federal and local legislation, termination of the zone, and more.

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public housing campuses compulsory villagization plague city or panopticon indian reservations viewcone zoning managed forests

SCALES

BOUNDARIES

Building Solid (Literal) Neighborhood Porous (Literal) City Crosshatch State Invisible

USERS

TIMEFRAMES

MECHANISMS

Permanent Temporary

Physical Behavioral Legal

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PUBLIC HOUSING

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Construction or conversion of large, densely packed affordable housing units.

In the US, a common narrative for public housing projects begins in 1945 at the end of WWII, with a surge of returning veterans needing homes. During this period, the population in public housing developments were a diverse mix of ages and incomes, producing an overall stable environment. The Housing Act of 1949, however, provided easier access to mortgages, home loans and contruction loans, pushing more citizins into the private housing market and out of public housing. The population that remained was poorer and less socio-economically stable. Declining revenues caused further deterioration from poor maintenance and insufficient security, making the housing projects largely undesirable to anyone other than addicts, criminals, and those who had no other choice. At a certain tipping point, the whole project would collapse. Focusing on this narratives of collapse (like Pruitt-Igoe and Cabrini Green) ignores the myriad housing projects that succeed. One common factor present in successes was resident retention. Housing that did not require economic recertification encouraged residents to stay in the projects even as their incomes and economic status rose. The presence of those more stable residents helped maintain the sense of safety and community necessary for retaining other residents and drawings new ones. Successful housing also carefully managed its public image. While projects like Cabrini Green experienced a catastrophic cascade of bad publicity to the point that residents lost faith in its safety and stability, projects like Stuytown and Alt-Erlaa featured designs elements that broadcast a sense of ownership and security, and heavily publicized highly used amenities (like communal rooftop pools) and high-profile residents.

The Open

Development or construction incentives Federal Housing Administration subsidies. Re-zoning of a neighborhood TRELLISES

Management of publicity and public image Sense of long term prospects (protection from economic re-certification) Resident retention Sense of stake or ownership (private outdoor spaces, small communal spaces, short hallways and small landings) ANALYSIS

Public narratives about public housing influence their success Stigmatization of public housing encourages people to flee it when they no longer depend on it Economic diversity is a critical component of upward mobility and overall social stability, so demographic segregation tends to detract from public housingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goals. Encouraging resident retention at existing projects and construction of additional projects to accommodate new residents is a more sustainable and stable path.

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FIG 3

FIG 1

FIG 4

FIG 3

LEFT Aerial imagery of (top to bottom) Alt-Erlaa (Vienna), Pruitt-Igoe (St. Louis), and Stuytown (New York). The sucess or promise of a housing project cannot be deduced from its master plan, but multiple subdivided communal spaces and open access to the surrounding neighborhood tend to cultivate stronger sense of ownership and security. The Open

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FIG 2

ABOVE Facade photograph and typical plan drawing, Wohnpark Alt-Erlaa (Harry Glück, Vienna, Austria, 1973). Not requiring economic recertication of residents—and even allowing family members to inherit the property—caused the population to diversify, which promoted stability. Even the floor plans encouraged diversity and long-term ownership, through large private outdoor patios, a large range of apartment sizes, and landings with only a few apartments.

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FIG 6

COMPULSORY VILLAGIZATION A Tanzanian socialist agenda to collectivize the agriculture industry

Shortly after Tanzania gains independence from Great Britain in 1961, Julius Nyerere instantiates compulsory villagization and communal farming in ujamaa to unify the agriculture industry for ease of entering the global market.

A worsening national economy induces Nyerere to enforce compulsory villagization more vigorously. Citizens are physically removed from their properties and returned to ujamaa. Most citizens remain in the ujamaa this time, but continue to secretly cultivate lands outside communal areas.

The evenly gridded farms prove to be neither productive or sustainable and many abandon the new villages, returning to their original homes and fields. The fledgeling government is too weak to strictly enforce their residency.

The national agriculture industry eventually collapses. Nyerere backpedals, loosens enforcement of collectivization. He designates a new capital, Dodoma, modeled on the landscape-conforming growth of pre-ujamaa villages

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FIG 7

SEEDS

Executive order requiring immediate occupancy of pre-planned, gridbased villages Communal ownership and farming of centrally planned crops. TRELLISES

Lax enforcement due to a young, weak government and generally well-meaning leader Strict regulation of village plans, but low/no penalty for cultivation of crops outside of communal villages and land. ANALYSIS

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By grouping people into villages purely based on geographic location (rather than race or ethnicity), Tanzania managed to avoid the harmful tribalization that struck some neighboring African countries. Ujamaa density and infrastructure allowed increased access to education, benefitting the populace overall. Although Nyerereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic controls destroyed the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s agricultural industry (from net exporter to net importer), individuals rarely suffered seriously, due to the adaptability inherent in lax policing.

OPPOSITE The rectilinearity and dense regularity

of the new ujamaa settles stand in stark contract with the initial agricultural landscapes and scattered settlements.

FIG 8

RIGHT When Nyerere later established a new capital for Tanzania, Dodoma (bottom), he modeled the layout not on the European grids of the ujamaas (top), but the landscape-conforming fluidity of original Tanzanian settlements and farms.

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Legal recognition of tribal sovereignty (treaties) Land-use self-determination Establishment of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs TRELLISES

FIG 9

A mish-mash of conflicting acts and laws that attempted, alternately, to fracture and disperse, unite and empower, contract and expand officially designated land Tribe membership rolls become powerful tools to wield in the disbursement of communal profits.

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The “checkerboard” portion of Navajo Nation

INDIAN RESERVATIONS The Indian Removal Act of 1830 evicted all Indians from European settlements established reservations for five federally recognized Indian tribes. The Dawes Act of 1887, in a reversal, tried to fracture reservations by providing individuals, rather than tribes, with parcels of land called allotments. This converted communal ownership to personal ownership, with the goal of eventually obliviating all reservations and converting them to privately owned U.S. land. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reversed some of the Dawes Act’s privatization, attempting to reinvigorate communal tribal ownership. Tribal Nations Buyback Program, spurred by the Cobell v. Salazar (2009) settlement, provided funding for tribes to buy back allotments with multiple owners and return them to communal ownership.

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Minor tweaks to external, federal laws still have a profound effect on the internal workings of the reservations. Overcontainment and deliberate overadministration (via allotments from the Dawes Act) led to unusable tracts of land, economically fallow, even with legal sovereignty over land. But subsequent land buy-back programs produced opportunities to not only expand boundaries, but create new intra-territorial zones, leased by U.S. citizens, but owned collectively by reservation members. Permitted grazing and land-use beyond the borders of reservations— physically permeable and cartographically flexible—allowed for firmer borders in other capacities, namely zoning, membership and policing, as there were no longer as many incentives for opting not to live on reservation land if a member of the tribe.

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Mulholland Drive in Los Angeles, as it winds over ridges in the Santa Monica Mountains, is designated a scenic parkway with scenic resources demanding protection. The London View Management Framework is a 300 page document outlining how to protect culturally significant viewpoints of certain monuments and features throughout the city. In The City and the City, two adversarial cities occupy the same physical space, but maintain strict separation by each citizen’s trained ability “unsee” the other city’s citizens.

VIEWCONE ZONING

EXPOSURE

FIG 10

How a city or space is seen to function is nearly as impactful as how it actually functions. Also significant is whose view is being privileged, protected or restricted. The “poor doors” that keep appearing on towers (a grand entrance on the main street for the market rate apartments; a smaller door on a narrow side street for the rent controlled ones) demonstrate how even mixed housing can entrench separateness and inequality. What do Main Street’s new cafes look like from the Midnight Mission? Should we shine a crisp light into the depths of Skid Row? Or is there a right to some malleable darkness?

Colleges enroll potential-rich students and maximize their surface exposure to information and opportunities. While enrolled, adjacencies are to other students, prospective majors, and experimental technologies; approaching graduation, adjacencies are to successful alumni, potential careers, and additional research openings. Opportunity-rich environments are broad evaporative surfaces, facilitating the swift passing through of individual molecules. CORPORATE CAMPUSES

In contrast, corporate campuses wish to limit evaporative exposure, to retain any individual with worthwhile contributions. Internal adjacencies are flexibly reconfigured and carefully managed, producing pockets of isolation along shared communication networks. COWORKING OFFICE SPACES

FIG 11

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Between the two campus types lie coworking spaces like WeWork. While colleges provide educational services, and corporations produce goods and services, coworking spaces are pure adjacency, pure surface—they produce nothing, only facilitate movement. Physical space begins to mirror educational and professional adjacencies as coworking spaces locate themselves near large company offices in university cities, hoping to build and monteize the bridge between education and career.

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MANAGED FORESTS The forest resists rationalization.

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The construction of any sizable infrastructure within a forest requires the clearing of trees, thus architecture stands mostly in opposition to the forestâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;always beside or without or in place of it. The forest has thus resisted ownership. The forest has historically been a resource, a refuge, a hiding place, a dark space. Within it were wild game and crops, witches and gods, shelter and protection. Should crops in a nearby village fall short, the forestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s untamed growth could shoulder the burden for a while. It was inevitable that mankind would try to tame it. But before it could be tamed, it had to be quantified. Trees were counted and catalogued. Lists and tables were drawn. The irrational could now be seen at a glance, rationalized into a neat grid on a single page. But the forest was still irrational in itself. The next step was to make the natural world more closely mirror the clean, measured table made of it. The map yearned to reshape the land itself. The first attempts at scientific forest management in Germany in the 18th century had disastrous conse-

quences. Monoculture forests depleted soil nutrients often within a single generation, destroying not only the forest, but the countless ecosystems that depended on it, ranging from wild game to foraging crops to freshwater. The clean, two-dimensional charts were unable to account for or even describe on a baisc level the complexity of the system they were aiming to reshape and capitalize upon. It was not a failure of imagination, nor a willful ignorance, but an inadequacy of notation and representation. If the farmers could have foreseen the farthest reaching consequences, or if they could even have just observed the effects of their actions more immediately and concretely, they could have accomplished their goals. They could have accommodated the irrationality and unpredictability of large ecosystems, and retained the forestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dark, sustaining unknown pockets. To make something fully knowable is to destroy unknown potential. By rationalizing the irrational, we exhaust the generative potential of chaos to the antichaotic mind. Before the High Line became a park, it was a forest.

FIG 12-16

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PLAGUE CITIES / PANOPTICONS 3R

In Discipline and Punish, Foucault posits Bentham’s panopticon as the architectural diagram of his imagined plague city. Through a bureaucratic chain of surveillance and reporting, a single entity (a government) “sees” everything, and can identify, isolate and treat or expel internal disease.

Skid Row Housing Trust

ALAMEDA ST

M AIN

ST RE ET

This seems overly simplistic. While the plague city faces ever inward, the panopticon faces outward. The authority is an identifiable point in the center, looking out at a carefully defined perimeter for any sign of transgression or sign of need.

FIG 17-18

SRO Housing

ALAMEDA ST

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SRO Housing pairs all its housing with addiction and mental health services. Most of its residences mandate sobriety. The Trust, on the other hand, will rent to anyone who qualifies on their application. Although services are often located within or near to the facilities, sobriety is never a requirement. Written another way, SRO Housing sees Skid Row as the plague city, a disease lurking within. Solving Skid Row involves finding and curing the disease. They cluster their buildings—typically minimally restored existing structures—together in dense pockets deep within the center of Skid Row, isolating and containing the problems of addiction and mental health before releasing its patients out into greater Skid Row or beyond. The Trust, in contrast, is the panopticon. It sees its resources as part of the region’s stability, and sees the threat coming from outside, as developers squeeze in ever more tightly around Skid Row’s borders, threatening to oust the underpowered and underrepresented residents. It thus spreads its buildings far and wide across the zone, as if to better lay claim to the territory. They have twice commissioned new structures from famous architects, as if to draw outside attention to their claim, and to set themselves on equal footing as their inevitable invaders. The Open

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The Skid Row Housing Trust and SRO Housing together develop and manage virtually all public housing within Skid Row’s boundaries, but the two take very different approaches.

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ADAPTAT Demographic Containment (containment of classifications)

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Public Housing Middle to low-income citizens (PruittIgoe); Recently homeless on the path to sobriety (SRO Housing) College Campuses A diverse selection of the best and brightest young people for 4 years periods Skid Row Homeless seeking services 1

Individual Containment (containment of part)

Public Housing Qualifying winners of a one-time lottery and their heirs (Alt-Erlaa) Corporate Campuses A best and brightest workers in the field Compulsory Villagization (ujamaa) Residents and owners of nearby land parcels at the time of villagization Indian Reservations Descendents and family members of the tribe, as recorded on member rolls 1

The type and intensity of enforcement of a zone’s containment appears to play an outsize role in the resulting shape and form of the zone, moreso even than its orignal designation. The enforcement of its principles—or even the principles themselves— must shift across time as internal demographics shift and an administration’s capabilities change. An end form oriented approach to planning is doomed to fail—a perfect circle in planning will grow lumpier in practice. Maintaining the desired topological properties is far more critical to the containment’s success than any specific shape. Viewing the previous case studies through a topological lens shows that there are two primary forms of containment: demographic containment, where an individual can or must leave once their classification no longer matches the demographics of the zone, and who will get replaced with a new individual who does match the demographic; and individual containment, where the individual stays regardless of their shifting classifications, in which case the zone itself bends and shifts. The implication in both cases is the flexibility and porousness to the zone’s boundaries. No matter how palpable or permanent the border might seem, things must be both added and removed, whether the addition the extraction of resources (raw materials, wealth, information, etc.) or the passing through of individuals (college matriculation and graduation, hiring and firing of workers, achievements of sobriety, etc.). Containment zones therefore paradoxically find themselves most effective when placed along edges and boundaries. To amplify or accelerate the zone’s osmosis through its membrane, the differential between the zone and its surrounding, as well as between adjacent zones on the oustide, should be maximized, as well as the surface area of the zone itself.

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PLANNING

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John Cage’s Fontana Mix positions the composer as the creator of calibrated potentials. It is in the hands of musicians to meaningfully interpret and actualize those potentials. An urban planner’s role is similar, and thus a planner’s notation system must succeed in expanding and calibrating generative potentials for architects, legislators, artists, etc. to explore. If a planner resorts too early to orthographic drawings or end-form zoning code for a master plan, untold potential is immediately discarded. Mallarmé’s poetry does not present an infinite set of interpretations, but instead produces a family of resonant contexts in which to enrich each word with new harmonic meanings. OBSERVATION

According to Leonard Susskind’s theory of holograms, the amount of information a black hole can contain is limited to its available surface area for projecting that information, and entropy is merely information which we cannot yet collapse onto a single surface, or hold in a single view. To reverse the theory, if a planner designs a system—which here can mean any project realized across time—it will only contain that which can be projected onto its surface. In other words, if you hope to produce a system with flexibility and with unknown potentials, a system of observation and representation must be crafted that can describe such unknown potentials without predefining them. How do you classify a particular species of plant if no two are precisely alike? Horticultural science provides methods for planting and successfully nurturing a healthy plant of an unknown shape. The shape is unknown because there is no “final” outcome to describe. The plant, then, is not so much an entity or species as it is a set of actions and observations repeated and evolved across time. This is the new approach to urban planning. The Open

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References Denise Hruby. “Why rich people in Austria want to live in housing projects.” PRI Global Post. October 26, 2015. https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-10-26/why-rich-people-austria-want-live-housing-projects. James C. Scott. Seeing Like a State. New Haven: Yale University, 1998. Jannik Boesen, Birgit Storgard Madsen, Tony Moody. Ujamaa: Socialism from Above. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1977. John Cage. Notations. New York: Something Else Press, 1969 Jones v. City of Los Angeles, 2006. U.S. 9th Circ. No. 04-55324. Stéphane Mallarmé. Collected Poems and Other Verse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Roman Mars. “The Containment Plan.” 99% Invisible. Podcast audio, October 10, 2017. 99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-containment-plan. Leonard Susskind. “The World As Hologram.” Lecture, TVO Big Ideas. June 28, 2011. Michel Foucault. “Panopticism.” In Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison, translated by A. Sheridan, 195-228. Vintage Books, 1995.

FIG 1 Google Maps. “Kaufpark Alterlaa.” Accessed September 28, 2018. goo.gl/maps/zA8kbAtSkk52. Screenshot by author. FIG 2 Pruitt-Igoe FIG 3 Google Maps. “Stuyvesant Town.” Accessed September 28, 2018. goo.gl/maps/HEawoEefD1n. Screenshot by author. FIG 4 Thomas Ledl. “Alterlaa Pflanztröge.” November 5, 2011. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alterlaa_Pflanztröge.jpg FIG 5 “Wohnpark Alterlaa Floor.” Open Plans. Digital image. Accessed September 28, 2018. plans.arch. ethz.ch/archives/building/wohnpark-alterlaa FIG 6 Jannik Boesen, Birgit Storgard Madsen, Tony Moody. Ujamaa: Socialism from Above. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1977. 175-179. FIG 7 Google Maps. “Kabuku, Handeni, Tanzania.” Accessed September 24, 2018. goo.gl/maps/zFE38dQCDKv. Screenshot by author. FIG 8 Google Maps. “Dodoma, Tanzania.” Accessed September 24, 2018. goo.gl/maps/auXYB9Zpzrt. Screenshot by author. FIG 9 Google Maps. “Navajo Nation Reservation.” Accessed September 24, 2018. goo.gl/maps/RFWY1smbBJD2. Screenshot by author. FIG 10 Hal Bergman. “Mulholland Drive, Beverly Hills - Aerial Shot.” Digital image. January 24, 2018. halbergman.com/stock. FIG 11 Mayor of London. “Map 1: Protected Vistas.” London View Management Framework. London: Greater London Authority, 2012. 12-13. FIG 12 Joel Sternfeld. A Railroad Artifact. June 26, 2018. High Line. www.thehighline.org/photos-videos/ by-photographer/joel-sternfeld. FIG 13 Nicolas Poussin. “The Triumph of Pan,” 1636. Oil on canvas. London, The National Gallery. Accessed October 8, 2018. www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/nicolas-poussin-the-triumph-of-pan. FIG 14 George Shaw. “The Rude Screen,” 2015-2016. Enamel on canvas. London, The National Gallery. Accessed October 8, 2018. www.artsy.net/artwork/george-shaw-the-rude-screen. FIG 15 Sander Van de Moortel. “Forest or Plantation?” Digital image. Agroforestry World. March 16, 2015. blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2015/03/16/forests-whats-in-a-name. FIG 16 “Spruce growth near Kronach Germany.” Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 83, 1913. Accessed October 9, 2018. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V83_D595_Spruce_growth_near_kronach_germany.png. FIG 17 “Star Apartments.” Digital image. Skid Row Housing Trust. Accessed September 13, 2018. skidrow.org/buildings/star-apartments. FIG 18 “Ellis.” Digital image. SRO Housing Corporation. Accessed November 21, 2018. www.srohousing.org/property-management.html. FIG 19 John Cage. “Fontana Mix,” 1958. Accessed October 8, 2018. www.straebel.de/praxis/text/t-cagefontana.htm FIG 20 Stéphane Mallarmé. Collected Poems and Other Verse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 142. The Open

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EMBEDDED CAPITAL & URBAN GROWTH Tendencies Towards Accumulation in the Art Sector Dan Otte The Open

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Wilshire-Fairfax GOZ The projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intention is to institute an extra-territorial zone at a site in the City of Los Angeles, centered around the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. The primary idea of this zone is tax relief on exchange to incentivize tenancy, development, and therefore increasing rent appropriation (revenues to the governing entity) from these parcels. The zone attempts to institute a land use code that resolves a central contradiction of capital- the destruction of embedded capital to achieve growth- in favor of sustained & complete accumulation to the benefit of the public.

The primary mechanisms by which the code operates are: 1. Existing structures are designated as Foreign Trade Zones to allow for duty-free exchange (thereby embedding a relative locational advantage, and moving from a somewhat regressive/ counterproductive sales tax to a less regressive property tax). This also incentivizes limited mixed (commercial) use in an otherwise cultural and residential area. 2. Disproportionate FAR benefits are allowed in return for a percentage of parcel land area being forfeited back to LA County. Therefore FAR can continually grow, but follows a logarithmic curve (towards a limit). The land returned to the County can. in turn, be resold (continued growth) or put to a non-growth use (removed from the logic of capital). 3. Incentivizes retention of existing structures (avoids destruction of embedded capital) by calculating FAR on the basis of total parcel surface area, rather than the surface area of the land alone.

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ARCIS Art Storage FTZ 22 W 146th St New York, NY 10039

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Theoretical Basis for the Study of Accumulation Forms of Rent Monopoly Rent // Absolute Rent // Differential Rent (1) // Differential Rent (2)

Ground Rent is the appropriation of surplus value from the land, conceived of as private property. Ground Rent can be extracted in the form of Monopoly Rent (where the land has some unique property, as in a penthouse), Absolute Rent (where capital composition is lower than social average, leading to a maximal figure of rent appropriation), Differential Rent 1 (where locational advantages offered by the land, such as proximity to resources or infrastructure, allow for increased production), and Differential Rent 2 (where capital investment in the land, for example in the terracing of a hillside, allows for increased production).

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Tendency of Capital Towards Accumulation

The surplus value theory of labor holds that the production of labor beyond its own cost is its surplus value. However, because the laborers have only an aggregate of their labor costs to exchange for commodities, the surplus commodities have no natural market. The exchange of these surplus commodities is therefore dependent on credit-- exchange based on future income. Growth thereby becomes necessary to maintain the system.

Landed Property and Capital Flow

Private ownership of the land impedes the free flow of capital and appropriates rent which detracts from absolute capital accumulation. In these ways, landed property is harmful to the capitalist system. However, by extracting differential rent from property, the differing values of land are equalized, levelling the terrain for competition and accumulation.

Theory of Ground-Rent

The land is not priced and exchanged in itself, rather the title to its anticipated ground rent yield is exchanged.

The Mobility of Money Capital

Capital mobility can be limited by through social barriers, in the form of different legal, institutional, and/or political arrangements backing the money system. Efforts to free the credit system from material spatial constraints themselves take the form of

extraterritorial

territorial differentiation-- in zones like FTZs. Free flowing credit has the advantage of not being limited by monetary or material constraints (as in the speculative investment in art within FTZs), however, in crisis, it will be devalued relative to high quality (materially backed) monies. Artworks can act as credit money during upswings, without ceding their material/high-quality money attribute for reference in crisis. A Picasso will auction independently of its material qualities, yet in the absence of an art market, it will retain social value.

Globalization

Monopoly powers are historically sustained by high costs of transport and communication, or through social or institutional barriers to trade. As the free credit system removes previously existing natural monopolies, capital attempts to re-form monopolies through tendencies to centralize in multinational corporations or through the legal imposition of international commercial laws. In the art sector, museums trade on their unique symbolic capital (BRAND) to justify monopoly rent extraction (Guggenheim, Pompidou, Louvre).

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Empirical Basis for the Study of Accumulation Empirical Basis for the Study of Accumulation Empirical Basis for the Study of Accumulation Empirical Basis Whitney Museum

Spatial Dislocation & Reinvestment

Metropolitan Museum

Commoditization

Berkshire Museum of Art Exchange

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Primitive Accumulation

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Eats Itselft

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Assessed land value per square foot, parcels within one-and-one-half miles of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art

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WILSHIRE-FAIRFAX GOZ A Joint Venture of the City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, & the Port of Los Angeles. Wilshire-Fairfax Growth Opportunity Zone

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PURPOSE The purpose of this Zone is to promote continued growth and development on undercapitalized parcels, with the intent of minimizing the destruction of pre-existing embedded capital. / To these ends, existing buildings in the Wilshire-Fairfax Growth Opportunity Zone will be coextensive with an area of activation of The Port of Los Angeles Foreign-Trade Zone 202. / To these ends, allowable FAR for new construction will be calculated in terms of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Total Parcel Surface Area,â&#x20AC;? rather than standard parcel area. DEFINITIONS Foreign Trade Zone. Defined by CBP as follows: Under zone procedures, the usual formal CBP entry procedures and payments of duties are not required on the foreign merchandise unless and until it enters CBP territory for domestic consumption, at which point the importer generally has the choice of paying duties at the rate of either the original foreign materials or the finished product. Domestic goods moved into the zone for export may be considered exported upon admission to the zone for purposes of excise tax rebates and drawback. Authority for establishing these facilities is granted by the Foreign-Trade Zones Board under the Foreign-Trade Zones Act of 1934, as amended (19 U.S.C. 81a-81u). The Foreign-Trade Zones Act is administered through two sets of regulations, the FTZ Regulations (15 CFR Part 400) and CBP Regulations (19 CFR Part 146). CBP. United States Customs & Border Protection. Total Parcel Surface Area. Parcel area, minus area covered by any habitable structures on said parcel, plus total surface area of the envelope existing habitable structures. Envelope of existing habitable structures. Defined as the envelope of enclosure of any habitable building, plus the surface area of any constructed building feature defining habitable outdoor space, including porches, balconies, loggia, etc. NOT including the surface area of non-habitable structural or mechanical elements, louvres, or ornament. Projects requiring total parcel surface area will SPATIAL EXTENT The Growth Opportunity Zone will be spatially defined as those parcels of land fully or partially enclosed by A line originating at the southeast corner of Fairfax Ave & Beverly Blvd in the City of Los Angeles, CA 90036 That line proceeding south along Fairfax Ave to the northeast corner of Fairfax Ave & N 8th St Said line proceeding east along W 8th St to the northwest corner of W 8th St & S Curson Ave Said line proceeding northeast along S Curson Ave as it continues in its northeasterly orientation, to the centerpoint of its junction with the branch of S Curson Ave running in the north-south orientation. Said line proceeding south along the north-south oriented branch of S Curson Ave to the northeast corner of S Curson Ave & Wilshire Blvd Said line proceeding east along Wilshire Blvd to the northwest corner of Wilshire Bvld & Hauser Blvd Said line proceeding north along Hauser Blvd to the northwest corner of Hauser Blvd & W 6th St Said line proceeding east along W 6th St to the northwest corner of W 6th St & S Cochran Ave Said line proceeding north along S Cochran Ave to the southwest corner of S Cochran Ave & W 3rd St Said line proceeding northwest along W 3rd St to the northwest corner of W 3rd St & S Gardner St Said line proceeding north along S Gardner St to the southwest corner of S Gardner St & Beverly Blvd Said line proceeding west along Beverly Blvd to its point of origin at the southeast corner of Fairfax Ave & Beverly Blvd in the City of Los Angeles, CA 90036. LIMITATIONS TO ZONE CHANGES The Growth Opportunity Zone supersedes all local municipal codes and overlays. The Growth Opportunity Zone exists under the direction of the LA County Board of Supervisors. Changes to the Growth of Opportunity Zone may be approved or enacted only at the discretion of the Board of Supervisors.

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DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS Building Height / There will be no limitations on building height. Ground Level Floor to Ceiling / 16â&#x20AC;&#x2122; minimum Upper Floors Floor to Ceiling / 8â&#x20AC;&#x2122; minimum Minimum Unit Area / 500 sq ft Minimum Unit Area- Residential / 500 sq ft Yards / 20% of lot landscaped open space FAR / 6:1 maximum Buffers / No buffer required Street Facade Transparency / Ground Level Min: 50%; Upper Floors Min: 30% Street Trees / Per LA City Street Tree Division guidelines Open Space / 20% Contiguity of landscaped open space with each neighboring parcel Parking /Per Residential Unit- 1.5 spaces; Per Non-residential square footage- 1 per 350 sq ft

NEW CONSTRUCTION AND ALTERATIONS Lot Area Calculations FAR for new construction will be calculated in terms of Total Parcel Surface Area. Parcel forfeiture will be calculated in terms of standard parcel area./Parcel Division With 10% parcel forfeiture to LA County, maximum allowable FAR increases to 8:1 (33% increase) With 20% parcel forfeiture to LA County, maximum allowable FAR increase to 10:1 (67% increase) With 30% parcel forfeiture to LA County, maximum allowable FAR increase to 13:1 (116% increase) ZONE GROUP CLASSIFICATION Where the regulations of this Zone are silent and a development standard or procedure in the LAMC or LA County Zoning Code applies, the Zone parcel(s) shall be classified according to their zoning pre-existing the enactment of the Wilshire-Fairfax Growth Opportunity Zone. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Adjustments. The Zoning Administrator shall have the authority to grant adjustments of up to 10% from the requirements contained in this ordinance. Changes to this ordinance. This ordinance may be modified on the condition of approval of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors as well as majority approval of voters in a Los Angeles County election.

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USE No limitation of use of buildings, structure or land, either pre-existing or erected, structurally altered, enlarged or maintained, within the Zone will be defined, except for the following: Uses which are or may become obnoxious or offensive by reason of emission of odor, dust, smoke, noise, gas, fumes cinders, vibration, refuse matter or water-carried waste, as determined by the Zoning Administrator.

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Wilshire-Fairfax GOZ Land Potential, First Development Cycle

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Wilshire-Fairfax GOZ Total Parcel Potential, First Development Cycle

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References (1) GIS Parcel Data 2015: LA City, County, Tax Assessor. Shapefile. (2) Harvey, David. The Limits to Capital. Verso, 2006. (3) “Museum Associates Audited Financial Statements.” IRS 990 Forms 2014-201. Accessed October 22, 2018. www.lacma.org/overview. (4) Zumthor Associates LACMA Renderings: BuildingLACMA.org The Open

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real-estate finance anonymity ultra-high-network The Open

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A Study of Ownership, Financial Instruments and the Role of Architecture

Samuel Flower The Open

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fig. 1: Initial sketches of assisted ownership.

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fig. 2: Initial sketches of shell company ownership.

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1 - Saul, Louise Story and Stephanie. 2015. Stream of Foreign Wealth Flows to Elite New York Real Estate. February 7. Accessed 2018. https://www.nytimes. com/2015/02/08/nyregion/ stream-of-foreign-wealth-flowsto-time-warner-condos.html.z 2 - Shell Company - An inactive company used as a vehicle for various financial maneuvers or kept dormant for future use in some other capacity.

3 - Barragan, Bianca. 2017. Condos in Downtown LA tower Ten50 are 60 percent sold. March 20. Accessed 2018. https://la.curbed. com/2017/3/20/14983594/ ten50-downtown-los-angelestrumark-sold. 4 - Barragan, Bianca. 2018. Metropolis II condo tower opens, with studios starting at $600K. August 2. Accessed 2018. https://la.curbed. com/2018/8/2/17644814/ metropolis-tower-downtownopens-pricing-photos. 5 - Merriam-Webster definition 6 - Self, Jack. 2016. Jack Self - REAL foundation. October 3. Accessed 2018. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=FlqEifJfybg.

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According to The New York Times in 2014, 54% of property worth over $5 million was owned by a hidden buyer. According to the same report the number of properties owned by hidden buyers in the Upper East Side was at 42%, in Central Park South (and other neighborhoods west of Central Park) the number was at 60% and downtown the number climbed to 63%.1 Hong Kong, London, Paris and other cities around the world are seeing this common trend. High end real estate is not being purchased directly by people. Increasingly it is being bought up by shell companies.2 What this means is a person or group creates a company in order to make a purchase in place of themselves. The reasons vary, but the people who make purchases this way are typically international or seeking to mask their identity for some reason. In Los Angeles this phenomena has been concentrated in the perimeter upper class neighborhoods of Beverly Hills and Bel Air and continues up the coast to Malibu, but as of this year, the very first luxury condos are beginning to emerge downtown at the south end of the Financial District. The Ten50 condo tower opened up in February 2017 3 and the three-tower Metropolis development (under construction) opened to residents in August 2018.4 These new high rise projects are a growing result of a global elite of ultra-high-networth individuals who see the home not as a something with use value but as an instrument for investment and exchange. Ownership: The act, state, or right of possessing something.5 Ownership, at first glance, seems simple. In a lecture in Switzerland, British architect Jack Self defines four categories of ownership: use (an object is ruined after purchase e.g. coffee, wine), usufruct (the legal right of use, e.g. sidewalks, parks), possession (to own/take care of a thing, e.g. homes, estates) and dominion (to own/destroy something).6 On instinct, the introduction of shell companies seems like a device that over-complicates a simple thing, but the reality is ownership, specifically land ownership, has historically been complicated. Figure 2 shows my first attempt to understand the ownership of a building divided up by a web of shell companies and foreign investors. Figure 1 was my attempt simply to understand how ownership works with a traditional mortgage. Neither of these is a simple thing. Figure 3 shows the system I devised to grapple with complex ownership.

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CHARACTERS

CONNECTIONS

ARRANGEMENT

ASSET 1. a useful or valuable thing, person, or quality. 2. property owned by a person or company, regarded as having value and available to meet debts, commitments, or legacies.

CAPITAL FLOW:

PUBLIC

OWNERSHIP:

INDIVIDUAL 1. a single human being as distinct from a group, class, or family.

CONTROL (NO OWNERSHIP): COMPANY 1. an association of persons for carrying on a commercial or industrial enterprise.

POWER OVER: PRIVATE

STATE 1. a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory. Assisted ownership

Flow through ownership

Notable case studies

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fig. 3: Instructions for building and reading ownership models

Model for ownership with a mortgage and MBS.

Model for ownership with a web of shell companies.

Invented Compounds

Model for a legitimate company owning real estate designed for shell company ownership.

Utopian case studies

Model for government owned real estate designed for shell company ownership.

Model for shell company owned real estate that can be divided and sold to other individuals or shell companies funded by the generation of a unregulated MBS market.

Ownership model for Constant Nieuwenhuysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; New Babylon

Ownership model for the Tower of Babel as described in the bible.

fig. 4: Matrix of ownership and capitol flow models. The Open

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INDIVIDUAL

NOTES: * Mortgage bank (typically a specif bank that handles and provides traditional mortgages ** For a traditional mortgage the process of pooling and securitizing mortgages for the secondary market is handled by government sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac *** Once mortgages have been pooled and packaged they are divided and sold to the secondary and globel markets.

***

FINANCER

STATE

FINANCER

INDIVIDUAL

COMPANY

FINANCER

fig. 5: Model for ownership with a mortgage and MBS

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The Mortgage: At first glance, a mortgage appears to act like a typical loan. There is an asset that is being bought by an individual entity with the assistance of a financer. The individual then pays off the loan over a period of time before they fully own the asset. However, the reason mortgage banks can continually give out housing loans is because they are being supported by a secondary market. Following the great depression, the government created the government-sponsored enterprise Fannie Mae. The purpose was to package mortgages into securities, divide them up into parts and sell them on a secondary market. The mortgage bank in reality acts as a funnel, allowing money to flow through and give value to Mortgage Backed Securities, see figure 5. Ultimately it is the debt that people take on to own property that backs modern, fiat currency.7 The Shell Company: Foreign-owned shell companies play a big role in the U.S. economy through the real estate market which offers a stable and secretive investment. Companies can be registered anonymously in states like Delaware, Nevada and Wyoming where identities can be protected, and there are little to no corporate taxes. The case study shown in figure 6 highlights a high-rise in Manhattan where a non-profit under the control of the government of Iran opened up two shell companies to divide ownership of third shell company. Shell companies also increase the fluidity of real estate because companies can be traded or sold without the property changing hands. The following question is what does a market look like that caters specifically to ultra-high-net-worthindividuals who use shell companies.

ASSET

COMPANY

FINANCER

STATE

fig. 6: Model for ownership with web of shell companies

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7 - Friedman, David H. 1977. “I Bet You Thought...” Federal Reserve Bank of New York 13. 8 - Merriam-Webster definition 9 - In his lecture at Schweizerisches Architekturmuseum in Basel, Switzerland in 2016, English architect Jack Self explains the results of a survey of luxury conducted out of which which luxury was be defined quite simply as Persian, or oriental rugs, white marble and brass or gold finishes.

Luxury: A condition of abundance or great ease and comfort.8 As a result of the economy of needs morphing into one of the desires (along side globalization) luxury has evolved from a feature reserved for a select few to something that the majority of people can understand and attain. Luxury exists as a sort of spectrum with tangible levels for each economic class. The spectrum, however, has begun to level out what defines luxury over all within the social hierarchy.9 With some exceptions, it seems that excessive opulence can have a negative impact on the tradeablility of real-estate. See Fig 6

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The world’s most expensive homes and their owners:10 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Playboy Mansion: Xanadu 2.0: Palazzo di Amore: Hearst Castle: 18-19 Kensington Palace Gardens: Four Fairfield Pond: Tour Odeon Penthouse: Villa la Leopolda: Antilia: Buckingham Palace

Beverly Hills, CA Medina, WA Beverly Hills, CA San Simeon, CA London, England Sagaponack, NY Monaco Cote D’Azure, France Mumbai, India London, England

$100 million $125.5 million $129 million $191 million $222 million $248.5 million $400 million $750 million $1 billion $2.9 billion

Daren Metropoulos Bill Gates Jeff Greene Hearst Corp. Lakshmi Mittal Ira Rennert (on market) Lily Safra Mukesh Ambani Queen Elizabeth II

fig. 7: List of the world’s most expensive homes and their owners 10 - Furdyk, Brent. 2017. The World’s Most Expensive Homes — and Who Owns Them. December 11. Accessed November 2018. https://www. hgtv.ca/real-estate/photos/ worlds-most-expensive-homeswho-owns-them-1910668/.

Each of these items holds an immense value, but with that comes a level of publicity. These homes are thus not easily tradable. They do not hold the fluid and mysterious existence that is paramount to ownership in the world of shell companies. What these residences do provide is a spectrum of benchmarks in upper-class luxury. If we were to create a list of some of the defining pathologies of the luxury estate the common spaces that you would find here and rarely anywhere else in similar form are pools (usually associated with bars or fitness), garages (mass automobile storage), wine cellars or wine rooms, art storage, theaters and finally a multiplicity of private bedrooms and bathrooms. Some defining characteristics of these spaces that express value are: bathtubs, fireplaces, rugs or skins, art, tall spaces (double or triple height), materials (rare or expensive), furniture (designed or custom), views, natural features (recreated or captured). A case study that begins to grapple with this emerging, controlled, excess luxury is 432 Park Ave. The Open

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432 Park Ave is a residential skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan overlooking The Central Park. It’s the third tallest building in the US; and it’s the tallest residential building in the world. The simple design by Rafael Viñoly is among the first pencil tower typologies to emerge. Figures 9 and 10 show the penthouse floor plan and a typical three-bedroom unit respectively. The rooms have 12-foot ceilings, incredible views of central park and the rest of Manhattan and are clad in marble wood and various luxury metals with interior designs by Deborah Berke Partners. The building offers amenities such as beauty & health services, art shipping, storage, installation and restoration, furniture cleaning and repair, library, pool, billiards room, golf training facilities and many conference spaces.11 Midtown Manhattan, specifically the southern border of the Central Park has become a new breeding ground in the evolution of luxury high rise buildings. Here, shell companies and foreign buyers are common customers. Most of the units in buildings like this one are unoccupied on average for ten months out of the year.12 432 Park Ave specifically seems the most intent on creating a generalized luxury not catering to the desires of a specific user.

fig. 10: PH 4 BR unit 432 Park Ave. The Open

fig. 8: Photograph of 432 Park Ave. from street.

fig. 9: Photograph of 432 Park Ave. from drone. 11 - https:// www.432parkavenue.com/ lifestyle-services/ 12 - Pitzke, Marc. 2015. Mausoleum des Reichtums. December 1. Accessed 2018. http://www.spiegel.de/ wirtschaft/unternehmen/432park-avenue-in-new-yorkhoechster-luxus-wolkenkratzerder-welt-a-1010675.html.

fig. 11: Typ. 3 BR unit 432 Park Ave.

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In the analysis of 432 Park Ave. and other luxury high-rise buildings in New York a few things began to become apparent. What is insane is the fact that views and a higher quantity of luxury spaces have replaced square-footage as the important expression of wealth. Secondly, what is being sold in these individual units is not clear. Images that come hand in hand with the layouts do not come close to lining up, and each plan is marked with a disclaimer from the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity that says the following:

13 - Rosenberg, Zoe. 2015. Buyer Outed For 432 Park Avenue’s $95 Million Penthouse. May 29. Accessed 2018. https://ny.curbed. com/2015/5/29/9955802/buyerouted-for-432-park-avenues95-million-penthouse.

14 - Varnelis, Robert Sumrell & Kazys. 2007. Blue Monday Stories of Absurd Realities and Natural Philosophies. New York: Actar.

“This floor plan depicts a hypothetical layout of Penthouse 95 and room dimensions that differ from the floor plan for the Residential Unit as currently offered and set forth in Exhibit 7 in Part II of the Offering Plan for 432 Park Condominium. This floor plan is for information only. Sponsor reserves the right to charge a fee in connection with performance of the work necessary to deliver Penthouse 95 in the manner depicted on this floor plan and by this advertisement makes no representation in connection therewith.” And still the penthouse unit atop of 432 Park Ave. sold for $95 million.13 It seems the representation of the spaces, whether through rendering or photography plays a greater role in establishing the value of the space than the space itself. Thiscan be attributed to the buyer’s lack of desire to live in the space, and instead shows that potential buyers simply need to be reassured that their investment will be profitable or stable using images. If we were to create a model to recreate the famous bathtub render with a view which was used to advertise 432 Park Ave (see figure 12) it’s easy to see that this would never fit within the penthouse plan. The only way would be to augment the space and squash it down to a perspectival trick. This deformation created a great deal of negative space within the plan and generated a question, what does it matter what the space is like if the image of it is enough to satisfy the client. The question followed: what could you do with that negative space? According to Robert Sumrell and Kazys Varnelis’ article “Ether: One Wilshire” the most expensive real-estate per square foot in North America is in the Meet Me Room in One Wilshire at $250 SF/mo.14 Another option could be to explore the potential convenience of combining shell real-estate with other forms of high end storage such as wine or art. Why not provide all of it? The Open

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Elongated to render size

Recreated Render

Skewed to fit in plan

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Modeled as shown in plan

Original Render fig. 12: Bathroom study of 432 Park Ave.

fig. 13: Projected plan study

fig. 14: Diagram of negative space

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Liquid Luxury: Items or spaces of high value designed specifically to be easily bought, sold or traded. To capitalize on the residence as a means of creating and storing wealth, I have proposed a new building typology. The aim is to reinvent the urban highrise as a compound investment tool, optimized for trade and the possibility for investments to interact. The design capitalizes on the joint security needs of rare or valuable items, critical data storage and high-end real estate, and the common necessity for a highly controlled environment. It draws from a noticeable shift in luxury high-rise design towards marketable views and achieving high quantities of high-end domestic spaces. To maximize the value, the residential spaces are pushed to the perimeter leaving the central core of

the building free to become a flexible vertical storage space that can be fitted out and tuned to the current market. To increase the fluidity of the real estate, new ownership models will grow in tandem with the architecture, the primary model is one that uses shell companies. By using shell companies a variety of goods (real estate included) can easily change hands with the transaction or liquidation of said companies. Consequentially, the space and contents of these new buildings can be sold in large swaths or percentages rather than units with the benefit of anonymity and avoiding various tax authorities. Simultaneously, as items and spaces become divided into small chunks, these ownership models can simultaneously scale down to maximize the liquidity of data storage bytes or fractions of individual items.

HIGH SECURTY FIBER RUNS WINE/ART STORAGE

HIGH SECURITY DATA STORAGE

DOUBLE HEIGHT LIVING SPACE AND LIBRARY SINGLE PANE GLAZING FOR MAXIMUM VIEWS SERVICE CORRIDOR COLLECTION POINT FOR STORED FINEWINE CIRCULATION CORE

TYPICAL BEDROOM TYPICAL BATHROOM

fig. 15: Diagram of positive and negative volume The Open SERVICE CORRIDOR

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fig. 16: Skyline view at sunset

fig. 17: Skyline view at dusk The Open

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References n.d. 432ParkAvenue. Accessed 2018. https://www.432parkavenue.com/. n.d. 56 Leonard Tribeca. Accessed 2018. http://56leonardtribeca.com/home/. Ballard, J.G. 1975. High-Rise. New York: Liveright. Barragan, Bianca. 2017. Condos in Downtown LA tower Ten50 are 60 percent sold. March 20. Accessed 2018. https://la.curbed.com/2017/3/20/14983594/ten50-downtown-los-angeles-trumark-sold. —. 2018. Metropolis II condo tower opens, with studios starting at $600K. August 2. Accessed 2018. https://la.curbed.com/2018/8/2/17644814/metropolis-tower-downtown-opens-pricing-photos. Easterling, Keller. 2016. Extrastatecraft: The Power of infrastructure space. Brooklyn: Verso. Fabozzi, Frank J., and Franco Modigliani. 1992. Mortgage and Mortgage-backed Securities Markets. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Friedman, David H. 1977. “I Bet You Thought...” Federal Reserve Bank of New York 13. Furdyk, Brent. 2017. The World’s Most Expensive Homes — and Who Owns Them. December 11. Accessed November 2018. https://www.hgtv.ca/real-estate/photos/ worlds-most-expensive-homes-who-owns-them-1910668/. Mieville, China. 2009. The City & The City. New York: Del Rey. n.d. One57. Accessed 2018. https://one57.com/. Pitzke, Marc. 2015. Mausoleum of Wealth. December 1. Accessed 2018. http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/ unternehmen/432-park-avenue-in-new-york-hoechster-luxus-wolkenkratzer-der-welt-a-1010675.html. Rosenberg, Zoe. 2015. Buyer Outed For 432 Park Avenue’s $95 Million Penthouse. May 29. Accessed 2018. https://ny.curbed.com/2015/5/29/9955802/buyer-outed-for-432-park-avenues-95-million-penthouse. Saul, Louise Story and Stephanie. 2015. Stream of Foreign Wealth Flows to Elite New York Real Estate. February 7. Accessed 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/nyregion/stream-of-foreign-wealthflows-to-time-warner-condos.html. Self, Jack. 2016. Jack Self - REAL foundation. October 3. Accessed 2018. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=FlqEifJfybg. 2018. The History Of American Mortgage. Accessed 2018. https://www.mortgagecalculator.org/helpfuladvice/american-mortgage-history.php. Varnelis, Robert Sumrell & Kazys. 2007. Blue Monday Stories of Absurd Realities and Natural Philosophies. New York: Actar. The Open

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TYPOL The Open

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OGIES

MONUMENT- ORIENTED URBANISM

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visibility concrete excess access The Open

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Recognition Through Monuments Cisem Saglam The Open

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MONUMENT ORIENTED URBANISM Recognition Throught Monuments;

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The research is focusing 6 different Case Cities from all around the world; Astana, Las Vegas, Chandigarh, Vienna, Washington and Brasilia which are using monumentality as a key feature of the design in order to draw attraction or embody some kind of ideal way of living. The research aims at understanding monumental structures and their features in relation to the social environment they belong to and how they function. Brasilia was designed as a new capital city with the desire of improving Brazil as a country. The city plan was designed symbolically as an airplane with the admiration of the new technologies and envisioning the country as part of newly globalized world. Buildings designed by Oscar Niemeyer were carrying the idea of getting attraction and making the city Modern, adapting to the new world. Chandigarh is in an union territory in India. First came in to existence in the mind of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, after the partition of India in 1947. A city that all the different races and religions can exist together peacefully. Chandigarh city plan was mostly designed by American planner and architect Albert Mayer before leaving from the task after his architect-partner Matthew Nowickiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death. Le Corbusier took over the Design of the Chandigarh and built many administrative buildings and also designed the general layout of the city. 1800

1900 1900

1800

Diagram 1 : TimeLine

Construction Amounth;

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Dense Semi Dense Rare

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Rather than the other case cities, Las Vegas growth is more organic. After the opening of its first hotel on strip El Rancho, which is including casino and restaurants, developers realized the necessity and the profit of hotel casino structures which includes variety of amusements for adults. During this time The Strip became a huge playland for adults who has huges symbols, attractions everywhere adapted from all around the world.

Washington’s urban plan was designed by French engineer Major Pierre Charles L’Enfant for George Washington, the intention was to establish a permanent seat for the United State government. The Plan of Washington was designed in specific relation according to location of two main building the United States Capitol and the President’s House (the white house). The east-west axis of the Capitol and the north-south axis of the the White House shaped the Washington DC’s monumental axis. The Monumental axis of Washington contains most of the governmental buildings, museums and galleries adapting variety of different styles from architecture history.

2000 2000

ASTANA Astana BRASILIA Brasilia CHANDIGARH Chandigarh

LasVEGAS Vegas LAS Vienna VIENNA Washington WASHINGTON

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Buildings in Ringstrasse, Vienna were designed as idealized versions of a historical architectural style while adapting all the technologies of the time period they were built in. The Architectural styles of the buildings at Ringstrasse varies according to their function. The style chosen for was a direct representation of their functions. Such as using Hellenistic style on the design of Parliament Building, to establish the idea of a classical Athens form of government giving birth the true form of democracy.

MONUMENT- ORIENTED URBANISM

“To build a new capital to bring progress to the interior of Brazil.” - Oscar Niemeyer “Chandigarh, a capital complex built by the Indian government to house half a million residents, has become both a fading monument to modernism and an important part of the legacy of French architect Le Corbusier.” - Patrick Sisson “The most aggressively branded and promoted concatenation of adult theme parks in the world.” - William L Fox The Reality of Brasília -- a failure

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LE CORBUSIER: HOW A UTOPIC VISION BECAME PATHOLOGICAL IN PRACTICE Le Corbusier’s utopian city Chandigarh, and its faded glory.

“Perhaps if they had taken note of Frank Lloyd Wright, who wrote in 1932 that ‘Architectural values are human values or they are not valuable’, the city would be more suitable for pleasant living rather than efficient working.”(Forster, 1986). “A temple for the Parliament, a Renaissance palace for the sciences and a Roman forum for the emperor – Historicism gave each building its appropriate appearance.” (Vienna) - Julia Teresa Friehs “From day one, the American capital was designed as a city of the future, even if the architecture was rooted in the past.” - Linda Hales

Brasilia

Chandigarh

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Diagram 2 : Figure Ground

Diagram 3 : Flat Surfaces

* Diagrams 2,3 ; first line from left to right : Astana, Brasilia, Chandigarh second line from left to right ; Las Vegas, Vienna, Washington

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Supreme Federal Court, 1960 Planalto Palace, 1960 National Congres, 1960

Legistative Assembly, 1950

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Secreteriat Building, 1953

Palace of Justice, 1963

Circus Circus, 1968

Luxor Hotel, 1993

NewYork NewYork, 1997

University of Vienna, 1873

Vienna City Hall, 1883

Supreme Court of United States, 1935

United States Capitol, 1800

Brasilia

Washington Monument, 1885

Chandigarh Las Vegas Vienna Washington The Open

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Palace of Justice, 1963

Catedral, 1970

Tower of Shadow

Aria, 2009

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Governor Palace, (never built)

Itamaraty Palace, 1970

Natural History Museum, 1889

Bellagio Hotel, 1998

Paris Vegas, 1999

Parliament Building, 1883

National Gallery of Art, 1937

Palace of Justice, 1875

Lincoln Memorial, 1920

The White House, 1800 Burg Theatre, 1888

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ASTANA The Astonishing Capital of Kazakhstan

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Astana became a capital city after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan in 1997. The idea of moving the capital city from Almaty to Astana is explained as the opening of a new era for Kazakhstan with it’s new capital after the long years under the Soviet Union’s jurisdiction. President Nursultan Nazarbayev spared no expense in order to accomplish his idea of creating a mega city which could compete with the world’s megacities to show his and Kazakhstan’s existence on the world platform. The axial master plan of Astana was designed by well known Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa.The buildings on the monumental axis were designed by world renowned star architects demanding a world class presence in Astana. Headed mostly by Foster and Partners, many of them got an interest of gaining political and social benefit from this new born city and it’s rich financier. Such as ; Norman Foster, Kisho Kurokawa, Bjarke Ingels, Zaha Hadid,...

“This unbridled architectural fantasy is the singular vision of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first and only president of Kazakhstan, lifelong leader of the nation since 1989 and chief architect of the capital, who has spent the past 20 years building a city-sized monument to himself in the middle of the Asian steppe.”

“What you see here is a blend of postmodernism Central Asian art, Islamic decor, Russian baroque, neoclassicism, orientalism, all melded into something that looks like Las Vegas meets Disneyland on nationalist steroids.” -Frank Alboa

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Bayterek Monument, 2002

Kahn Shatyr, 2006

Ak Orda Presidental Place, 2004

Central Concert Hall, 2009

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Golden Towers, 1998

Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, 2006

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Monumental cities mostly focus on creating something completely new with the desire of gaining attention and advertising the city. I am questioning what it cost to create a monumental city or district. Why do we have the idea of wiping out everything the area represents and changing it with the idealized way of living? This is what is happening to the LA River right now. So many different ideas and projects will change the landscape of the existing area quite dramatically. The LA River is already a monument with its bridges, huge concrete bed, utility towers lining up into both sides, all the warehouses look like concrete boxes more than buildings (without windows) and they are masked by graffiti. The only thing that needs to change is that this huge concrete monument (a product of the industrial world we live in and manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s domination of nature) is without any viewer to appreciate it. We shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hide the LA River, it should be open to the public with all of its pride.

The idea is to create spaces that can allow an interaction between the people and the river while not abandoning the river but using its values to create these new spaces - concrete boxes which extend to the river gradually (like the people approaching the river). The project creates a playground for people and preserves the values of the space.

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Frankenstein, written at the dawn of the great technological revolution that would define the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Frankenstein presciently describes a technological creation that, without proper care, wreaks havoc. In this tale is a moral about technology and compassionate responsibility. According to Latour, we confuse the monster for its creator and blame our sins against nature upon the things weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve made. But our sin is not that we created technologies but that we failed to love and care for them.

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1st Street Bridge

The LA River is an abandoned place with all of its values. It reminds us how we killed nature to create this concrete stock which is full of dirt and the things we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to think about. If the LA River is our Monster, we should embrace it and improve it in order to accept it.

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Alameda Street

4th Street Bridge

7th Street Bridge

Massing

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References Banerji, Robin. “Niemeyer’s Brasilia: Does It Work as a City?” BBC News. December 07, 2012. Accessed November 21, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20632277. “Historicism – the Architectural Style of the Ringstrasse.” Die Welt Der Habsburger. Accessed November 21, 2018. http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/ historicism-architectural-style-ringstrasse. Wainwright, O. (2018). ‘Norman said the president wants a pyramid’: how starchitects built Astana. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/17/ norman-foster-president-pyramid-architects-built-astana [Accessed 21 Nov. 2018]. Jazairy, El Hadi and Ghosn,Raina. (2018). Geostories: Another Architecture for the Environment, Design Earth pg. 16 Latour, Bruno. (2012). Love Your Monster; Why we must care for our technologies as we do our children. The Breakthrough, Spring 2012 The Open

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beijing extrastatecraft cultures kitbashing The Open

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Embassies of G7 Countries, Beijing

Liang Yu The Open

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This proposal is for an aggregated embassy of the Group of 7 countries in Beijing. The G7 is comprised of the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France, Italy and Canada. As an embassy is a symbol of a nation, nations that share common values may decide to share a common embassy, in the manner of the Nordic Embassies Complex in Berlin (shared among Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland). As year after year, the G7 countries are increasingly protested, a new image of the Group of Seven should be established. In most cases, embassy architecture is more political gesture than transparent symbolism. The contradictions among architectural concept, political advertisement, and objective reality produce specific forms, like the ‘Dutch Skybox’ of the Netherlands Embassy in Berlin, and the fortresslike facade of the United States Embassy in London. These falsely transparent or peaceful forms act as shelters covering the reality behind those political containers. Rather than hiding in the unreality of embassy architecture, it’s possible for the G7 countries to show real transparency and to welcome to the world, through the presentation of their cultures. The site is in the old residential area near the current embassy zone of Beijing, ensuring access and visibility for the new images. Each country’s building will be defined through their cultural elements, unified on the outside by a set of transparent rooms. The negative space between each embassy has been defined as an extra-territorial zone with speical legislation. The Open

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Netherlands Embassy, Berlin Architect: OMA Client: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands Location: Berlin Holiday Inn Express

Date: 1997-2003 Program: Office: Parking: Residential:

4,800m2 (51,667 ft2) 2,200m2 (23,680 ft2) 1,500m2 (16,145 ft2)

Senate Department of Finance

8,500m2 (91,493ft2)

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Project Description:

The Netherlands Embassy is a disciplined cube with equally disciplined irregularities which aims to facilitate a better understanding of Berlin, confronting divergent ideas about how the city, with its complexity, heaviness, opacity, and beauty, should build / rebuild. Traditional planning guidelines of the former West Berlin demanded that new buildings in the neighbourhood (the Roldandufer in Mitte) reflect the local 19th century architectural style. Planning officials in the former East Berlin were more open to innovation. As a result, OMA combined an obedient approach (strictly fulfilling the block’s perimeter) with a disobedient one (building an isolated cube). ----OMA

The small terrace is called Dutch skybox. The architect articulated it by extruding out of the facade. In the skybox, there is a dining room used by the ambassador for important business meals. It is more a political gesture than showing the transparency. The contradiction among architectural concept, political advertisement and reality has always been producing specific forms, such as the skybox and the fortress-like façade.

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“From the entrance, the trajectory of the path leads to the library, on to the meeting rooms, skirting the offices, leading up to the fitness area and finally the restaurant on the roof terrace. This trajectory also distributes fresh air drawn from the double plenum façade to the work spaces (the areas that the path has carved out of the cube). At one point the path escapes the constraints of the cube and cantilevers over the courtyard. The regularity of the cube’s glass and steel facade is disturbed again at moments where the path grazes the exterior, making itself visible from the outside and providing strategic views of the Spree, and the television tower.” ----OMA

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Massing Diagram

office/meeting circulation parking hall cafe/fitness housing auxiliary

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Nordic Embassies, Berlin Countries: Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland, Architects: Complex and Felleshuset - Berger and Parkkinen Denmark - 3XN Iceland - PK Hönnun Norway - Snøhetta Sweden - Wingårdh Arkitektkontor Finland - Viiva Arkkitehtuuri Oy

Project Description: The design concept was to create a Nordic atmosphere by choice of materials, lighting and furniture. Keywords such as luminosity, flexibility, comfort, functionality, plainness and generosity determine the design.

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The architecture of the building and the interior design should be experienced as a harmonious unity. Since there are so many functions with different requirements to the furnishing it was decided to use basic serial furniture. All serial furniture is designed and produced in the five Nordic countries. The Felleshus is the public space of the embassy complex. Its use and users are changing daily. The interior had to be neutral and flexible enough to accommodate all the different uses. The different architectural spaces create a variety of visual impressions depending on the time of the day and the events staged. The richness of the different spaces and atmospheres enhances both general and individual communication. From the great variety of Nordic furniture well known throughout the world we have chosen the objects that best matched the architecture of the building. The character of the Felleshus as a site of cultural exchange and as a representation of Nordic cultures is thus brought to bear. (Berger + Parkkinen Architekten)

office/meeting

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wall

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US Embassy, London Architect: Kieran Timberlake Location: London Completed Date: 2018 Area: 518,045 ft2

Project Description: The 65-metre-tall, 12-storey cube has a facade of laminated glazing enveloped on two sides with a transparent film of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), the same type of platic use for the bio-domes in the UK's Eden Project. The "transparent crystalline cube" is intended to symbolise "transparency, openness, and equality", according to the architects. Kieran Timberlake, which has a reputation for designing sustainable architecture, has integrated features such as solar panels into the design of the building.

Visitors will enter the embassy through a pavilion on the northern side of the campus, before passing along curving pathways in the landscaped gardens and over a pond set into the large protective plinth the main building rests upon.

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Critics have pointed out that this yet-to-be-filled pond surrounding the building appears as a protective moat to rival the Tower of London's.

Nature Weaponized “...

Secreted inside the foliage will be a line of steel and concrete bollards capable of stopping an eight-ton truck driving head-on at 40 miles per hour. If, by some miracle, a hostile vehicle does break through the hedge of steel, it will be confronted by a wall of seating at the other end of the meadow, along with two sharp changes of level, and then the great pond—a 100-foot expanse of water, behind which the embassy stands on a raised plinth, its defensive wall disguised by a gushing waterfall. ... To the south, the site is edged with another seating wall—benches affixed to a thick slab of truck-impeding concrete—behind which the landscape rises in a defensive berm, a.k.a. a “meadow” with the “sense of expansion characteristic of the rolling American plains.” ... With the embassy soon to be surrounded by a complex of 2,000 luxury apartments in the form of the Embassy Gardens development—where every building will be set back at least 150 feet from the embassy’s building line ...” (Harvard design magazine, 2016)

US embassy in London, pond section showing public sidewalk at Nine Elms Lane, seat wall and pathwa near pond and planting terraces.

US embassy in London, section through meadow showing bioswale, public seating, and proposed plaza.

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Group of Seven Members: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States Founded Time: 1975 Goal: To discuss issues such as global economic governance, international security, and energy policy. Headquarters: (annual summits)

Description:

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The Group of Seven (G7) is a group consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries, with the seven largest advanced economies in the world,represent more than 62% of the global net wealth ($280 trillion).The G7 countries also represent more than 46% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) based on nominal values, and more than 32% of the global GDP based on purchasing power parity. The European Union is also represented at the G7 summit.

ÂŠ AFP

Country leaders and EU representatives, as of 2018

Host venues of G7 summits

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Embassies of G7 countries in Beijing, China

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References

“International style: the rise and fall (and perhaps, rise again) of U.S. embassy architecture.” In Metropolis, 2012 Nov., v.32, n.4, p.42-49,76-79. Loeffler, Jane C. “The State Department and the politics of preservation: why few U.S. embassies are landmarks” In Future anterior: journal of historic preservation history, theory, & criticism, 2016 Summer, v.13, n.1, p.98-123. Seidel, Rebecca. “David Chipperfield Architects plans to renovate Saarinen’s U.S. Embassy” In Architectural record, 2016 May, v.204, n.5, p.30. “The architects bringing transparency back to the new US embassy” In Architectural review, 2010 June, v.228, n.1360, p.24-25. Wainwright, Oliver. “Fortress London: the new US embassy and the rise of counter-terror urbanism” In Harvard design magazine, 2016 Spring-Summer, n.42, p.8-13. “The new London embassy” In Architect (Washington, D.C.), 2018 Feb., v.107, n.2, p.65-66,68,70,72,74,76,78. Pearman, Hugh. “Playing it safe: overcoming security concerns while being neighbourly and green, Kieran Timberlake’s new American Embassy faced serious challenges. Friendly fortress or mysterious monolith?” In RIBA journal, 2018 Mar., v.125, n.3, p.22-30.

Kucharek, Jan-Carlos. “Defender of the faith: in 2017 London’s new $1bn US embassy complex will open. James Timberlake, of its architect [sic] Kiernan Timberlake, feels a realistic approach to design will vanquish its critics” In RIBA journal, 2014 May, v.121, n.5, p.76-78, 81. “Following Saarinen in London: KieranTimberlake wins London Embassy competition” In Competitions, 2010 Summer, v.20, n.2, p.4-19. “Marking the end of an era? Saarinen’s London Embassy” In Competitions, 2010 Summer, v.20, n.2, p.64, photographs Kettmann, Steve. “The ugly American [U.S. Embassy, Berlin]” In Architect (Washington, D.C.), 2008 Sept., v.97, n.12, p.[78]-81. “An architecture that lasts forever [US Embassy, London]” In Architects’ journal, 2010, Feb.25, v.231, n.7, p.28-39. “Embassy or fortress?: new concerns about security are bad news for the future of some distinguished embassy buildings” In Apollo, 2009 Mar., v.169, n.563, p.110-111. “An expression of individuality, Embassies of the Nordic Countries, Berlin : Berger+Parkkinen Architekten, Helsinki” In Architecture & design, 2016 Oct., v.33, n.10, p.48-53. “Berger + Parkkinen, Nielsen, Nielsen & Nielsen, VIVA Arkkitechtuuri, Pálmar Kristmundsson, Snøhetta, Wingårdh Arkitektkontor: ambasciate dei Paesi Nordici, Ber-lino = The Nordic Embassies in Berlin” In Domus, 2000 July, n.828, p.44-[57]. “OMA-Rem Koolhaas: Dutch Embassy, Berlin, Germany” In Ume, 2000, n.11, p.36-[51]. “Embajada de los Países Bajos = Netherlands Embassy, 1997-2003, Berlin (Alemania / Germany): [Rem Koolhaas, Ellen van Loon]” In AV monografías = AV monographs, 2015, n.178-179, p.32-39. Chaslin, Francois. The Dutch Embassy in Berlin by OMA/ Rem Koolhaas. NAi Publishers, Rotterdam, 2004. The Open

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“Splendid isolation : a billion-dollar cube has settled on a riverside site in London. Donald Trump may have complained about it, but the new US Embassy by Kieran Timberlake is one of the most extraordinary projects the capital and the world of diplomacy have seen” In Blueprint (London, England), 2018 Mar./Apr., n.357, p.120-136.

AIRPORT URBANISM

airport xi-xian new area 174

residential fluctuation urbanism duty-free shop The Open

AIRPORT URBANISM

A I R P O R T URBAN I S M

A New Town Lin Liu

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A New Town

Airport usually takes place in a special urban context in which stakeholders have interests that differ fromcity residents. The project started from the analysis of activities and components in airports. Duty- free shop, hotel drew our attention at the first stage. All of them provide convenience for passengers because they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to go through checking point or get permission for entering or leaving the country. This demand made me explore the extraterritoriality of an airport in which peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities can take place. The project means to extend the extraterritory of the airport. The new way of territoriality will be an incentive for attracting development for a new town next to the airport.

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Hong Kong International Airport

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Hong Kong

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References Aerotroplis, John D. Kasarda & Greg Lindsay, 2011 Airport Ubinism, Max Kirs, 2016 Extrastatecraft, Keller Easterling, 2014 Learning From Las Vegas, Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, Steven Lzenour, 2017 The Open

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W E L L N E S S Concepts of Healthcare Free Zones

Liz Van Dyke The Open

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Healthcare in the United States is in need of reformation. By looking at multiple hospitals in the U.S., Europe, and Dubai in United Arab Emirates this project will explore hospitals around the world to understand their organisation logics. These 10 casestudies of hospitals investigate functions and relationships to complimentary services like gastronomy, hotel, entertainment, and shopping. If medical tourism is increasingly establishing new frontiers to escape from centralized hospital systems, its extraterrirotiality could be a new opportunity independent of government incentives.

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WELLNESS

DUBAI HEALTHCARE CITY

RONALD REGAN UCLA

DUBAI, UAE

LOS ANGELES, CA

CEDARS-SINAI MEDICAL HOSPITAL LOS ANGELES, CA

Mount Sinai Hospital New York City, NY

The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center (also commonly reffered to as UCLA Medical Center or “The Reagan”) is a hospital located on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles in Westwood, Los Angeles, California United States. It is currently ranked the 7th best hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report, and the Second in the West Coast after UCSF Medical Center. UCLA Medical Center has research centers covering nearly all major specialties of medicine and nursing as well as dentistry and is the primary teaching hospital for the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA School of Nursing. The hospital’s emergency department is certified as a level I trauma center for adults and pediatrics. Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center is a constituent part of the UCLA Health System, a comprehensive Consortium of research hospitals and medical institutions affiliated with UCLA including: Ronals Regan UCLA Medical Center UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital UCLA

Description

Cedars-Sinai focuses on biomedical research and technologically

Mount Sinai Hospital, founded in 1852, is one of the oldest and

advanced medical education?based on an interdisciplinary collaboration

largest teaching hospitals in the United States.[2] It is located

between physicians and clinical researchers. The facility has research

on the eastern border of Central Park stretching along Fifth

centers covering cardiovascular, genetics, gene therapy, gastroenterology,

Avenue between 98th and 103rd Street in the New York City

neuroscience, immunology, surgery, organ transplantation, stem cells,

borough of Manhattan.

Mayo Clinic

Kleinriehenstrasse 30, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

Rochester, Minnesota, USA

acute care hospital and an indispensable part of health care in Basel and northwestern Switzerland.

underway (led by 230 principal investigators)

the tumor center, and operates the specialties urology, pulmonology

It spends over $660 million a year on research and employs over

The Claraspital is also the reference hospital for obesity and provides an extended primary care with a 24-hour emergency and ambulatories.

University Hospitals Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix

Paris, France

Rochester, Minnesota, focused on integrated clinical practice,

practice specializes in treating difficult cases through tertiary care.

/ thoracic surgery, cardiology, general. Internal medicine / endocrinology,

Hospital Armand-Trouseeau

The Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit academic medical center based in

education, and research.[3] It employs more than 4,500 physicians and scientists and 58,400 administrative and allied health staff. The

The Claraspital runs two centers, the abdominal center and

gynecology / gynecological oncology and intensive care.

biomedical imaging and cancer?with more than 800 research projects

UCLA Medical Group, with its wide-reaching system of primary-care and specialty-care offices throughout the greater Los Angeles region. Collectively, the hospitals and specialty-care facilities of the UCLA Health System make is among the most comprehensive and advanced healthcare systems in the US.

Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

St. Claraspital

The Claraspital in Basel is a privately owned, highly specialized Dubai Healthcare City (DHCC) (Arabic: ‫ﺓﻱﺡﺹﻝﺍ ﻱﺏﺩ ﺓﻥﻱﺩﻡ‬‎) is a healthcare free economic zone situated in the Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. DHCC was launched in 2002 by Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai. DHCC was mandated by the government to meet the demand for high-quality, patient-centered healthcare, and the main aim is to attract tourists to Dubai for medical services and treatments. Through strategic partnerships, DHCC provides a wide range of services in healthcare, medical education and research, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, wellness and allied support. DHCC comprises two phases. Phase 1 of DHCC is dedicated to healthcare and medical education and covers 4.1 million square feet. Phase 2, which is under development, is dedicated to wellness, and will cover 19 million square feet.

The Sant?Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic is a university and public hospital.

The Armand-Trousseau Hospital is a hospital of the

The Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière is a celebrated teaching

The Polyclinc is the largest hospital in Italy, and the first of the four public

Paris Public Assistance - Hospitals (AP-HP) located at

hospital in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. Part of the Assistance

26, avenue du Docteur Arnold-Netter and rue Lasson

publique ? Hôpitaux de Paris and a teaching hospital of Sorbonne

hospitals of the city of Bologna. The Polyclinic has approximately 1,535

(Entrance to Emergencies) in the 12th district of Paris.

beds and 5,153 employees.

3,000 full-time research personnel.

It is one of the sites of the University Group Hospital Est The Polyclinic has approximately 1,535 beds and 5,153 employees

William Worrall Mayo settled his family in Rochester in 1863 and opened a for-profit medical practice that evolved under his sons into Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic is widely regarded as one of the United States' greatest hospitals

Princess Diana passed away.

hematology, hepatology, pediatric surgery).

List of "Best Hospitals" of the United States, maintaining a position near the top

The hospital is affiliated with the School of Medicine and Surgery of

For" published by Fortune magazine for fourteen consecutive years, and has

the Alma Mater Studiorum ? University of Bologna 1088.

The Claraspital has been a learning organization since

continued to achieve this ranking through 2017. In addition to its flagship hospital in Rochester, Mayo Clinic has major campuses

hospital and a SIWF-certified training center.

in Arizona and Florida.[13] The Mayo Clinic Health System also operates affiliated

University, it is one of Europe's largest hospitals. Hospital on the site of a former gunpowder factory & also formerly used as a prison. Also the hospital

emergency admissions, 33,000 surgeries and 3 million specialistic

for more than 27 years.[9] It has been on the list of "100 Best Companies to Work

its foundation and is a university teaching and research

Parisien.

(857 doctors). Every year, it has 69,000 ordinary admissions, 139,000

examinations. It has international excellence in some fields (oncologic

and ranked No. 1 in the country[8] on the 2018?2019 U.S. News & World Report

facilities throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.

Residential

Park / Gardens

Education

Retail / Mall Shops

Water

Parking

Police Department

Bus Lines

X X X

X X

Museums

X X

CEDERS-SINAI

UCLA RONALD REAGAN LOS ANGELES

DUBAI HEALTHCARE CITY DUBAI, UNITED ARAB (PHASE I)

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Library

Religious Institutions

X X

Hotels

Gastronomy / Food

X X

Metro / Railways

Theaters Entertainment

MAYO CLINIC

LOS ANGELES

ROCHESTER, MI

MOUNT SINAI NEW YORK CITY

POLICLINICO SANT'ORSOLA BOLOGNA, ITALY

ST. CLARASPITAL

HOSPITAL ARMAND-TROUSSEAU

BASEL, SWITZERLAND

PARIS, FRANCE UNIVERSITY PITIE SALPETRIERE

DUBAI HEALTHCARE CITY

PARIS FRANCE

DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMERITES 1

(PHASE 2)

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10 SELECTED H research sanitorium rehabilitation emergency tourism leisure David L. Saperstein

Emergency Center

UCLA Medical Plaza

RONALD REAGAN UCLA

Medical Center

UCLA Children's

Health Center

Medical Plaza Parking

UCLA Labor Center

Fig. 1

UCLA Ronald Reagan

Beverly Blvd.

Bev

erly

Blvd

Atrium Building

CHANEL Robertson

Bev

erly

P6 Visitor Parking

Blvd

San

ent

Vic

Blv

Beverly Center

CEDARS SINAI

MEDICAL CENTER

San

ent

Vic

Blv

Francis Building

MAYO CLINIC HOSPITAL St. Mary's Campus St. Mary's Park

Mayo Clinic Hospital, Saint Marys Campus

San

ent

Vic

Fig. 2

Generose Patient/

Visitor Parking Ramp

Blv

Parking

Hotel

Pharmacy

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Francis Building

MAYO CLINIC HOSPITAL St. Mary's Campus

Park

Methodist Campus

Mayo Clinic Hospital,

Saint Marys Campus

Park

HOTELS HOTELS

Generose Patient/

Cathedral

St. Mary's Park

Visitor Parking Ramp

Fig. 3

Central Park

1214 Fifth Avenue

Luxury Apartments

Mt Sinai - National Jewish

5t h

di so

Health Respiratory Institute

5t h

MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL

Mount Sinai International

di so

Patient Services

Alumnae Association

Mt. Sinai Hospital

SP+ Parking

Parking

Hotel

Fig. 4 Parking

Pharmacy

Park

Cathedral

Methodist Campus

Park

HOTELS HOTELS

Mayo Clinic Psychiatry

Fig. 5

Hotel HOTELS

Gallery

Bars / Pubs

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Mayo Clinic Psychiatry

Hotel HOTELS

Gallery

Bars / Pubs

WELLNESS

HOSPITALS uR aL e

noss Lasso

r Bel-Ai Villa

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SALON DANCE

SCHOOL

BOO KST THEME ORE PAR SUP K ERM ARK ET

BAKERY EDUCATION/ SCHOOL/DAY BARS

une ud e

Avenu

coD

t ruae

e du Docte aur Arnold Nette r

iV B all riA-le

onrA N dl r ett e

Rue

CARE

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REAL ESTAT E CHOCOLAT

Fig. 6

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Fig. 7

Fig. 8

ESTATES

SCHOOL

THE PRIORY, U.K.

BANK OF ENGLAND SPORTSGROUNDS ROEHAMPTON CLUB

Fig. 9 Side Creek Park American Hospital Dubai

Dubai Dolphinarium

Malls / Shopping

Mohammed Bin Rashid

German Health Consult

University of Medicine

DUBAI HEALTHCARE CITY

Pyramids at Wafi Salt Cave Spas

Malls / Shopping

WAFI Mall

Grand Hyatt Dubai

Salt Cave Spas VOX Cinemas Cineplex Grand Hyatt

Al Jailia + Childrens Hospital

Dubai Police Club Stadium Latifa Hospital

Fig 1. UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA Fig 2. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles Fig 3. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Fig 4. Mount Sinai, New York City, NY Fig 5. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland Fig 6. Hospital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France Fig 7. Policlinico Sant’Orsola, Italy Fig 8. Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France Fig 9. Priory Hospital Roehampton, U.K. Fig 10. Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, U.A.E

Zabeel Stadium

Koora Dome

Lonestar Technical Services

Corporate Offices Marriott Hotel

+Tech

Al Jaddaf, Dubai

Marine Services Equipment Gyms Marina Warehouses

Swiss International Scientific School

Fig. 10

Dubai Creek

Dubai Canal Cruise

Design District

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PHASE 2

PHASE 1

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Other sources of metaphysical damming includes self-contained, gated corporate parks, residential communities, and giant multipurpose shopping malls. (In fact, these three types of projects are increasingly merging into enormous developments that combine residential, entertainment, retail and tourism functions.) Collectively, these utopian projects of “late capitalist phalansteries” are flawed because of their size, selfsufficiency, and hybridity. An architecture firm’s vision of Phase II in Dubai Healthcare City includes yachts, luxurious hotels and spa basins. These projects, which began appearing in Dubai in the second half of the 1990’s are an example of another problematic utopian imagination of Dubai. Dubai Healthcare City

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Dubai Healthcare City (DHCC) is the first international, integrated free healthcare zone developed to promote medical tourism in Dubai. DHCC is home to two hospitals which are internationally accredited, over 100 medical centers offering expertise in more than 80 specialties, over 2500 licensed professionals speaking over 40 languages and more than 180

commercial healthcare and retail businesses. The plan for this healthcare zone was to actualize the concept of a unique free healthcare zone with what would be the center of clinical, educational and research excellence in the region and globally. The project was supported by the Government of Dubai, and the establishment of a corporate governance The Open

infrastructure, central to the free zone status is made up of comprehensive regulations, rules, policies, standards and guidance, designed to guarantee the delivery of world-class qualitative healthcare related services within the free zones.

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If Dubai Healthcare Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fantastical future is redefining healthcare as a luxury, the next course of action is to implement a free zone in a hurricane city.

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NEW ORLEANS Charity Hospital was destroyed and abandoned after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The formal studies disclose spatial relationships between old and new parts.This project will bring New Orleansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Charity Hospital back to life as a healthcare free zone restoration and expansion project. By adding a roofing system, the aim of the project is to give the rigid machinelike hospital a more liberated form.

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References Notes 1. Dubai Healthcare City. Medical Tourism. 2. Charity Hospital, New Orleans. Report of the Charity Hospital of Louisiana At New Orleans. 1944. https://blogs.loc.gov/now-see-hear/files/2014/10/KennyUnit.pdf 3. Charity Hospital, New Orleans Bibliography Entries (in alphabetical order) Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015. Smith, Zadie. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2016. Lectures David Theodore. “Children and The Architecture of Children’s Hospitals”, Montreal. 2010. David Theordore. (Fall Lecture Series) The Open

PORT RASHID REVITALIZATION

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P O R T RASHID REVITAL IZATION

Exploring Future Possibilities of the Historic Port Rekha Kumar The Open

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Figure 1 - Aerial view of Port Rashid before turning into a cruise terminal (wikipedia, 2007)

Urban "revitalization" is the integral topic in this project. The study points out the transformation project of Port Rashid, a significant free port in the history of Dubai, located within the heritage neighbourhoods of the city, into a "luxury cruise bay". The study starts with an argument over the appropriateness of such decision in contrary to the possibilities to revitalize the port without destruction of its authenticity. "Urban landmarks", "coherency in urban design", "preservation" and "adaptive reuse" are a secondary focus of the study and are discussed as tools in order to achieve the aim of the project. The study is comprised of a site visit to examine the ideas and hold discussions with authorities on location.

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PORT RASHID REVITALIZATION

"For centuries, Dubai has been known as ‘the city of merchants’. During the fifties and sixties it became an increasingly busy trading post for the entire Gulf region. Mina (Port) Rashid was completed in 1972. The port’s location near to the city center, its all-new infrastructure and Dubai’s thriving business community made it an instant success. In 1978, the port was expanded to handle the largest container vessles." (Port Rashid History, 2007) PORT RASHID

I RN

Figure 2 - Site Location

Figures 3 - Dubai Museum housed in Al Fahidi Fort, one of the oldest structures in Dubai (Gulfnews, 2015)

Figures 4 - Mina Rashid early days 1972 (Gulfnews, 2015)

The objective of this study is to investigate the appropriateness of the decision to transform the historical port into an unsuccessful and almost deserted luxury cruise bay and to find out what other possibilities could be introduced to transform the port with an approach that aligns with the neighbouring areas renovation strategy, especially since heritage is an evident factor influencing the whole area versus luxury being introduced in the port Rashid transformation process. Furthermore, I would explore how the neighbouring areas could affect the revitalization of the port and vice versa. The Open

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Today Port Rashid's neighboring areas are undergoing reconstruction to represent a historical Dubai fabric while the government has planned to turn the port into a major maritime services and cruise hub due to its lack of space to accomedate more facilities.

DEIRA ISLANDS

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A computer-based study is a primary research method of this thesis and the Google search engine has been primarily used to access related literature and references. Guidelines provided by Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council, such as ESTIDAMA (second edition), Public Realm Design Manual, Waterfront developments Design Manual, Street Design Manual have been referenced.

Case Studies - Learning from the American Experience Urban transformation projects with related schemes such as revitalization, public realm, waterfront, etc. have been researched and reviewed. The most relevant case studies below:

ERIE BASIN PARK, NY

SOUTH STREET SEAPORT, NY

A robust story of economic power, historic preservation, rat fights and fish guts

Figures 5 to 8 - The 22-acre swath of waterfront occupied by Shipyard was zoned for heavy industry. The designed park saved everything it could from the piers to ropes and tools left behind by shipyard tenants. A row of foliage marks off the esplanade from the 1,400-car parking lot. (Atlasobscura, 2015)

Figures 9 to 12 - The South Street Seaport, the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 19th-century historic district. The ambitious 1980s project that transformed this once-vital economic center into a viable tourist attraction. But it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exactly appeal to large masses of regular New Yorkers. (Pic courtesy Wired New York)

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Compensation for the destruction of a historic shipyard.

Data collection has been done through interviews with the authorities involved and onsite in Port Rashid and Deira Islands since interviewing can be used as an intentional conversation to gather specific information (Berg 2004). In consideration of covering all necessary topics semi-structured interview was selected which is scheduled activity with open-ended discussion (Bernard 2006 p.212). Before the interviews, complete site observations were performed to get to know the place and get a clear picture of the site for a better discussion during the interviews. The Open

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Figure 13 - Early transformation plan without taking the neighboring area into consideration

Figure 14 - Current Site Situation and vast emptiness

â&#x20AC;˘

The decision of transformation of the historic port into a luxury cruise bay was solely based on port Rashid inability to accommodate any further or newer facilities due to its limited space. Since another port with the right facilities had initiated to perform, the authorities had no choice other than changing the function of the port. The transformation of the port Rashid into a luxury cruise bay has not been successful. On the contrary to what is presented online, it has been revealed during the site visit that the port has turned into an almost deserted entity, especially since the users prefer cruise bays located within the modern fabric of the city versus the heritage fabric of port Rashid location. This makes the whole decision of having a luxurious patch within the heritage fabric, irrelevant and unsubstantiated. The neighbouring area, Deira Islands (non free zone) has been suffering from lack of popularity among investors in spite of its geographic context being prime waterfront project and a man-made island. Therefore, the project comprised of modern commercial, retail and residential areas is put on hold.

Figure 15 - Port pass office

Figure 16 - Current Site Situation and vast emptiness The Open

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After conducting both online and on-site research as well as authority interviews, the findings of the project comprise:

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I remember a time I used to live in an Emirati Area in Dubai (Jumeirah). There were early mornings when I could still see fishermen heading back from the sea after fishing. Nowadays, the same beach lacks those fishermen, star fish and sea shells, as the construction with modern look, style and facilities has taken over the area (La mer beach). The development is a modern empty entity within the Emirati fabric not able to replace the liveliness and authenticity of the old traditions. • • • • • • •

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Strong focus on urban revitalization within heritage and geographical context Understanding the demography and the user groups Provide investment opportunities Offering different land use types with strategic proportions and a combination of activities aimed for return of investment and financial revenue. Offering diversity of public realm to fulfil social interactions, place making, sense of community, etc. ROW and parking bays in coordination with traffic engineers to take into account the future patterns Enhance transportation and accessibility by introducing water transportation among others Shaded pedestrian network with access to public transport within standard distance Taking into account heritage and cultural aspects into urban elements to create an urban theme in line with keeping culture and authenticity e.g. public artworks, fishermen's village Creating adequate green spaces for public interaction and health benefits

The design is strongly inspired by Emirati culture & heritage. Amongst professions which have been historically practiced in Emirates are Fishing and Pearl Diving. Images 17 to 24 - of pearl diving and fishing traditions in old Dubai

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Figure 25 - Retail in renovated traditional Fabric

Figure 26 - Port de La Mer beach transformaion

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF THE EXISTING INFRUSTRUCTURE Port Rashid's road network and space allocation, provides the possibility to reuse the existing infrustructure and to incorporate design ideas on it. Softscape can be included without major destruction of the current setting to create . The vast parking areas have the potential to turn into event spaces, seasonal market, picnic places, meeting nodes etc. The whole Port Rashid have the potential turn into an authentic urban waterfront park to serve Deira islands and other neighboring areas residents and families, fitting well into the unique culture of the area.

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COHERENCY IN URBAN DESIGN Looking at urban issues that accure as a result of disconnecon between the adjecent areas, specially since 1- Port Rashid's current plan is not successful and its lack of space limits the possibility of introducing suitable landuse typology as well as activities and functions in order to revitalize it and 2- Deira islands current plan has not made it popular among investors, we suggest observation of Port Rashid and partial Deira Islands as a whole and creating a coherenct development with an authentic design which is in line with promoting Emirati heritage and culture as of other neighboring areas.

TRANSFORMATION TO A FREE ZONE Dubai's restricted rules and regulations is also a strong factorDeira islands' lack of popularity among foreign investors. While Port Rashid is already a freezone, turning Deira Islands into another freezone is an strategy to attract foreign investors. Furthermore, to enhance unique Emirati culture, the area will be designed to have pockets within landuse restricted to Emirati investors only. AUTHENTICITY & BRANDING Port Rashid and Deira Islands carefully crafted urban theme and the overal ambience consisting urban elements, materials, roads, etc. will be designed to reflect its neighborhood's Emirati culture and heritage. Restricted fishermen's village - the new design will comprise of a traditional emirati village, preserved and restricted to the public. URBAN LANDMARKS & WAYFINDING Feature urban elements and wayfinding landmarks which further promote Emirati culture and heritage will be located in nodes and The Open

Deira Islands Partial Plan

Existing Port Rashid Area

Figure 27 - Design strategy, land area adjustment

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Fundamental to the revitalization of Port Rashid and Deira Island is the notion of living sustainably. To this extent, I also embrace sustainable design measures in all aspects of the landscape. This takes the form of innovative water conservation and irrigation systems, reed bed wastewater treatment systems, careful selection of low-water consumption plant materials and clever use of low-carbon hard landscape materials such as e-crete pavers and biobrick retaining walls. Social sustainability regarding a holistic living environment is also a fundamental component. Responsible use of water is strongly embedded in the landscape scheme, and in this respect, we have incorporated the use of exposed groundwater and captured storm water and use of soil systems that maximize moisture retention. These measures achieve water savings in the order of 80% over conventional systems. Both regrading plant health, cost and operational saving this provides a substantial benefit to the development. Biodiversity should be a key measure of all landscape architectural proposals, and for this reason, I intend to extensively employ native plants and drought tolerant planting systems. A final objective is to ensure a costeffective and robust landscape that requires minimal maintenance.

The public realm and landscape responds to the unique demands of a unique user to provide the holistic living environment.

OBJECTIVES Environmental Sustainability

Social Sustainability

Economic Sustainability

Cultural Sustainability

STRATEGIES

Public Realm Elements

Public Realm Typologies

Hardscape Softsacpe Furniture Signage Artwork Lighting Water

Courtyards Pools Gardens Parks Rooftops Pathways Nodes Innovative and Sustainable Solutions

Landscape Master Plan Descirption

Figure 28 - Public Realm Sustainability Table I

OBJECTIVES

STRATEGIES ENVIRONMENTAL

Shading Cooling Water management and onservation Energy conservation

Shade trees, Pergolas Green roofs and courtyards Intelligent plant selection Intelligent irrigation method Water sensitive design Modular e-crete pavers SOCIAL Green rooftops and courtyards Function courtyards Function rooftops (Pool, gym, bbq, ball play, lawn, etc.)

Place making Community facilities Community activities Open space density

ECONOMIC

Water management and conservation Energy conservation Material selection

Low irrigation plant selection Low maintenance plant selection Intelligent Irrigation method Water sensitive design Local materials Modular e-crete pavers CULTURAL

Promotion of Emirati landscape Local Art and Cultural activities Promotion of cultural diversity Provide space for cultural activities Provide space for ship events Promote traditional Occupations

Selection of heritage plants and trees Ghaf trees Dhow boats Sabkha surfaces Fishing & Pearl Diving

Figure 29 - Public Realm Sustainability Table II The Open

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DESIGN STRATEGY DIAGRAM Retreat Restricted

Fishermen's Village

Themed Resort

ar ke

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Fishermen's museum

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er m

Sailors Village Educational Facility

Hotel

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Dubai Customs DM Restoration House Al Fardah Museum

Heritage Shindagha Village House of Shaikh Saeed Al Makhtom Archeological Museum

LEGEND Main spine 40 ROW Primary road 32 ROW Secondary road 26 ROW Tertiary road 19 ROW Feature landmarks Existing structures Entrance experience Cluster Heritage Elevated Monorail Water treatment Reed beds Health Road

Walkable buffer

Figure 30 - Design strategy diagram demonstrating road hierarchy, circulation, landuse typology. etc.

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Figure 31 - WIP masterplan design to communicate ideas discussed throughout the study, key areas and road network hierarchy.

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Figure 32 and 33 - initial high level masterplan design to communicate ideas discussed throughout the study, key areas and road network hierarchy.

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References Figure References https://id.wikipedia.org (Port Rashid ariel view - Figure 1) https://gulfnews.com (museum in Fahidi fort - Figure 3) https://www.logisticsmiddleeast.com (Port Rashid early days - Figure 4) https://www.atlasobscura.com (Erie basin - Figures 5-8) https://www.nytimes.com (South Street seaport - Figures 9-12) https://www.weetas.com (Mina Rashid future plan - Figure 13) https://www.dailymail.co.uk (History of Dubai - Figures 17 to 24) https://dubaiculture.gov.ae (Dubai traditional neighborhood - Figure 25) https://www.lamerdubai.ae (La Mer North - Figure 26) Internet Web Pages Port Rashid History (2007) Avaialable at: http://www.dpworld.ae/sublevel.asp?PageId=3 The Open

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Blockchain technology has been used in forming extraterritoriality within our extraterritorial virtual space since 2008. It was primarily experimented in an evolutionary distributed finance system, and have gradually spread into other disciplines. What would a representation of blockchain look like in form? This project is an attempt to implement blockchain instrument onto creating formal organizations. In this project, a blockchain structure is designed to generate unique massing relationships. Each event is necessary for other events, essentially chaining up with one another. The blockchain is offering opportunities in mimicking natural massing evolution as a constellation of events. The minimal form of blockchain, a block, is a mathematical function called hash, which could produce an identifier from each certain data inputs. By chaining multiple blocks, each other block is inheriting a previous identifier as part of its data input, which sensitively results in alternative identifiers. Blockchain is simple, efficient and reliable in recording, securing and organizing complex information. Specifically for this project, the blockchain model is applied on a single agent system with geometric parameters. Starting from one single generic, abstract and fixed box, it provides an ability in generating absolute uniqueness, pseudo randomness and massive variations. The Open

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DATA CENTER

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136.0.217.77

* Through massive ping process from SCI-Arc to a list of data centers, a suspicious IP was revealed. IP address 136.0.217.77 has a thunder speed response time (17ms) from downtown Los Angeles in US to an undeveloped town in China. After research, it turns out that 136.0.217.77 has 4 different geolocations through redirections. Here are the 4 physical terrains in a same scale. The Open

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* A set of tests on terrain style swapping between China and US locations. CycleGAN method applied. The Open

MAPS OF INTERNET

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google.com.af google.al google.dz google.as google.ad google.it.ao google.com.ai google.com.ag google.com.ar google.am google.ac google.com.au google.at google.az google.bs google.com.bh google.com.bd google.com.by google.be google.com.bz google.bj google.bt google.com.bo google.ba google.co.bw google.com.br google.vg google.com.bn google.bg google.bf google.bi google.com.kh google.cm google.ca google.cv google.cat google.cf google.td google.cl google.cn google.com.co google.cd google.cg google.co.ck google.co.cr google.ci google.hr google.com.cu google.com.cy google.cz google.dk google.dj google.dm google.com.do google.com.ec google.com.eg google.com.sv google.ee google.com.et google.com.fj google.fi google.fr google.ga google.gm google.ge google.de google.com.gh google.com.gi

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google.gr google.gl google.gp google.com.gt google.gg google.gy google.ht google.hn google.com.hk google.hu google.is google.co.in google.co.id google.iq google.ie google.co.im google.co.il google.it google.ci google.com.jm google.co.jp google.co.je google.jo google.kz google.co.ke google.ki google.com.kw google.com.kg google.la google.lv google.com.lb google.co.ls google.com.ly google.li google.lt google.lu google.mk google.mg google.mw google.com.my google.mv google.ml google.com.mt google.mu google.com.mx google.fm google.md google.mn google.me google.ms google.co.ma google.co.mz google.com.na google.nr google.com.np google.nl google.co.nz google.com.ni google.ne google.com.ng google.nu google.com.nf google.no google.com.om google.com.pk google.ps google.com.pa google.com.pg

google.com.py google.com.pe google.com.ph google.pn google.pl google.pt google.com.pr google.com.qa google.ro google.ru google.rw google.sh google.ws google.sm google.st google.com.sa google.sn google.rs google.sc google.com.sl google.com.sg google.sk google.si google.com.sb google.so google.co.za google.co.kr google.es google.lk google.com.vc google.sr google.se google.ch google.com.tw google.com.tj google.co.tz google.co.th google.tl google.tg google.tk google.to google.tt google.tn google.com.tr google.tm google.co.ug google.com.ua google.ae google.co.uk google.com google.com.uy google.co.uz google.vu google.co.ve google.com.vn google.co.vi google.co.zm google.co.zw

TERRITORY

BITCOIN TERRITORY

* Map of Bitcoin accepting venues. Global physical locations have formed extraterritoriality within the extraterritorial online virtual space. In this sense, a small town farm selling grapefruit in central area of China is closer to a film production firm in downtown LA than SCI-Arc. The Open

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References Google Images; Google Earth; Jun-Yan Zhu; StudioKinch; https://github.com/client9/ipcat/; https://www.iplocation.net/; TeleGeography; GeoTel Communications; https://coinmap.org/; NETSCOUT Arbor; https://in-the-sky.org/ The Opte Project; Ruslan Enikeev; Carna Botnet; Chris Harrison; The Open

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Asset-Based Landscape Design

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Tax Haven

A tax haven is generally defined as a nation or a region with an extremely low “effective” tax rate. This, in combination with financial secrecy, attracts international companies and wealthy individuals, aiming for an efficient reduction of their expenses.

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Tax avoidance is the use of legal methods of modifying a person’s or company’s financial situation in order to decrease the amount of income tax owed. Tax evasion, in contrary, is the illegal reduction of tax, for example by not reporting income or reporting expenses not allowed. Some tax avoidance schemes use loopholes in the tax law, allowing the removal of income or assets from taxable situations into ones with lower tax rates. Multiterritory schemes often fall into a grey zone between tax avoidance and tax evasion and are usually considered as unethical.

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On the Marshall Islands the corporate tax is 3% of revenue. The Open

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Base Erosion & Profit Shifting

Base Erosion & Profit Shifting or BEPS describes tax avoidance strategies that deliberately use loopholes in tax rules to “shift” profits to tax havens. This process, usually used by multinational companies, “erodes” the tax-base of the country where the profits are made; and is therefore considered to be an undesirable practice by most governments.

35% tax

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Malta has a corporate tax rate of 35%, but foreign owners of maltese companies get refunded up to 30%.

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Double Irish with a Dutch Sandwich

The double Irish with a Dutch sandwich is a tax avoidance strategy employed by several international corporations, using a combination of Irish and Dutch subsidiaries to shift profits to low tax jurisdictions.

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Profits are first sent to an Irish subsidiary through large royalty payments. To avoid paying a withholding tax, the Irish company is paying royalties to another subsidiary in the Netherlands. A special arrangement between Ireland and the Netherlands, that excludes license fees, makes this possible. Finally, the money is sent back to a second subsidiary in Ireland, which does not have to pay corporate tax because it is headquartered in Bermuda.

1 2 4 3

Diagram illustrating a Double Irish with a Dutch Sandwich.

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opencorporates researches and monitors ownership structures of several banks and companies; in this case Goldman Sachs.

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Tax Holiday vs. Transition Tax

A repatriation tax holiday is a temporal offer made by a government to bring money, which is â&#x20AC;&#x153;parkedâ&#x20AC;? in a tax haven, back into the country. Companies are allowed to repatriate their profits at a very low or no tax rate. A transition tax is part of a tax reform which aims to permanently reduce or eliminate incentives to shift profits to a tax haven. Usually, the transition tax is still lower than the normal corporate tax, but raises revenue, and can be invested in infrastructure etc.

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35% tax Company in the USA

credit rates of interest

0% tax Subsidiary in Bermuda

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Banking and offshore international financial services is, after tourism, the second most important financial sector of the Bahamas. The Open

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Asset-based Landscape Design

American companies are currently storing approximately 13 trillion US Dollars in tax havens all over the world.

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In order to repatriate this money, a new financial asset is created: by ensuring tax reliefs, international companies are incentivized to invest in a private natural preserve with limited access, located in the northern Great Plains. A foundation is managing the renaturalisation of former farmland, incorporating an artistic transformation of the landscape, while recreating appropriate habitats for native species simultaneously. This transformation guarantees an accretion of cultural and therefore financial value, making the asset increasingly attractive for potential investors. As large profits can be generated using this model, the process is likely to spread over the country, redirecting financial streams and ensuring natural preservation, while making tax havens ultimately obsolete.

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Plots in various sizes and price ranges can be acquired by companies and individuals. Shareholders have influence on local design variables of their plot, while the overall appearance is planned by specialist, hired by the developing foundation. The Open

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References

Sources: http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/malta-the-european-union-s-very-own-tax-haven-a-1148915-2.html https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2018-03/europaeische-union-golden-visa-programme-aufenthaltsgenehmigungen-5vor8/seite-2 http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/malta-mord-an-journalistin-galizia-weiter-ungeklaert-15720249. html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtvaNIQN0DY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLSYwkWCIzA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnTlKcIigyY&list=PLSQl0a2vh4HDYEjsj8IxVYJrKFEyBOxkz&index=10 https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/condition-europes-curious-microstates http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/company.html conversations with Hartmut Stephan The Open

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Aesthetics Garbage Flat Urban The Open

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P O S T N AT R U A L E X T R A T E R R I T O R Y

The Anthropocene Park as a Catalyst for Urban Redevelopment Yiqun Wang

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The park, which combines recycled industrial waste, was transformed from a man-made lake in Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lingang new city. As a new urban landmark, it will become a popular place. However, different from the traditional urban park with picturesque landscape, people cannot enter it and can only appreciate the negative, mysterious and charming â&#x20AC;&#x153;urban voidâ&#x20AC;? at its edge. Its aestwhetic significance and economic value cannot be defined and divided, which will form a decreasing radiation effect on the surrounding land value. The industrial chain of garbage recycling, reprocessing and artistry that supports the park forming will gather with the crowd around it and jointly play a role in shaping the regional urban form. From a further perspective, as the source of garbage manufacturing and global communication, human activities have begun to have significant impacts on nature and become apparent here with the construction of parks, which forces us to rethink the relationship between aesthetics, human activities and urban space - an extra urban territory in the post-natural era is coming. The Open

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（Park）

Urban Void

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Two Economic-physical Model to make a central park in city

To make an “Urba

Pre - subtraction （”void” pre-occupy out of city limits）

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*“Importan （Temporary a

Urban fabric grow – Surround the void

The Central Park in New York

Timing : time span to “void”(permane Status: Urb

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Post - Subtraction (Demolish within city limits)

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nt Event” addition）

Void in Urban fabric

The Central Park in Shanghai

keep the situation of ent/temporary) ban Park

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Model 1:Pre-subtraction

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Urban central park`s land value transfer and accumulation

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Urban central park`s land value Adjacent land value The Open

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THE CENTRAL PARK EFFECT

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Example: The Central Park of New York

Highest-rent retail corridors near Central Park, spring 2015 ($ per square foot)

Highest value apartment sales in the Central Park area and the rest of Manhattan（2014.01 – 2015.03) The Open

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Design proposal Post-natural Extra Territoryï¼&#x161;The Anthropocene Park

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Model 2:Post-substration

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Urban central park`s land value transfer and accumulation

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Urban central park`s land value Adjacent land value

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POST NATURAL EXRATERRITORY

References

[1]The Central Park Effect: Assessing the Value of Central Park’s Contribution to New York City’s Economy, 2015 [2] Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar, The Park and The People: A History of Central Park, Cornell University Press,1992 [3] Kirsty Robertson, Plastiglomerate, e-flux journal #78, 2016.12

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INDEX

access, 146 adaptive, 206 aesthetics, 250 airport, 174 amass, 016 anonymity, 130 art, 106 attach, 016 attraction, 146 authentic, 206 beijing, 160 bermuda, 236 black-hole, 236 border, 062 canal, 062 care, 188 civic, 048 climate-change, 032 concrete, 146 cultures, 160 cyprus-sandwich, 236 divide-by-zero, 250 double-irish, 236 duty-free shop, 174

embassy, 160 enforcement, 082 event, 222 evolution, 222 excess, 146 exposure, 082 extrastatecraft, 160 finance, 130 flag-of-convenience, 032 flat, 250 float, 016 flood, 016 fluctuation, 174 free, 188 free-trade, 106 G7, 160 garbage, 250 gaza, 062 growth, 106 hash, 222 health, 188 heritage, 206 interaction, 048 intersection, 048 The Open

submerge, 016 sustainable, 206 symbolism, 146 synthetic, 188 tax-haven, 032 tourism, 188 transform, 206 ultra-high-network, 130 unique, 222 unknowns, 082 urban, 250 urbanism, 174 variation, 222 visibility, 146 void, 250 xi-xian new area, 174 zoning, 106

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israel, 062 kitbashing, 160 leisure, 048 libertarianism, 032 los angeles, 106 luxury, 130 massing, 222 monoculture, 082 notation, 082 observation, 082 open-registry, 032 operations, 188 ownership, 130 real-estate, 130 rent, 106 residential, 174 revitalize, 206 sea port, 062 shipping route, 062 ship-urbanism, 032 singapore-sling, 236 single-malt, 236 sink, 016 smart, 048

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Edited by

Masha Hupalo Heidi Au Yeung Dan Otte

Compiled by

Heidi Au Yeung The Open

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