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Test Bank for Campbell Biology, 10th Edition, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry,
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Test Bank for Campbell Biology, 10th Edition, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Visit TestBankMall.com to get complete for all chapters
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Evolution, the themes of biology, and scientific inquiry
• Unit 1. The chemistry of life. The chemical context of life
• Water and life
• Carbon and the molecular diversity of life
• The structure and function of large biological molecules
• Unit 2. The cell. A tour of the cell
• Membrane structure and function
• An introduction to metabolism
• Cellular respiration and fermentation
• Photosynthesis
• Cell communication
• The cell cycle
• Unit 3. Genetics. Meiosis and sexual life cycles
• Mendel and the gene idea
• The chromosomal basis of inheritance
• The molecular basis of inheritance
• Gene expression : from gene to protein
• Regulation of gene expression
• Viruses
• DNA tools and biotechnology
• Genomes and their evolution
• Unit 4. Mechanisms of evolution. Descent with modification : a Darwinian view of life
• The evolution of populations
• The origin of species
• The history of life on earth
• Unit 5. The evolutionary history of biological diversity. Phylogeny and the tree of life
• Bacteria and archaea
• Protists
• Plant diversity I : how plants colonized land
• Plant diversity II : the evolution of seed plants
• Fungi
• An overview of animal diversity
• An introduction to invertebrates
• The origin and evolution of vertebrates
• Unit 6. Plant form and function. Vascular plant structure, growth, and development
• Resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants
• Soil and plant nutrition
• Angiosperm reproduction and biotechnology
• Plant responses to internal and external signals
• Unit 7. Animal form and function. Basic principles of animal form and function
• Animal nutrition
• Circulation and gas exchange
• The immune system
• Osmoregulation and excretion
• Hormones and the endocrine system
• Animal reproduction
• Animal development
• Neurons, synapses, and signaling
• Nervous systems
• Sensory and motor mechanisms
• Animal behavior
• Unit 8. Ecology. An introduction to ecology and the biosphere
• Population ecology
• Community ecology
• Ecosystems and restoration ecology
• Conservation biology and global change.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of French enterprise in Africa
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Title: French enterprise in Africa the personal narrative of Lieut. Hourst of his exploration of the Niger
Author: Hourst
Translator: N. D'Anvers
Release date: September 14, 2023 [eBook #71649]
Language: English
Original publication: London: Chapman & Hall, Ld, 1898
Credits: Galo Flordelis (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH ENTERPRISE IN AFRICA ***
F E A
THE PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF LIEUT HOURST OF HIS
Exploration of the Niger
T M ARTHUR BELL (N D’A )
AUTHOR OF ‘THE ELEMENTARY HISTORY OF ART,’ ‘THE SCIENCE LADDERS,’ ETC
WITH 190 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP
LONDON:
CHAPMAN & HALL, L 1898
[All rights reserved]
R C S , L , London & Bungay
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
T appearance of this brightly-written record of an adventurous voyage down the Niger, from Timbuktu to the sea, such as has never before been accomplished, is just now peculiarly opportune, when attention is so much concentrated on the efforts of the French to extend their influence in Africa, especially in the Western Sudan.
The author of the Exploration of the Niger is, of course, greatly prejudiced against England, and his jealous hostility to those he habitually calls “our rivals” peeps out at every turn, but for all that the work he has done is good and valuable work, adding much to the knowledge of the Niger itself, its basin, and the various tribes occupying the riverside districts. It is remarkable, that in spite of much opposition Lieutenant Hourst managed to keep the peace with the natives from the first start from Timbuktu to the arrival at Bussa. Whilst the footprints of too many of his predecessors were marked in blood, he and his party passed by without the loss of a single life, and in this most noteworthy peculiarity of his journey, the brave and patient young leader may claim to rank even with that great pioneer of African discovery, David Livingstone.
True the Lieutenant owed the good relations he was able to maintain with the chiefs to a fiction, for acting on the advice of a certain Béchir Uld Mbirikat, a native of Twat, whom he had met at Timbuktu, he passed himself off as the nephew of Dr. Barth, the great German traveller, who had everywhere won the love and respect of the people with whom he was brought in contact. Assuming the name of Abdul Kerim, or the Servant of the Most High, the Frenchman solved all the difficulties which threatened to stop his progress by the simple assertion that he was the nephew of Abdul Kerim, as Barth was and still is called in the Sudan. “I was thus able,” says Abdul Kerim, “to emerge safely from every situation, however embarrassing,” explaining that the natives do not
distinguish between different European nationalities, but simply class all together as “the whites.”
Apart from this initial falsehood, of which the Lieutenant does not seem to be in the least ashamed, his dealings with the natives were marked by perfect straightforwardness; every promise, however trivial, made to one of them he faithfully performed, whilst from the officers under him and the coolies in his service he won the utmost devotion and love. He deserves indeed very great credit for the ever ready tact with which he turned aside rather than met the difficulties assailing him at every turn, and Dr. Barth would have had no cause to be ashamed of his relative if the young gentleman had indeed been his nephew.
Lieutenant Hourst’s chapter on the much misjudged Tuaregs is especially interesting, and, most noteworthy fact, full of hope for the future. He attributes their many excellent qualities to their reverence for their women. The husband of one wife only, the Tuareg warrior looks up to that wife with something of the chivalrous devotion of the knights of the Middle Ages, presenting in this respect a very marked contrast to his Mahommedan neighbours, of whom, by the way, the Frenchman has the lowest possible opinion; charging them with a total disregard of morality, beneath the cloak of an assumed religious zeal. On the so-called marabouts he is especially severe, giving many instances of the evil influence they exercise over the simpleminded natives.
It would be unfair to the author to spoil the interest of his narrative by any further revelations of its contents; suffice it to add, that in spite of his all too-evident bias against the English, he is unable to deny that he was kindly treated by the individual members of the Royal Niger Company, with whom he came in contact. His only wish, he naïvely remarks, is that some of the warm-hearted men who welcomed him back to civilization had belonged to his own nationality. There is something truly pathetic in the plea with which the courageous young explorer winds up his record of his year of arduous work, and yet more arduous waiting, hoping against hope for the instructions from home which never came. He knows, he says, that all the countries suitable for colonization—Australia was
the last of them—are already occupied by “our rivals,” but there is still room, he thinks, for French “colonies of exploration,” where talented young men, unable to find a career in their native country, may usefully employ their energies in turning the natural wealth of French acquisitions to account. That is all he hopes for; but he cannot help adding a few touching words of appeal to the French colonial authorities, asking them to cease from sending out expeditions only to abandon them to their fate, taking no notice of their requests for instructions or for help.
Reading between the lines of this record of a brave struggle against terrible odds, it is only too easy to realize that the policy of prevarication of the French Government in all matters colonial is a well-considered policy, as astute as it is unfair, alike to the gallant officers in command of abortive exploring expeditions as to the “rivals” so cordially disliked.
N B .
Southbourne-on-Sea, October 1898
WASHERWOMEN OF SAY. CONTENTS CHAP PAGE TRANSLATOR’S NOTE. vii I. AN ABORTIVE START 1 II FROM KAYES TO TIMBUKTU 41 III FROM TIMBUKTU TO TOSAYE 93 IV. FROM TOSAYE TO FAFA 151 V. THE TUAREGS 199 VI. FROM FAFA TO SAY 250 VII STAY AT SAY 295 VIII MISTAKES AND FALSE NEWS 356 IX. FROM SAY TO BUSSA 403
X. FROM BUSSA TO THE SEA; CONCLUSION OF OUR VOYAGE 446 EPILOGUE 498 INDEX 513
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE LIEUTENANT HOURST Frontispiece WASHERWOMEN OF SAY xi MARKET PLACE, ST. LOUIS 1 NATIVES OF THE BANKS OF THE SENEGAL 5 NAVAL ENSIGN BAUDRY 15 THE PORT OF DAKAR 21 PART OF THE DAKAR ST LOUIS LINE 24 RAILWAY BUFFET AT TIVIWANE 25 THE QUAY AT ST. LOUIS 26 A STREET IN ST LOUIS 27 BUBAKAR-SINGO 27 THE COOLIES ENGAGED AT ST. LOUIS 28 THE ‘BRIÈRE DE L’ISLE’ 30 THE MARKET-PLACE AT ST LOUIS 31 GOVERNMENT HOUSE, KAYES 32 ON THE SENEGAL 40 EN ROUTE 41 LEFEBVRE CARTS UNHARNESSED 42 LOADING OUR CONVOY 43 LIEUTENANT BLUZET 45 CROSSING A MARIGOT 46 WE ALL HAVE TO RUSH TO THE RESCUE 47 OUR TETHERED MULES 48 DOCTOR TABURET 51 ARRIVAL AT KOLIKORO 53 BANKS OF THE RIVER AT KOLIKORO 55 REPAIRING THE ‘AUBE’ 58
TIGHTENING THE BOLTS OF THE ‘DAVOUST’ 59 PROCESSION OF BOYS AFTER CIRCUMCISION 59 THE SACRED BAOBAB OF KOLIKORO 61 THE FLEET OF MY EXPEDITION 63 DIGUI AND THE COOLIES OF THE ‘JULES DAVOUST’ 65 MADEMBA 67 YAKARÉ 70 LARGE NIGER CANOES 72 THE TOMB OF HAMET BECKAY AT SAREDINA 76 SARAFÉRÉ 77 A MOSQUE AT TIMBUKTU 83 FATHER HACQUART 85 WE LEAVE KABARA 91 AT TIMBUKTU 92 DROVE OF OXEN 93 THE ‘AUBE’ AND HER CREW 95 INTERVIEW WITH ALUATTA 108 A LITTLE SLAVE GIRL OF RHERGO 109 TUAREGS AND SHERIFFS AT RHERGO 110 OUR PALAVER AT RHERGO 111 ARRIVAL AT THE VILLAGE OF RHERGO 113 TRADERS AT RHERGO 115 SO-CALLED SHERIFFS OF RHERGO 116 THE ‘DAVOUST’ AT ANCHOR OFF RHERGO 117 POLITICAL ANXIETIES 119 SAKHAUI’S ENVOYS 124 OUR COOLIES’ CAMP AT ZARHOI 127 OUR BICYCLE SUZANNE AMONGST THE TUAREGS 132 OUR PALAVER AT SAKHIB’S CAMP 133 THE VILLAGE OF GUNGI 135 OUR PEOPLE SHELLING OUR RICE AT GUNGI 137 SHERIFF’S HOUSE AT GUNGI 139 WEAVERS AT GUNGI 141 FATHER HACQUART AND HIS LITTLE FRIEND 143
LITTLE NEGROES AT EGUEDECHE 145 TAKING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS 150 TOSAYE, WITH THE BAROR AND CHABAR ROCKS 151 THE ROCK BAROR AT TOSAYE 155 THE TADEMEKET ON A DUNE ON THE BANKS OF THE NIGER 159 PANORAMA OF GAO ON THE SITE OF THE ANCIENT GARO 169 PALAVER AT GAO 171 BORNU 180 BABA, WITH THE ROCKS ABOVE ANSONGO 181 THE KEL ES SUK OF ANSONGO REFUSE TO SUPPLY US WITH GUIDES 183 DISTRIBUTION OF PRESENTS TO THE TUAREGS AT BURÉ 187 THE ‘DANTEC’ EXPLORING THE PASS 188 BURÉ 189 CANOES AT BURÉ 190 FLOCKS AND HERDS AT BURÉ 191 GUIDES GIVEN TO US BY IDRIS 192 PALAVER WITH DJAMARATA 195 TUAREGS 198 AN AMRI SHEPHERD 199 TUAREGS 203 A GROUP OF TUAREGS 208 TUAREGS 211 A TUAREG WOMAN 220 A TUAREG IN HIS NATIONAL COSTUME 223 TUAREGS 227 TUAREG HORSEMAN 232 MOORS AND TUAREGS 234 A YOUNG TUAREG 239 TUAREGS 245 AN AFRICAN CAMEL 249 AN ISOLATED TREE AT FAFA 250 FAFA 251 KARU WITH MILLET GRANARIES 252 THE LABEZENGA RAPIDS 253
THE ‘AUBE’ IN THE RAPIDS 258 THE ‘AUBE’ IN THE LAST LABEZENGA RAPID 262 LOOKING UP-STREAM FROM KATUGU 263 THE CHIEF OF AYURU 264 AN ISLAND BETWEEN AYURU AND KENDADJI 266 A ROCKY HILL NEAR KENDADJI 267 FARCA 274 OUR SINDER GUIDES 276 AT SANSAN-HAUSSA 279 THE BOBO RAPIDS 283 VIEW OF SAY 287 CANOES AT SAY 291 OUR GUIDES’ CANOE 294 THE ‘AUBE’ AT FORT ARCHINARD 295 VIEW OF OUR ISLAND AND OF THE SMALL ARM OF THE RIVER 297 FORT ARCHINARD 301 FORT ARCHINARD 303 OSMAN 305 PULLO KHALIFA 308 A TYPICAL KURTEYE 309 THE ARABU 310 A FEMALE TUAREG BLACKSMITH IN THE SERVICE OF IBRAHIM GALADIO 315 REPAIRING THE ‘AUBE’ 319 OUR MARKET AT FORT ARCHINARD 321 MARKET AT FORT ARCHINARD 322 A YOUNG GIRL OF SAY 324 TYPICAL NATIVES AT THE FORT ARCHINARD MARKET 326 WOMEN OF SAY 330 FORT ARCHINARD 335 OUR COOLIES AT THEIR TOILETTE 338 A WOMAN OF SAY 340 A NATIVE WOMAN WITH GOITRE 342 A TOWER OF FORT ARCHINARD 346 THE MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION AT FORT ARCHINARD 349
OUR QUICK-FIRING GUN 355 NATIVES OF SAY 356 TALIBIA 360 TALIBIA 362 GALADIO’S GRANDSON 365 THE ‘DAVOUST’ IN HER DRY DOCK 370 TYPICAL MARKET WOMEN 375 THE MARKET AT FORT ARCHINARD 376 A WOMAN OF SAY 378 ENVOYS FROM THE CHIEF OF KIBTACHI 380 A COBBLER OF MOSSI 383 FORT ARCHINARD 385 A MARKET WOMAN 387 A FULAH WOMAN 389 LAUNCHING OF THE ‘AUBE’ AT SAY 392 TAYORO AND MODIBO KONNA 394 A YOUNG GIRL AT FORT ARCHINARD 396 THE BURNING OF FORT ARCHINARD 401 A YOUNG KURTEYE 402 NATIVES OF MALALI 403 ROCKY BANKS ABOVE KOMPA 405 A FOREST ON THE BANKS OF THE NIGER 407 THE BANKS OF THE NIGER NEAR KOMPA 409 OUR COOLIES WASHING THEIR CLOTHES 415 THE MARIGOT OR CREEK OF TENDA 418 GIRRIS 426 GIRRIS CANOES 431 OUR GUIDE AMADU 437 DJIDJIMA 441 THE NIGER BELOW RUPIA 443 A PALAVER 445 THE SO-CALLED NIGRITIAN, THE OLD PONTOON OF YOLA 446 VIEW OF BUSSA 447 NATIVES OF BUSSA 448
CANOES AT BUSSA 449 WOMEN OF BUSSA 450 WOMEN OF BUSSA 451 TRUMPETERS OF BUSSA 452 WOMEN OF BUSSA 455 AMONG THE RAPIDS 458 THE RAPIDS BELOW BUSSA 461 AMONG THE RAPIDS 463 GEBA 472 RABBA 477 IGGA 478 MOUNT RENNEL ABOVE LOKODJA 485 NATIVES OF AFRICA 497 MEDAL OF THE FRENCH SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 501 MEDAL OF THE ‘SOCIÉTÉ D’ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE’ 503 MEDAL OF THE LYONS GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 505 MEDAL OF THE MARSEILLES GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 507 MEDAL OF THE CHER GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 509 NATIVES OF SANSAN HAUSSA 510 GRAND MEDAL OF THE PARIS SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY 511 [Map]
MARKET PLACE, ST. LOUIS.
THE EXPLORATION OF THE NIGER
LIEUTENANT HOURST.