below. The archaeological observations will be reviewed side by side with historical data as derived from the contemporary handbooks on shipbuilding. The most useful1 treatise in this context proved to be A Treatise on Marine Architecture by Peter Hedderwick, a shipwright who ran a shipyard at Leith in Scotland and who had wide practical experience. His treatise was published in 1830 and deals exclusively with merchant vessels. He makes constant reference to alternative practices found in other districts and thus gives a more accurate impression of the variety with which the basic principles of construction could be carried out than is usually the case. Slightly earlier is The Elements and Practice of Naval Architecture by David Steel, first published in 1805. More widely known than Hedderwick it became a standard work, its third edition [I8221 incorporating the views of such authorities as Hutchinson, Snodgrass and Seppings. The two agree on the general principles of construction but Hedderwick's work is more relevant to vessels of the size of SL 4 and she was constructed in a manner similar to the way he describes. The reconstruction of the sequence of construction of SL 4 will be supplemented by notes from Hedderwick and Steel. References will particularly be made to Plate X of Hedderwick's treatise [fig. 1431 which exhibits many of the features found in SL 4.
Table 19 Deck and Hold beams;
English and Bremen Oak.
Floors and 1st futtocks;
English and Bremen Oak.
Other futtocks and top timbers
Eng. Oak.
False and main Keelson
American Oak.
Planks: Keel to 1st futtock heads;
Eng. Beech &Am. Elm.
to LWM
Eng. Beech & A m . Elm.
LWM to Wales (10.5" broad)
Danzic and Eng. Oak
Wales and Blackstrakes
Eng. Oak
(4 wales and two Black strakes all 8" broad) Topsides, Sheerwater and Gunwale
Eng. Oak
Clamps
Eng. & D a n r Oak
Stringers
Danz. Oak
Bilge Planks (inboard)
Eng. & D a n r Oak
Remainder of Ceiling
mixed English &Foreign Oak
Waterways
Eng. and Danz. Oak
Knees
Oak
5 Breasthooks
Mixed Oak
1 Crutch (no pointers)
Eng. Oak Wood types in Sunderland built snow Boreas of 1828 (see also Lloyd's survey in Appendix II) [Fig. 1431 Plate X from Hedderwick's Treatise showing the frame timbers with the chocked joints as well as many constructional details that are similar to SL 4. Het handboek A Treatise on Marine Architecture van de Schotse scheepsbouwer Peter Hedderwick is
Keel Firstly the keel pieces were cut and scarfed. The evidence suggests there were four pieces. The scarfs were tabled horizontally. Steel specified four pieces for a merchant vessel of 330 tons. Hedderwick: the keel should be sided one half inch for every foot of the ship's extreme breadth and the hanging [depth] under the rabbet [should be] equal to the siding;. .. According to Hedderwick the dimensions of SL 4's keel which are approximately 28 x 37.5 - 38 cm [ l l " x 14 112" - 15"] should have been more like 33 x 43 cm [13" x 17"]. Steel however, for a West Indiaman of 330 tons specifies 12" inches breadth x 13" depth at the centre of the keel, tapering to 10 112" at the keellstem scarf and 10" at the stern post. Steel's description assumes a vertically tabled scarf. Hedderwick's specifications are also for a vertical scarf but he outlines the arguments for both side scarfs and flat scarfs: The seam of the scarph is sometimes laid horizontally, but oftener in an up and down
ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE SLUFTER
een van de historische bronnen die het meest geschikt is om de bouw van SL 4 aan te spiegelen. Het verscheen i n 1830 en behandelt oitsluitend
koopvaardijschepen. Op Plate X die hier staat afgebeeld is het gebruik van kruisklampen weergegeven, maar ook i n andere details komt de bouw van SL 4 overeen met hetgeen Hedderwick als gangbaar beschrijft I n de evaluatie worden de archeologische gegevens afgezet tegen hetgeen Hedderwick en David Steel, de auteur van The Elements and Practice of Naval Architecture uit 1805 vermelden over de scheepsbouw i n hun t i j d De historische bronnen worden dus gestaafd aan de archeologische werkelijkheid.