Framing the landscape

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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POLITECNICO DI MILANO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND SOCIETY MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE THESIS BY: MARINA DIMITROVA /797111/, ZOFIA JOZEFOWICZ /798209/ SUPERVISOR: prof. A.OLDANI

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Acknowledgements and special thanks for the collaboration of Marc Visser, Henno Nieuwenhuis, Folkert Janssens, Dirk Bruin and Mauro Marinelli and for the support of Gabrio Butini, Mario Bottega and Juan Camilo Avenda単o Diaz.

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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INDEX

I. LANDSCAPE OF WADDEN SEA |RESEARCH| WADDEN SEA

MAPPING THE NATURAL QUALITIES OF WADDEN SEA MORPHOLOGY |CHANNELS| |INTERTIDAL AREA| |LAND MORPHOLOGY|

LOCATION CONNECTIONS

ECOLOGY |RED KNOTS| |OYSTERCATCHERS| |EURASIAN CURLEWS| |SEALS| |MUSSELS| |MARINE BIOINVASIONS| CLIMATE |WINTER SEVERITY| |STORM SURGES| |WIND|

WADDEN SEA DESCRIPTION UNIQUENESS OF WADDEN SEA MOVING WATERS WADDEN ISLAND WADLOPEN LANDSCAPE VIEW AND HORIZON NATURAL LANDSCAPE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE BUILDING FOR LANDSCAPE TIME AND TIDE CULTURAL TIME NATURAL TIME WADDEN SEA TIME ARCHITECTURE IN TIME

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INDEX

II.CASE STUDEIS|TERSCHELLING AND VLIELAND| LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION TERSCHELLING

LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION VLIELAND

SPACE QUALITIES |OPEN SPACES| |MORPHOLOGY| |BUILT SPACES| |CONNECTIONS|

SPACE QUALITIES |OPEN SPACES| |MORPHOLOGY| |BUILT SPACES| |CONNECTIONS|

STRATEGY

STRATEGY

LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION VLIELAND PRESENT LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE AND THE SETTELMENT HISTORY MODERN DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNIG |LAND USE| |SETTELMENT DEVELOPMENT| |ECONOMY| |INFRASTRUCTURE| |TOURISM| |SPACIAL PLANNING ASPECT|

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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INDEX

III.DESIGN PROPOSAL |VLIELAND| FIRST POINT OF INTERVENTION |HARBOUR OF VLIELAND| CURRENT SITUATION THE DESIGN STRATEGY THE CONCEPT OF INTERVENTION GROUND LEVEL FIRST LEVEL WATERFRONT VILLAGE ELEVATION CROSS SECTION ELEVATION OF THE FERRY BUILDING VIEW FROM THE BEACH DURING LOW TIDE TOP VIEW DURING LOW TIDE TOP VIEW DURING HIGH TIDE TOP VIEW DURING FLOODING VIEW FROM THE WATERFRONT HOUSES VIEW TO THE PUBLIC SQUARE AND COMMUNITI HALL VIEW FROM THE FERRY TERMINAL BUILDING VIEW FROM THE DIKE SPACE

SECOND POINT OF INTERVENTION |BUNKER 10,5cm EMPLACEMENT, KRIEGSMARINE A-A BATTERY| CURRENT SITUATION THE DESIGN STRATEGY PLANS OF THE NEW STRUCTURE SECTIONS ELEVATIONS VIEW OF THE STRUCTURE WITHIN THE ECOLOGY CONTEXT VIEW OF THE STRUCTURE WITHIN THE MORPHOLOGY CONTEXT VIEW FROM THE REMAINED BUNKER

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INTRODUCTION

The Wadden Sea region is the existing and former tidal flat area fringing the southern shore of the North Sea in Western Europe. This coastal land is an international region extending over three countries the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.

Wadden Sea is an unique Unesco natural area for Europe and the whole world. A visit to Wadden Sea and to the islands becomes a way of experience the passage of time, dictated by nature - by the infinite interaction between the sun and the moon, by the cyclical presence of the Wadden species and by the daily variations of the weather. The specific Wadden ecology involves the visitor into the natural time and keeps him distant from the general time presence of the mainland.

Any new intervention to the Wadden Sea and its coast should be considered very critically in order to save the spontaniety and wilderness of the place and to be fully synchronized with the natural rhythm of the place, having the possibilities to respond and adapt to the different passages of time and to reflect both the dynamic and timeless changes of the landscape.

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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INTRODUCTION

The Wadden Sea waterfront remains vulnerable to the non constant sea level in the different time periods of the year and the further development of its functional program should be subdued to this. The presence of the water in the place and its future retaining can be considered the base for new touristic and local attractions. A change in the general strategy for protecting from the water by building solid barriers is required. The future targets should be set on developing a porous boundary between land and sea, adapting to the sea, re-discovering of its potential so to keep into the future the spirit of the original traditions from the past.

From the overall monitoring of the Wadden Sea zone, the research focuses on the Dutch Wadden Sea islands since of the defining of certain potentialies. This part of the protected zone has the mildest climate conditions, moderate tidal ranges and the richest biodiversity and animal species. The researches predict shrinkage of the local population in the zone, as happened already in German and Danish part of the Wadden Sea area. However well-timed introduction of new strategies for providing more employment possibilities, extending the toursitic season, creating new touristic and local attractions synchronized with the high natural value of the zone, could transform the Dutch Wadden Sea part into a thriving home location with stronger economical future.

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INTRODUCTION

The project is developed as a possible scenario for any of the Dutch Wadden Sea islands and at the same time responds to the specific demands and potentialities of the Vlieland island. The project aims to give practical solution of the existing issues as quality of the space, touristic attractiveness, waterfront potentialities, accessibility, as well as providing fully understanding of the uniqueness of the zone and giving freedom to the visitors and local people to unfold, discover by themselves the landscape and to submerge fully into the nature. The new intervention and design will target the touristic sector as the main field of employment as well as imporving quality of life of the local islanders.

Vlieland possesses the richest nature and topography of all the islands and all the attraction points are within walkable distances since its small area. This gives the possibility to be devoloped a full program for framing the landscape and experiencing the island into various situations.

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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I. LANDSCAPE OF WADDEN SEA |RESEARCH|

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WADDEN SEA

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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LOCATION “The Wadden Sea is the largest unbroken system of intertidal sand and mud flats in the world: a seascape of immeasurable importance. It spans 500 km and the coastline of three countries – Germany, Netherlands and Denmark.

In the Wadden Sea a rich network of habitats and environments is home to thousands of species of flora and fauna.

Its global importance lies not only in the context of the East Atlantic Flyway but also in the critical role it plays in the annual conservation of 10-12 million African-Eurasian migratory waterbirds that rely on the food source it provides during migrations between the Arctic and Africa.

It’s a dynamic, yet fragile, landscape.

A World Heritage Site that stands alongside other world famous natural wonders such as the Grand Canyon in the USA and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Inscribed on the World Heritage List as being a place of Outstanding Universal Value, the Wadden Sea is a place like no other on Earth.” 1

1 Wadden Sea World Heritage Brand Paper, Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, February 2014

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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LOCATION “The physical traits of all parts of the Wadden Sea region are very much the same, a flat and open land of broad horizons broken by islands, bays, lakes, canals and ditches. A land of ‘beyond and across’, in brief a region of shores, having both a great natural beauty and cultural content that compared to other parts of Western Europe is quite untouched as well as unique, not least because of its sheer size, stretching for some 500 kilometres along the southern shores of the North Sea. A land under lofty skies, mirrored by the ever present water, its great and indispensable natural value, combined with its cultural richness contribute to the particular character of this unique eco-cultural niche of Western Europe.

The archipelago of the Frisian Islands stretches all the way to the west of Denmark. They protect the Wadden Sea muflats from the North Sea, making them key in the preservation of the natural areas around them. Most of the islands are already protected, and joint preservation efforts of the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark are working towards the establishment of a cross-border wildlife reserve.

Friesland is a province in the northwest of Netherlands that distinguishes itself by its own typical culture.The area includes 4 of the West Wadden Sea Islands - Vlieland, Terschelling, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog.

Today, around 13,000 people permanently live on the West Frisian Islands, paticularly in the Dutch part or the archipelago.” 2

2 Comparative Analysis of the Landscape and Cultural H`eritage of Wadden Sea, Essex County Council, February 2010

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA CONNECTIONS The West Frisian Islands have a good accessibility from the mainland.

Vlieland and Terschelling can both be reached from Harlingen several times per day by both the express service (time: approx. 45 minutes) and regular service (max. 120 minutes). Ameland can be reached from Holwerd in around 45 minutes and the ferry departs from Lauwersoog in Groningen four times a day. Special island hopping boats allow visitors to visit several islands, also called ‘Wadden hopping’.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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MAPPING THE NATURAL QUALITIES OF WADDEN SEA MORPHOLOGY ECOLOGY CLIMATE

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA MORPHOLOGY |CHANNELS| “The Wadden Sea proper is the main coastal feature on the German Bight, that part of the North Sea that is flanked by the northern coasts of the Netherlands and Lower Saxony and the western coasts of Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark.

Whereas the Wadden Sea is completely covered by water at high tides, at low tides extensive mudflats and sandbanks emerge, separated from each other by tidal gullies and channels. Twice a day this shallow water-basin is filled by North Sea water entering the tidal inlets between the islands and the estuaries of the rivers Ems, Weser, Elbe, Eider and Hever.

The relatively wide expanse of water of the Wadden Sea has the appearance of a lagoon intersected by tidal gullies and mostly separated from the open sea (North Sea) by a string of sandy barrier islands.” 3

3 Comparative Analysis of the Landscape and Cultural Heritage of Wadden Sea, Essex County Council, February 2010

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA MORPHOLOGY |INTERTIDAL AREA| “The shallow sea is in fact a tidal-flat area and as such the largest of its kind in Europe.

The Dutch and German parts of the waters, tidal flats and salt marshes of the Wadden Sea area have been inscribed as a World Heritage Site. The Wadden Sea has hardly any supply of riverine silts, and is furthermore characterized by contiguous open and bare flats of sand and mud, with salt-marshes confined to its fringes. The embanked coastal lands (marshes) and islands around the Wadden Sea area together form a cultural landscape that reflects three millennia of intense interaction between humanity and landscape.” 4

4 Comparative Analysis of the Landscape and Cultural Heritage of Wadden Sea, Essex County Council, February 2010

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA MORPHOLOGY |LAND MORPHOLOGY| “The 50 or so Frisian Islands together can roughly be divided into two categories.The larger category formed by the generally sandy islands, together forming a chain of barrier islands from Den Helder (NL) at the south-western end of the Wadden Sea region up to Esbjerg (DK) at its north-eastern end. The smaller category of islands, lying inside the barrier islands and off the North Frisian coast are the so-called halligen marsh islands, that are partly remnants of a former salt-marsh destroyed by the sea.

Apart from separating the Wadden Sea from the North Sea, the islands with their age-old agrarian-maritime societies form the most dynamic eco-cultural frontier zone of the Wadden Land.” 5

5 Comparative Analysis of the Landscape and Cultural Heritage of Wadden Sea, Essex County Council, February 2010

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA ECOLOGY |RED KNOTS| Due to satellite tracking of innovative lightweight tags attached to a number of birds, the result of monitoring the shorebird distribution is represented on the diagram.

It is interesting that from the point of release, most of the birds moved and explored the international Wadden Sea and only one bird flew away to The Wash,UK. Furthermore, from the monitoring became clear that the younger birds are doing bigger distances in order to study the distribution of their food supply, while the older ones rely on a mental picture which they formed in the earlier phase of their lives.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA ECOLOGY |OYSTERCATHERS|

The oystercatchers are typical coastal birds that are found worldwide except the polar regions and some tropical regions. The decline of oystercatchers in the Wadden Sea started in 1991 and since 2000 it gradually increases with 4% per year. The main reason for the loss of the spices are the poor breeding conditions, the frequent flooding events in the Netherlands that ruin the nest settlements of the birds and the increased predation in the mainland. The overall Wadden Sea area provides different conditions for the survival of the oystercatchers, depending on the strength of various factors.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA ECOLOGY |EURASIAN CURLEWS| Eurasian curlews are very common spices in the Wadden Sea during the non – breeding season. They adapt to feed either on low or high tide. In the last thirty years, the numbers of curlews during the cold period is rather stable and only in the north-eastern and south-eastern parts of the ecosystem, they increased. The increase of curlews in the most western parts of the Wadden sea is due to the distribution of birds moving from UK to the Wadden Sea. This happens because the climate in this zone has changed and from the once severe conditions there, now the curlews find milder environment to which is easy to adapt.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA ECOLOGY |SEALS| The harbour seals are emblematic for the Wadden Sea and take part as important species in the food chain. The number of the harbour seals is varying on different zones. The species have been recovered after centuries of hunting and two epidemics in 1988 and 2002. In 2013, the amount of harbour seals is 26 788, which is the highest number since 1975, when Wadden Sea-wide seal counts started.

If the animals in water are added, the number scores 39 400. The numbers in the different zone have variation since the harbour seals move through all the zone of the Wadden Sea in order to strengthen feeding and breeding.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA ECOLOGY |MUSSELS|

The intertidal mussel beds are important component of the system of the tidal habitats and essential food source for shellfish-eating birds. The amount of mussel beds into the tidal areas vary from year to year. These variations are due to the number of newly born mussel beds that manage to accommodate and withstand on the tidal flats. As a general monitoring, the south sheltering areas of Wadden Sea host more successively the mussel beds in comparison to the exposed tidal flats near the zone of river Elbe.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA ECOLOGY |MARINE BIOINVASIONS|

Non-indigenous marine species are being transported with the ships. Usually they joined to the shape body or are carried in the ballast tanks. In the Wadden Sea region , the possibility of transportation of bioinvasions is higher in the major harbour zones as Hamburg and Bremerhaven.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA CLIMATE |WINTER SEVERITY| A winter severity observation is needed since Wadden Sea is very close to the North Sea and Baltic Sea, which are the two largest marine ecosystems in the world that experience the fastest warming process.

In the north-western Europe, consequences of the warming are already notable, but in the Wadden Sea these consequences are harder to estimate due to the complexity of its ecosystem. We can notice differences of the temperatures of Wadden Sea. In the north-eastern part normal range of winter severity may be observed, while in the south-western part it can be determined as very mild. The severity of any winter affects the ecological process in Wadden Sea. It can be testimonied by determing the number of bivalves and the survival of wintering birds every winter season.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA CLIMATE |STORM SURGES| The regional differences of tides - decreasing ranges towards the northern and western parts of the ecosystem - together with the intensity of storms are continuously shaping the Wadden Sea for more than 10 000 years. Due to this phenomena, it may be noted that the length of the barrier islands are gradually increasing from the area of river Elbe towards the north and the west. This is because in the past, the storm tides converted the coast land into tidal zones that due to sedimentation are growing with the rising sea level. Today, built structures – dikes, protect the coast from being flooded. But behind the dikes, the mainland is lowering or rising due to local conditions. These facts lead to re-evaluating the basic strategies about safely modifying the landscape that would behave according to the changing water level.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA CLIMATE |WIND| “The Wadden Sea is one of the last large tidal regions where natural forces have free reign without a dominating influence from human activities.

The interaction between natural forces, such as wind, current, tides and waves and the activities of plants and animals is the reason why the Wadden Sea is constantly changing.

The particular direction and intensity of the wind highly influence the morphology of Wadden Sea. With strong easterly winds, the water is literally blown away causing a lower water level in the Wadden Sea. Given a strong westerly wind, more water remains in the Wadden Sea. These are all temporary situations related to all tidal regions. Should an extreme rise occur during a storm, then the results can be irreversible. In such situations in the past, islands have broken in half and large polders became permanently flooded. The inhabited Wadden Islands are presently more resistant to such extreme natural forces since dikes have been constructed along the vulnerable parts.� 6

6 Natural Forces, http://www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/wadden-sea-landscapes/natural-forces

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA DESCRIPTION UNIQUENESS OF WADDEN SEA

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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The human endeavor is very notable in the Dutch landscape.

Every square meter of land is precious, turned in either urban or agricultural land. There is a little land left free to natural powers.

In Netherlands we can find a unique natural area, called the Wadden Sea, which is neither land, nor sea.

The Wadden Sea appears and disappears twice a day due to the play of the tide, voiding it of artifact. At some time, daily, the sea can be determined as a pedestrian venture.

The Wadden Sea and the barrier islands keep a spesific spirit that can describe different presence of the place.

Firstly, the physical presence, a place of sea and land, of flatness and dunes.

Secondly, a brink between cultural and natural landscape.

Thirdly, a place of rhytm and change.

The presence of Wadden sea landscape is subdued to the different cycles of time - tidal cycle, seasonal cycle, cycle of day and night. The presence of the site sets up a series of rhythms which make the Wadden Sea a time keeper. The time of the site is marked by the sand, the sea and all that is into it, all this form Wadden Sea. A rich temporal experience includes passage of time, experienced in more than one layer.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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MOVING WATERS Every tide flows in and out four billion cubic meters of water. Except water, the wind combined with the pull of the sun and moon, can push up waters high, creating a severe environment.

The forces of Wadden Sea are not controllable and cannot be ignored.

The tide flows in from the west and the north through a number of tidal inlets that separate the islands.

The tidal rhythm does not coincide with the tidal rhythm of the North Sea due to the vastness of Wadden sea area. The differnce can range from some minutes to several hours.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN ISLANDS The islands are represnetation of what the Dutch coastline would have been before every square meter has been transformed by the man in garden, home or farmland.

The islands provide a historic view of the Netherlands.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADLOPEN Wadden sea can be conquered as a mountain.

The Wadden islands appear as a hill, a final destination, they provoke the idea of a goal, a competitive spirit, an enticipating challenge on the horizon to appear.

The wadloper goes through a window of time, an experience that has a defined start and end.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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LANDSCSAPE “Landscape can be defined in two ways. The first definition deals with geographical space which definies landscape in terms of the physical realm, while the second deals with visual space, which defines landscape in terms of scenic realm.� 7 The geographical space contains the physical elements of the land, the layers of matteria that form the visual space. There is no need of human presence for the existence of geographical space.

Visual space is subdued to the human perception.

There is no visual landscape without perception.

The landscape can be percieved at many levels.

All poetry, photgraphy, painting, aesthetics, architecture can frame landscape and build an experience through layering the view and feeling the site. Landscape can be thought as as a controlled set of circumstances. But presenting the landscape is not to controll its experience but to provide the freedom one to unfold and see what one wants, it can be a method of communication, of bringing scenery into the aesthetic realm.

7 Cultural Aspects of Landscape: Architecture and Landscape. Keul,G. Wageningen: Pudoc, 1990, p.121

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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VIEW AND HORIZON

“The horizon is the adhesive which bonds elements of nature and culture into landscape.” 8

8 Hans T.J. Coppe, Wadden Sea, University of Calgary

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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NATURAL LANDSCAPE

It is either chaotic or ordered by the laws of nature, that originates from nature.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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CULTURAL LANDSCAPE The limitted land in the Netherlands brings a different meaning of natural landscape.

The culural landscape is a pride for all the nation. In this situation urban parks and pastoral lands become nature, though are completely manmade. Everything green is thought to be nature.

The culutral landscape is all behind the dike. The horizion is determined by the dike.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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BUILDING FOR LANDSCAPE Any new building there should be an interpretation of the landscape, representing it through architecture, helping the visitor to understand the landscape, to synchronize himslef with the nature.

A challenge is the creation of sense for nature as space, to achieve movement across the landscape in an intimate space, framing, presenting veiws, hearing , smelling, tasting, a process of transition, a walk through space.

In order to expereicne a certain landscape one should fully submerge into it, should step onto Wadden Sea and sense the rich texture of the landscape it possesses. By a play with the framing, the view can provide an abstract presentation of a complex multi-layerd land.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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TIME AND TIDE On Wadden Sea the time is dictated by nature, measured by the sun and moon, by the birds and the weather.

Specific on site is the experience of nature and land erode and changes and transformation within human existence.

There are three ways for experiencing the passage of time : linear time - it is measured by the change and by the movement of the land and water; cyclical time - measured by the natural rhythms of the landscape; timelessness - the constant rebirth of the elements creates a constant image, unchanging.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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CULTURAL TIME Nature is the base for any culture to measure time, nature creates our calendars and shapes our biological rhythms. Getting more and more distant from direct contact with the nature, we are getting more and more distant from keeping and sensing the natural time.

However, sometimes people desire to abondon watches and digital clocks so to enjoy a place with natural time, measured only by wind and sun, to embrace the natural time.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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NATURAL TIME It is created by the cycles and rhythms of the universe. The natural time clock has many layers that all connot be understood but also cannot be avoided.

“The soon and the moon both have gravitational pulls towards earth. Gravitational forces cause water masses of the earth to move toward stellar bodies, creating tidal rhythm. The moon is the dominant element in the creation of the tidal rhythm, the sun the secondary. When the two are aligned on axis with the earth the gravitational pull is increased, creating a high tide.” 9

9 Empires of Time. Aveni, A. New York: Kondansha, 1989

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WADDEN SEA TIME The Wadden Sea is place shaped by natural rhythms. A tidal day is 24 hours and 50 minutes; one cycle is 12 hours and 25 minutes. The time is visible, it can be read in the wave formations in the sand, written down by water and wind. Every rhythm is a change. Every island is in flux, but with different rhythm. The actors in the change are the seasons, the breeding and life patterns of the animals, the day and the night.

The presence of waves is a constant image of time.

Tides are enormous waves. The smallest waves on Wadden Sea, the more thundering masses of water on the North Sea. But waves can be also temporarily represented by taking a still shape - by the sand pattern, a newly formed landscape, reborn and virginal.

The experience on Wadden sea is always framed by time, a frame dictated by the rhythm of nature.

A challenge is to try to obtain a synchronized sense of time. The limited time frame can be perceived as an event, a theater where all pass the experience together.

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FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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WADDEN SEA TIME LINEAR TIME The linear time indicates constant change. The Wadden Sea changes constantly- on the island the change appears faster, at the sea dike change occurs slowly.

CYCLICAL TIME The age of Wadden Sea is neither old, nor young. It is a zone of constant construction and destruction. It is a process of building by destroying, creating new land while vanishing other.

TIMELESSNESS Since the daily recreation of Wadden Sea, it seems untouched by man. This continuous recreation gives the sense of timelessness- while changing, it seems the same. A fixed element as the dike is the reference border, which will never change, it can measure change.

COMPOSTIE TIME: It is a synchronization of cultural and natural time in some way. As the good swimmer in the ocean whose heartbeat and breathing rhythm shouldbecome synchronized with the rhythm of the waves.

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ARCHITECTURE IN TIME The design site as part of Wadden sea must be considered as a dynamic entity.

As one takes a walk a series of experiences occur.

TIME IN DESIGN: A structure on Wadden Sea should reflect the time. In this way a building develops with time, it changes, gain age due to water and weather impact. Water stains, rusts, and allows microorganisms to change a building’s appearance - the weathering of the building not only changes and ages, it transforms the building form into a dynamic form.

Another aspect of time in design is a building as a mechanism, a natural clock, which tells the time. How architecture can highten the experience and understanding of time?

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II.CASE STUDEIS|TERSCHELLING AND VLIELAND|

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LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION |TERSCHELLING|

FRAMING THE LANDSCAPE. AN ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL FOR EXPERIENCING WADDEN SEA ISLANDS.

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SPACE QUALITIES |OPEN SPACES|

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SPACE QUALITIES |MORPHOLOGY|

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SPACE QUALITIES |BUILT SPACES|

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SPACE QUALITIES |CONNECTIONS|

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TERSCHELLING |STRATEGY| The project presents an evaluation of the space and natural qualities of each of both islands.

The space qualities include evaluation for open spaces, built space, morphology and connections.

The natural qualities of each island are described by mapping areas with unique natural landscape, ecology and climate presence.

The intersecion of both evaluations defines distinctive zones within the island with identification of points of intervention the harbor area and the remained physical structures of the bunkers form World War II. The program of each point fulfills and corresponds to the existing quality of every zone and together with the current local and touristic attractions build a route for experiencing the island.

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LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION |VLIELAND|

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SPACE QUALITIES |OPEN SPACES| Vlieland is the most natural island of all West Wadden Sea Island and lies farthest from the coast.

The island is densely covered in greenery, dunes, forests, wetlands and dessert.

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SPACE QUALITIES |MORPHOLOGY| The island consist purely of dunes with a settlement on the south-east side. The sand dunes were stabilised by means of artificial planting and extra coastal defences were added where the dune belt was particularly low or narrow. The large quantities of sand on the Vliehors flat and the prevailing westerly winds led to the formation of the highest dune on the Wadden Sea islands.

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SPACE QUALITIES |BUILT SPACES| The only surviving village (there had been two villages in the medieval and early modern period, but as a result of coastal erosion the village of West-Vlieland slipped into the sea in the early 18th century) is located on the Wadden side with a harbour. Most of the villages on the other islands have developed on higher grounds, on the transition between the dune zone and the marshland. However the history of habitation and cultivation of Vlieland differs from the other islands, giving an own unique character and the feeling of a place apart from the rest of the world.

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SPACE QUALITIES |CONNECTIONS| There is a high density of bicycles and footpaths on the island. Visitor’s cars are not allowed on the island which enhances the high natural quality of the island.

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VLIELAND |STRATEGY| The interpretaion of the natural qualities includes mapping of key zones with unique characteristics as landscape (dunes, polders, beach shoreline, dessert, forest), ecology (identification of present species as seals, oystercatchers, eurasian curlews, ducks, mussel beds) and climate ( defying locations where natural forces as tides, wind and winter severity could be experienced).

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VLIELAND |STRATEGY| The intersection between the natural and space qualities defines the island in 6 zones which offer a gradually changing experience of the island. Five of the zones have at least one identified point of intervention. One of the point is the ferry harbor area in the village of Oost Vlieland and the other points share the locations of the survived till today bunkers from the WWII. The program of each point is defined to enhence the potential of each zone and to fulfil the exisitng program. Altogether the points are part of a overall route for experiencing the Wadden Sea island.

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VLIELAND PRESENT LANDSCAPE Village of the Vlieland is located on the eastern part while the natural landscape, in the forms of narrow strip of dunes, is in the west and in the middle. The highest dune of the Wadden Sea islands, the 40-meters Vuurboetsduin, has been formed due to the vast amount of sand and the westerly winds. In the western part there are the Vliehors sandflats which creates the military area while on the opposite side the Kroon’s Polders forms the nature reserve.

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LANDSCAPE AND THE SETTLEMENT HISTORY At the beginning the Vlieland island contained two villages West-Vlieland and Oost-Vlieland but in the 18th century due to the coastal erosion the first one had been covered by the water. The island is prone to the erosion along the North Sea coastline so some intervension as breakwater had been made in the aim of protection.

The previous sources of income were shipping, maritime trade and fishing which later on changed to tourism.

On the opposite to the other islands there is no farming on Vlieland due to the lack of agricultural land. The presence of military exercise grounds creates work for 20% of the current labor force.

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LANDSCAPE AND THE SETTLEMENT HISTORY The main problem for the Oost-Vlieland occurred not to be water but the sand which was drifted to the village due to the wind. The solution for this issue was planting of a woodland in order to stabilize the sand. The previous treeless island gained the belt of forest around Village between the two World Wars.

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MODERN DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING |LAND USE|

In contrast to the other Dutch Wadden Sea islands Vlieland is small and amost all covered by natural landscape.

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MODERN DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING |SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT| Vlieland differs from the other islands thanks to the specific atmosphere of being separated with the rest of the world. The wide views, quietness and darkness underline the unique character of the island. The history of development and cultivation of Vlieland is different than other islands.

Usually villages were placed on higher grounds, between dune part and the marshland. On the contrary the only one remained village of Vlieland is located on the Wadden Sea site with a harbor.

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MODERN DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING |ECONOMY|

The tourism creates working positions for more than 40% inhabitants which states for the main source of income for the island.

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MODERN DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING |INFRASTRUCTURE|

Only inhabitants are allowed to have a car so the main transportation system is based on public busses and the bicycles.

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MODERN DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING |TOURISM | Vlieland island is famous for the family tourism. There is an opportunity for investment in the quality of the landscape and cultural heritage as this is seen to be important in attracting tourists. The policy for sustainable tourism for the Wadden Sea islands supports the objectives of quality and diversity. There are a lot of opportunities for designing cycle tours or walks around the islands while using the natural landscape of Vlieland. “In some locations there is a need for upgrading and widening the quality and appeal of the tourist accommodation. Discussion has started on how to design and build recreational housing in the dunes.

On Vlieland tourism is almost the only basis for the economy which is therefore rather fragile. Lack of investments in the quality of the tourist infrastructure can lead to a decline of the tourist economy and therefore a threat to the maintenance of the landscape and the cultural heritage of the island.� 10

10 Comparative Analysis of the Landscape and Cultural Heritage of Wadden Sea, Essex, County Council, February 2010

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SPACIAL PLANNING ASPECT

“The regional spatial plan for the province of Frysian, called Streekplan, is an important document in terms of the integrated management of landscape and heritage. This plan presents objectives for regional and local policy, as well as considering issues of landscape and heritage. Recently, the province of Frysian has finalised the new regional spatial plan where the essential qualities of the different landscapes of Frysian are described.

These qualities are seen as important and should be taken into account when making planning decisions. The recognition of the essential qualities of the landscapes, and the strengthening of them, is a primary objective. The plan (Streekplan) emphasises the need for protection of the historic landscape and protection by development.

In provincial (spatial) policy, the Frisian islands have a special position because of their very specific situation. The landscapes, the nature and the cultural heritage is highly valued, and the space for development is limited.

The general vision for developments on the island is to look for opportunities for improving the quality of the existing supply, instead of a further extension of it.�

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III. DESIGN PROPOSAL |VLIELAND|

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FIRST POINT OF INTERVENTION |HARBOUR OF VLIELAND|

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CURRENT SITUATION

In coresspondence with the last update of the community plan and on-going discussions on local and administrative level, a re-thinking of the zone including the ferry harbor and the village sqaure should be considered.

Nowadays, the square becomes fully flooded up to 6 times per year and half flooded monthly. This happens due to the unpredicted combination of high tide with wind direction and velocity. Floods are rather expected during the winter months.

The ferry can travel between the island, the mainland and Terschelling up to stormy weather defined as Beaufort 9.

But since the harbor is not adapted to the flooding phenomenon, people do not have access to the ferry during severe climate conditions.

The current ferry terminal building does not respond to the climate variations of the zone, has a weak presence into the city center and lower the quality of the surrounding space.

Currently , the village sqaure is used by the bus as a final stop of the route and a roundabout and this underestimates the waterfront attractivness and potential of the zone.

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current ferry terminal central village sqaure dike ferry boat beach during low tide

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THE DESIGN STRATEGY The design strategy of the zone aims to give practical solution of the defined problems, to improve the accessibility and quality of the space, to enhence touristic attractiveness and at same time to provide awareness for the particular unique qualities of the Wadden Sea Island.

Vlieland possess the richest nature and topography of all Dutch Wadden Sea Islands and this evaluation is crucial for the design approach.

In response to the often floods, the strategy targets to create a porous boundary between land and sea which can adapt to the rising and falling water level within the ferry harbor and village center.

In this way, the intensity of natural froces within the central urban area can become the main attractor for the locals and tourists.

People can synchronize their activities with the natural time of Wadden Sea and will be able to experience and appreciate the spontaniety and wilderness of the place.

The strategy introduces a new light structure as a dry connection between the village and the ferry that hosts societal spaces for locals and tourists and for the terminal building; an introduction of a new bycicle path that connects the village with the marina; changing the existing bus route and placing the bus stop in the periphery of the square. The sqaure extends its dimension and can host different temporary functions with varying area, according to the water presence and its level.

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THE CONCEPT OF INTERVENTION

The design intervention is presented step by step into series of diagrams: 1. Introducing of a design grid base resulted from the interpretation of the existing geometry.

2.Articulation of the ground level according to the design grid and the existing elements in the zone.

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THE CONCEPT OF INTERVENTION

The design intervention is presented step by step into series of diagrams: 3. Slightly changing the ground level by introducing a system of slopes in response to the high water level that causes flooding nowadays.

4. Defying a new connecting infrastructure between the village and ferry on upper level.

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THE CONCEPT OF INTERVENTION

The design intervention is presented step by step into series of diagrams: 5. Disposition of volumes as different societal spaces according to the urban morphology and infrastructure.

6. The building response to the rising water level and flooding in the future as a constant dry connection between the village and the ferry.

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GROUND LEVEL The ground level design provides a free space for spontaneous social activities. The square can be defined in several long stripes with different space quality.

The former street becomes part of the square that can host an open market annually with smaller risk of flooding due to the newly introduced slopes.

The zone between the coast and the street becomes the main gathering place, which can provide sitting places with changing horizon and perspective either to Wadden Sea or to the village urban area. The zone can host temporary activities synchronized with the dynamics of Wadden Sea. The coastline path becomes a pedestrian zone that leads to the new public sqaure next to the ferry.

The areas under the upper volumes can be used as temporary environmental shelters.

The slopes can prevent from full flooding of the sqaure or during severe storm can delay the full flooding reaching the houses.

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FIRST LEVEL The building is developed as a continuous infrastructure that bridges the distance between the dike and the ferry and provides direct accessibility from the sqaure and from the bus stop.

The building spaces are designed as interlocked volumes between the bridge and the light structure.

The building is functionally separated by a distribution platform which forms two zones - ferry terminal building and a series of semi - open spaces that can host different functions as community hall, bar, shop, observation spot, dike space. The volumes have dynamic appearance and can create naturally exposed or protected environment by controlling the density and overlaying of the wall - membrane elements .

The building becomes a new location for observation and exploring the surrounding landscape, adapted to all different climate conditions.

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WATERFRONT VILLAGE ELEVATION

The disposition of the volumes is synchronized with the exisitng front silhouette of traditional houses.

The new structure underlines the proportions of the exisitng buildings, introduce dynamics in the waterfront elevation and provides gentle framing of the surrounding landscape.

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ELEVATION OF THE FERRY BUILDING

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CROSS SECTION

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VIEW FROM THE BEACH DURING THE LOW TIDE

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TOP VIEW OF THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE AND SQUARE DURING THE LOW TIDE

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TOP VIEW OF THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE AND SQUARE DURING THE HIGH TIDE

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TOP VIEW OF THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE AND SQUARE DURING FLOODING

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VIEW FROM THE WATERFRONT HOUSES

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VIEW TO THE PUBLIC SQUARE AND COMMUNITY HALL

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VIEW FROM THE FERRY TERMINAL BUILDING

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VIEW FROM THE DIKE SPACE

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III. DESIGN PROPOSAL |VLIELAND|

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SECOND POINT OF INTERVENTION |BUNKER 10,5 cm EMPLACEMENT KRIEGSMARINE A-A BATTERY|

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CURRENT SITUATION

The second point for presenting a detailed design intervention is the remained bunker in zone E. The zone has high level of natural qualities - it includes the Kroon’s Polders which are unique for Wadden Sea with the rich presence of migrating spieces; on the east coast can be experienced the low and high tide of Wadden Sea. The zone includes a big variety of open spaces and rich topography, the accessibility is possible just by the main route, there are no built spaces into the zone, except the active millitary base.

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THE DESIGN STRATEGY The design intervention targets to place a new structure upon the existing bunker.

The orientation of the new structure depends on the remained walls of the bunker, the prevailing wind direction and velocity and the possibilty for providing maximum visibility to the high natural qualities of the zone.

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WIND DIRECTION

PHOTO: DIRK BRUIN,VLIELAND A 15 cm and 10.5 cm gun from the Royal Netherlands Navy , placed under bunkers build by the Navy after the World War II .

Shooting range Vlieland, November 1951 - November 1956 Rifle Mast Team Royal Navy From the collection of ; Vice Admiral W. J. Kruys . then Flag Officer Equipment, Department of the Navy

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PLAN OF THE NEW STRUCTURE

The remained bunker is part of the Kreigsmarine AA-Batterywhere, where only two of the five 10.5cm emplacements remained.

All the others were demolished in 1948 and 1980s.

It is a well preserved concrete hexagonal block with a central plan and centered hole on the ground level.

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PLAN OF THE NEW STRUCTURE The sqaure plan of the new structure is placed symetrically upon the existing hexagonal as the supporting system adapts to the original wall system of the bunker and interpretes already applied structural principle for the ferry terminal building.

The organisation of the space depends on the climate conditions. There is a possibility to be created a warm protected zone as a sleeping place by overlaying several wind - proof membranes. During warm climate, the structure can be completely open.

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ELEVATION, SECTION Due to the weekly activities in the nearby millitary base, the program of the new structure is a memorial point in the weekdays and environmental and societal shelter in the weekends.

Moreover, the structure can be used anually by nature scientists as a lobarotary space and an observation spot.

Centrally in the shelter is located a public telescope on three levels. It provides various points of view to the surrounding area and to the rich migrating species, and at the same time gives the possibility to memorize, observe and explore the underground bunker.

The new structure aims to reflect fully the natural conditions into the zone and its dynamic silhouette vanishes into the constantly changing environment, providing series of possibilities for framing the landscape and experiencing the Wadden Sea Island.

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VIEW OF THE STRUCTURE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ECOLOGY

BACKGROUND PHOTO DIRK BRUIN - VLIELAND

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VIEW OF THE STRUCTURE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF MORPHOLOGY

BACKGROUND PHOTO DIRK BRUIN - VLIELAND

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VIEW OF STRUCTURE FROM THE EXISTING BUNKER

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1|Janson Alban, Tigges Florian, Foundamental concepts of Architecture, Birkhauser: Basel: 2013 2|Christian Norberg-Schulz: Genius Loci, Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture, Rizzoli, New York, 1980 3|Ian L. Mc Harg, Design with Nature, John Wiley & Sons: London: 1995 (orig. ed. 1969) 4|Fransje Hooimeijer, H. Meyer, A. Nienhuis, Atlas of Dutch water cities, Sun Architecture, 2005 5|Carrera Judit, In favour of public space : ten years of the European prize for urban public space, Barcelona : CCCB : Actar, 2010.

6|Gilles Deleuze, Desert Islands: and Other Texts, 1953--1974, 2004 Semiotext(e) 7|San Rocco 01/Island, San Rocco 8|Islands and Atolls, Pamphlet Architecture 33 9|Hans T. J. Coppe, Wadden Sea, University of Calgary 10|Karsten Reise, A natural history of Wadden Sea, Waddenacademie, 2013 11|Waddenacademie KNAW, Wadden monitoring in the spotlight, Wadden Sea Long-Term Ecosystem Research (WaLTER), 2010

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

12|Waddenacademie KNAW, The Wadden Sea Region – A World Class Cultural Landscape, Leeuwarden: Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (CWSS),Wilhelmshaven 13|A report by the World Wide Fund for Nature, The Common Future of the Wadden Sea, 1991 14|Jos Bosman, Leisure as a programme, pure nature as a location, OASE 64 15|Hans Teerds, Public realm, public space. An architectural reading of The Human Condition, OASE 77 16|Vittorio Gregotti, The Form of the Territory, OASE 80 17|Hans Teerds, The Wonder goes out of Land, OASE 80 18|Patricio Del Real, Wandering Around. Architecture as Threshold between Territory and Peotry, OASE 80 19|Karl Beelen, The Map’s Critical Project. Or, What Do Maps Want?, OASE 80 20|Andrea Oldani, Designing Unstable Landscapes, Paper No. 196, 2nd ICAUD International Conference in Architecture and Urban Design Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, 08-10 May 2014

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