13. VECTOR FUNCTIONS
Vector Functions and Space Curves. Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions. Arc Length and Curvature. Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration. Applied Project: Kepler’s Laws. Review. Problems Plus.
14. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES.
Functions of Several Variables. Limits and Continuity. Partial Derivatives. Tangent Planes and Linear Approximation. Applied Project: The Speedo LZR Race Suit. The Chain Rule. Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector. Maximum and Minimum Values. Applied
Project: Designing a Dumpster. Discovery Project: Quadratic Approximations and Critical Points. Lagrange Multipliers. Applied Project: Rocket Science. Applied Project: Hydro-Turbine Optimization. Review. Problems Plus.
15. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
Double Integrals over Rectangles. Double Integrals over General Regions. Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates. Applications of Double Integrals. Surface Area. Triple Integrals. Discovery Project: Volumes of Hyperspheres. Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates. Discovery
Project: The Intersection of Three Cylinders. Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates. Applied
Project: Roller Derby. Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals. Review. Problems Plus.
16. VECTOR CALCULUS.
Vector Fields. Line Integrals. The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals. Green’s Theorem. Curl and Divergence. Parametric Surfaces and Their Areas. Surface Integrals. Stokes’ Theorem. Writing Project: Three Men and Two Theorems. The Divergence Theorem. Summary. Review. Problems Plus.
17. SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Second-Order Linear Equations. Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations. Applications of SecondOrder Differential Equations. Series Solutions. Review. Problems Plus.
APPENDIXES.
A Numbers, Inequalities, and Absolute Values. B Coordinate Geometry and Lines. C Graphs of Second-Degree Equations. D Trigonometry. E Sigma Notation. F Proofs of Theorems. G The Logarithm Defined as an Integral. H Complex Numbers. I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises.
INDEX.
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why will he be a cause of guilt unto Israel?] Compare Leviticus iv 3, “if the anointed priest shall sin so as to bring guilt on the people” (Revised Version). The community is a unit, and the guilt of one falls on all.
⁴Nevertheless the king’s word prevailed against Joab. Wherefore Joab departed, and went throughout all Israel, and came to Jerusalem.
4. came to Jerusalem] In 2 Samuel xxiv. 4‒8 the route is described and the time taken in the numbering is stated, nine months and twenty days
⁵And Joab gave up the sum of the numbering of the people unto David. And all they of Israel were a thousand thousand and an hundred thousand men that drew sword: and Judah was four hundred threescore and ten thousand men that drew sword.
5. they of Israel] Chronicles gives Israel as 1,100,000 and Judah as 470,000; 2 Samuel gives Israel as 800,000 and Judah as 500,000. It is difficult to correlate these figures. There are, however, reasons for thinking that the last part of the verse and Judah was 470,000, etc., may be a gloss. If so, then the 200,000 less in Chronicles (1,300,000 in Samuel; 1,100,000 in Chronicles, where Israel would as so often denote both Israel and Judah) might well be explained as an allowance for the exclusion of Levi and Benjamin (see verse 6).
that drew sword] All males over twenty years of age; compare Numbers i. 20.
⁶But Levi and Benjamin counted he not among them: for the king’s word was abominable to Joab.
6. Levi] In Numbers i. 49 it is ordained that Levi is not to be numbered among the children of Israel, i.e. treated as liable to military service. The Levites were, however, numbered separately: Numbers iii. 15, xxvi. 57. In 2 Samuel there is nothing to correspond with this verse, Levi and Benjamin being there reckoned in the census. Why the Chronicler excludes Benjamin as well as Levi it is not easy to see.
⁷And God was displeased with this thing; therefore he smote Israel.
7. he smote Israel] with the plague.
⁸And David said unto God, I have sinned greatly, in that I have done this thing: but now, put away, I beseech thee, the iniquity of thy servant; for I have done very foolishly.
8. put away ... the iniquity] Render perhaps, remove the punishment; compare Genesis iv. 13, Revised Version with margin: also 1 Samuel xxviii. 10.
⁹And the L spake unto Gad, David’s seer, saying,
9. And the L spake] The historian now retraces his steps to describe the circumstances which heralded the approach of the plague.
Gad] He is three times mentioned in Chronicles, each time as a “seer,” viz. xxi. 9 (= 2 Samuel xxiv. 11); xxix. 29; 2 Chronicles xxix. 25. He was perhaps an older contemporary of Nathan, who bears the more modern title of “prophet” (compare 1 Samuel ix. 9).
¹⁰Go and speak unto David, saying, Thus saith the L , I offer¹ thee three things; choose thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee. ¹¹So Gad came to David, and said unto him, Thus saith the L , Take which thou wilt;
¹ Hebrew stretch out unto.
10. I offer thee three things] The offer is a test of David’s character, just as God’s different offer in 2 Chronicles i. 7 was a test of Solomon’s.
¹²either three years of famine; or three months to be consumed before thy foes, while that the sword of thine enemies overtaketh thee; or else three days the sword of the L , even ¹ pestilence in the land, and the angel of the L destroying throughout all the coasts of Israel. Now therefore consider what answer I shall return to him that sent me.
¹ Or, and.
12. three years of famine] 2 Samuel, seven years of famine (LXX. however three, as Chronicles).
three months to be consumed] The correct text, however, is probably that found in 2 Samuel xxiv. 13, or wilt thou flee three months?
the angel of the L ] Compare 2 Kings xix. 35; Acts xii. 23.
coasts] Render, borders, i.e. through the whole land.
¹³And David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait: let me fall now into the hand of the L ; for very great¹ are his mercies: and let me not fall into the hand of man.
¹ Or, many
13. into the hand of the L ] The answer reveals the sincerity and efficacy of David’s penitence: a right spirit is renewed within him. He now chooses to trust in God.
¹⁴So the L sent a pestilence upon Israel: and there fell of Israel seventy thousand men.
14. there fell of Israel] 2 Samuel adds, from Dan even to Beersheba. The pestilence was throughout the whole land.
¹⁵And God sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it: and as he was about to destroy, the L beheld, and he repented him of the evil, and said to the destroying angel, It is enough; now stay thine hand. And the angel of the L stood by the threshing-floor of Ornan¹ the Jebusite.
¹ In 2 Samuel xxiv. 16, &c., Araunah.
15. unto Jerusalem] The peril of the plague extends until Jerusalem itself is threatened.
he repented him] Compare Genesis vi. 6; 1 Samuel xv. 11, 35; Jonah iii. 10, etc.
It is enough] The sudden cessation of this pestilence has numerous parallels in the history of epidemics.
the threshing-floor of Ornan] The Chronicler makes this threshing-floor the site of the Temple. The author of Samuel is silent on the point. Compare notes on verses 25, 28, and especially xxii. 1.
Ornan] This is the form of the name throughout this chapter, but in 2 Samuel xxiv the Ḳerī gives everywhere Araunah The Kethīb of Samuel, however, offers various forms, one of which (to be read Ornah, verse 16) approximates to the form given in Chronicles Variation in reproducing foreign names is common; see note on xviii. 5 (Damascus), and on 2 Chronicles xxxvi. 6 (Nebuchadnezzar).
¹⁶And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of the L stand between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders, clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces.
16. saw the angel] The full description of the vision is peculiar to Chronicles; compare 2 Samuel xxiv. 17.
and the elders, clothed in sackcloth] The wearing of sackcloth was doubtless accompanied by fasting; compare Jonah iii. 5.
¹⁷And David said unto God, Is it not I that commanded the people to be numbered? even I it is that have sinned and done very wickedly; but these sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray thee, O L my God, be against me, and against my father’s house; but not against thy people, that they should be plagued. ¹⁸Then the angel of the L commanded Gad to say to David, that David should go up, and rear an altar unto the L in the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite. ¹⁹And David went up at the saying of Gad, which he spake in the name of the L .
17. let thine hand ... be against me] Compare Moses’ intercession in Exodus xxxii. 32; but Moses was innocent, David guilty.
²⁰And Ornan turned back, and saw the angel; and his four sons that were with him hid themselves. Now Ornan was threshing wheat.
20. hid themselves] in fear, lest they too should see the angel of Jehovah and their lives be thereby imperilled, compare Judges vi. 22, xiii. 22.
²¹And as David came to Ornan, Ornan looked and saw David, and went out of the threshingfloor, and bowed himself to David with his face to the ground.
21. was threshing wheat] By driving oxen over it; compare verse 23.
²²Then David said to Ornan, Give me the place of this threshing-floor, that I may build thereon an altar unto the L : for the full price shalt thou give it me: that the plague may be stayed from the people.
22. the place of this threshing-floor] The expression implies perhaps that David bought more than the mere area of the threshingfloor.
for the full price] Genesis xxiii. 9 (Revised Version).
²³And Ornan said unto David, Take it to thee, and let my lord the king do that which is good in his eyes: lo, I give thee the oxen for burnt offerings, and the threshing instruments for wood, and the wheat for the meal offering; I give it all. ²⁴And king David said to Ornan, Nay; but I will verily buy it for the full price: for I will not take that which is thine for the L , nor offer a burnt offering without cost.
23. the meal offering] Compare Leviticus ii. 1‒16.
²⁵So David gave to Ornan for the place six hundred shekels of gold by weight.
25. gave ... for the place six hundred shekels of gold by weight] In 2 Samuel xxiv. 24, bought the threshing-floor and the oxen for fifty
shekels of silver The huge discrepancy here between Chronicles and Samuel is noteworthy. If the price in Samuel, 50 shekels of silver for threshing-floor and oxen, seems somewhat small (compared with the 400 shekels paid by Abraham for the cave of Machpelah, Genesis xxiii. 15‒17), the 600 shekels of gold in Chronicles is extravagantly large. It is accounted for by the fact that the Chronicler regarded the transaction, not as the acquisition merely of the site for the altar but of the area on which the Temple was afterwards built (see verse 22). No sum could well seem too large for the purchase of ground destined to be so holy The figure 600 may have been chosen on the ground that it was equal to a payment of 50 shekels for each tribe.
²⁶And David built there an altar unto the L , and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings, and called upon the L ; and he answered him from heaven by fire upon the altar of burnt offering. ²⁷And the L commanded the angel; and he put up his sword again into the sheath thereof.
26. peace offerings] See xvi. 1, note. At the end of the verse LXX. (compare Peshitṭa) adds, and consumed the burnt offering. Compare Leviticus ix. 24; 1 Kings xviii. 38. The fire is not mentioned in 2 Samuel.
C XXI. 28‒C XXII. 1. T S S T .
²⁸At that time, when David saw that the L had answered him in the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite, then he sacrificed there.
28. At that time, etc.] The construction of this section must be carefully noted. chapter xxi. 28 is continued by chapter xxii. i, verses 29, 30 of chapter xxi. being a parenthesis. The division of chapters here is unfortunate.
At that time] The phrase is taken up by “Then” of xxii. 1. The Chronicler wishes us to note that David regarded the success of his intercession at the floor of Ornan as an indication that this floor was God’s approved site for the Temple.
²⁹For the tabernacle of the L , which Moses made in the wilderness, and the altar of burnt offering, were at that time in the high place at Gibeon.
29. For] The beginning of a parenthesis.
the tabernacle of the L ] See the prefatory note to chapter xiii.; also compare xvi. 1, 39, and 2 Chronicles i. 3.
³⁰But David could not go before it to inquire of God: for he was afraid because of the sword of the angel of the L .
30. he was afraid] Or, he was terrified. The Hebrew word is unusual.
C XXII.
¹Then David said, This is the house of the L God, and this is the altar of burnt
offering for Israel.
1. Then] The word refers back to xxi. 28, At that time.
David said] The king acts in conformity with the law contained in Deuteronomy xii. 5, 6.
This is the house of the L , etc.] Hence the necessity for relating the story of David’s sinful action in taking the census. The Chronicler’s desire to show only the idealistic aspect of David’s life has frequently been pointed out. The present section, then, is notable as showing very clearly how even this desire was made to yield to the supreme object of relating the Divinely-guided origin and growth of the Temple and its worship.
2‒19.
D ’ P B T . H S P .
It is of course quite probable that preparations for a Temple were begun in David’s time, but the picture given in this chapter must not be taken as historically true, the material being of a general character such as the imagination could readily supply, and the figures mentioned in verse 14 being impossibly exaggerated. The chapter in fact is the outcome of the Chronicler’s zealous but uncritical mind working in the belief that, not Solomon, but the pious David was the “moving spirit in the great enterprise.” As Moses led Israel to Jordan’s brink, so David (he thought) must stop short only at the actual building of the Temple.
²And David commanded to gather together the strangers that were in the land of Israel; and he set masons to hew wrought stones to build the house of God. ³And David prepared iron in abundance for the nails for the doors of
the gates, and for the couplings; and brass in abundance without weight;
2. the strangers] Compare 2 Chronicles ii. 17; viii. 7‒9. Hewing of stone was regarded as task-work unfit for free men. This verse is simply an anticipation of the preparations recorded in Solomon’s reign: see 2 Chronicles ii. 1, 17.
wrought stones] All the stone used for the building of the Temple was previously cut to the right size; compare 1 Kings vi. 7.
⁴and cedar trees without number: for the Zidonians and they of Tyre brought cedar trees in abundance to David.
4. Zidonians and they of Tyre] Compare 1 Kings v. 1‒6 (15‒20, Hebrew).
⁵And David said, Solomon my son is young and tender, and the house that is to be builded for the L must be exceeding magnifical, of fame and of glory throughout all countries: I will therefore make preparation for it. So David prepared abundantly before his death.
⁶Then he called for Solomon his son, and charged him to build an house for the L , the God of Israel.
5. exceeding magnifical] The Temple took seven years in building, and it was richly overlaid with gold, but its proportions were small, viz., about 90 ft. × 45 ft. × 30 ft. These small proportions, are not surprising, for the Temple itself required only to be big enough to
hold its furniture. The courts, however, were of large extent, that they might afford room for worshippers at the times of the great feasts.
Note the archaic magnifical = splendid, stately (magnificent). It is found of course in the Authorized Version (1611), and also in the Geneva Bible (1560); compare Starkey, England, ii. i. 176 (1538), “Gudly cytes and townys wyth magnyfycal and gudly housys.”
⁷And David said to Solomon his son ¹ , As for me, it was in my heart to build an house unto the name of the L my God.
¹ According to another reading, My son, as for me &c.
7. said to Solomon his son] So Kethīb; the margin, said to Solomon, My son, follows the Ḳerī.
unto the name] Compare Deuteronomy xii. 5; 2 Samuel vii. 13.
⁸But the word of the L came to me, saying, Thou hast shed blood abundantly, and hast made great wars: thou shalt not build an house unto my name, because thou hast shed much blood upon the earth in my sight:
8. Thou hast shed blood abundantly] Compare xxviii. 3; in 1 Kings v. 3 Solomon tells Hiram that David wished to build a temple, but was hindered from his design by war.
⁹behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a man of rest; and I will give him rest from all his enemies round about: for his name shall
be Solomon¹ , and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel in his days:
¹ That is, Peaceful.
9. I will give him rest] Compare 1 Kings v. 4. The promise here made is of a period of peace sufficiently long for the work of Templebuilding. Solomon’s reign was not wholly peaceful; compare 1 Kings xi. 14, 23, 26.
¹⁰he shall build an house for my name; and he shall be my son, and I will be his father; and I will establish the throne of his kingdom over Israel for ever. ¹¹Now, my son, the L be with thee; and prosper thou, and build the house of the L thy God, as he hath spoken concerning thee. ¹²Only the L give thee discretion and understanding, and give thee charge concerning Israel; that so thou mayest keep the law of the L thy God.
10. for ever] Compare 2 Samuel vii. 13‒16.
¹³Then shalt thou prosper, if thou observe to do the statutes and the judgements which the L charged Moses with concerning Israel: be strong, and of good courage; fear not, neither be dismayed.
13. be strong, and of good courage] Compare Joshua i. 9.
¹⁴Now, behold, in my affliction¹ I have prepared for the house of the L an hundred thousand talents of gold, and a thousand thousand talents of silver; and of brass and iron without weight; for it is in abundance: timber also and stone have I prepared; and thou mayest add thereto.
¹ Or, low estate.
14. in my affliction] LXX. κατὰ τὴν πτωχείαν μου, and so margin in my low estate The exact meaning of the phrase is not quite certain. Does it refer to the comparative slenderness of David’s resources (in my poverty), or to the difficulties of the wars and rebellions which marked his reign, or does it cover both ideas? Render perhaps in my straitened circumstances. Some translate by my strenuous labour (compare xxix. 2), but there is insufficient evidence for rendering the Hebrew word by labour.
an hundred thousand talents of gold, and a thousand thousand talents of silver] This sum is incredibly large. In 1 Kings x. 14 it is told in illustration of the riches of Solomon—a wealthier king than David —that he received in one year 666 talents of gold, but even at this rate David would have amassed only 26,640 talents in forty years, and further the sum assigned to Solomon as his yearly revenue is fantastically large, see note 2 Chronicles ix. 13. The passage illustrates the exaggeration which is so characteristic of midrashic style; compare xxix. 4, and the note on 2 Chronicles xvii. 14.
¹⁵Moreover there are workmen with thee in abundance, hewers and workers of stone and timber, and all men that are cunning in any manner of work; ¹⁶of the gold, the silver, and
the brass, and the iron, there is no number; arise and be doing, and the L be with thee. ¹⁷David also commanded all the princes of Israel to help Solomon his son, saying,
15, 16. any manner of work; of the gold ... there is no number] Render in every work of gold ... without number; i.e. the two verses are to be read in close connection.
¹⁸Is not the L your God with you? and hath he not given you rest on every side? for he hath delivered the inhabitants of the land into mine hand; and the land is subdued before the L , and before his people.
18. the inhabitants of the land] Compare xi. 4, the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land. The remnant of the earlier inhabitants of Canaan is meant.
¹⁹Now set your heart and your soul to seek after the L your God; arise therefore, and build ye the sanctuary of the L God, to bring the ark of the covenant of the L , and the holy vessels of God, into the house that is to be built to the name of the L .
19. and the holy vessels of God] Compare 1 Kings viii. 4.
C XXIII.‒XXIX.
T C D ’ R .
C XXIII.
1.
S K .
¹Now David was old and full of days; and he made Solomon his son king over Israel.
The Chronicler unhistorically ignores the struggle between the parties of Solomon and of Adonijah for the throne (compare xxix. 22 f.; 1 Kings i. 5 ff.), and makes the reign of David culminate in the appointment of Solomon as David’s successor and in a grand organisation of the ecclesiastical and other authorities of the realm. chapter xxiii. 1 intimates the appointment of Solomon and the assembling by royal command of the princes, priests, and Levites of Israel. The topics thus suggested are then, after the prevailing fashion of Chronicles, treated in the reverse order; first the Levites, chapter xxiii.; then the priests, xxiv. (followed by the singers, xxv.; and the doorkeepers, xxvi.); then the civil and military orders. chapters xxviii., xxix. are occupied with the concluding exhortations of King David. Compare xxix. 22‒24; 1 Kings i. 5‒53.
2‒23.
O L (first account).
²And he gathered together all the princes of Israel, with the priests and the Levites. ³And the Levites were numbered from thirty years old and upward: and their number by their polls, man by man, was thirty and eight thousand.
3. the Levites were numbered from thirty years] Two accounts are here given of the organisation of the Levites. According to the first the Levites were admitted to service at thirty years of age; verse 3; compare Numbers iv. 3, 23, 30, where the period from thirty to fifty is fixed as the period for service. According to the second account (verses 24‒27) the Levites were taken from twenty years old and upwards; this was apparently the later custom; compare 2 Chronicles xxxi. 17; Ezra iii. 8. The discrepancy probably arises from an actual variation in practice. The original age of admission for Levites was probably thirty, but owing to the scarcity of their numbers it seems to have been necessary to reduce the limit of age to twenty. But see also the note on pp. 51 f.
by their polls] Literally by their skulls. “Poll” is an almost obsolete word for “head,” retained in the compound word, “poll-tax.”
thirty and eight thousand] Numbers iii. 39 gives 22,000, and Numbers xxvi. 62, 23,000, as the number of male Levites from a month old and upwards in the time of Moses.
⁴Of these, twenty and four thousand were to oversee the work of the house of the L ; and six thousand were officers and judges:
4. twenty and four thousand] These were divided into courses (verse 6), serving by turn, apparently twenty-four in number, consisting each of a thousand men. See, however, the note on verses 6‒23 below.
to oversee the work] It is true that there were some Temple servants subordinate to the Levites—see note on the Nethinim, ix. 2. But the duty of the Levites was to perform the work of the Temple (as is said e.g. in verses 24, 28), not to act as overseers of the work of others. It is therefore to be inferred that the “work” spoken of here and in verse 5 is not the routine duties of the Temple but the work of its construction. Adding the Levites of verse 4 to the officers, doorkeepers, and musicians of verse 5, we have a total of 38,000 overseers: that the number is incredibly large is no objection in Chronicles.
officers and judges] Compare 2 Chronicles xix. 8, 11. According to Deuteronomy xvii. 9 (compare Deuteronomy xvi. 18) the harder causes were reserved for “the priests the Levites,” ordinary causes being decided by judges who were not Levites.
⁵and four thousand were doorkeepers; and four thousand praised the L with the instruments which I made, said David, to praise therewith.
5. doorkeepers] The courses and duties of these are given in xxvi. 1‒19.
four thousand praised the L ] Compare xxv. 1‒31, which tells of a picked choir consisting of 288 persons, divided into twenty-four courses, whose special duty was psalmody.
the instruments which I made] Compare 2 Chronicles xxix. 26.
6‒23. It is natural to expect that twenty-four heads of fathers’ houses will appear in this list (compare note on verse 4), in harmony with the twenty-four courses of priests, of musicians, and of doorkeepers referred to in the chapters following. The present text, however, appears to yield but twenty-two, and the various emendations suggested in order to obtain twenty-four are all
precarious. The best suggestion is that of Curtis, for which see note on verse 22.
⁶And David divided them into courses ¹ according to the sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
¹ Hebrew divisions.
6. the sons of Levi] Compare vi. 1, 16.
⁷Of the Gershonites; Ladan¹ and Shimei. ⁸The sons of Ladan; Jehiel the chief, and Zetham, and Joel, three.
¹ In chapter vi 17, Libni
7. Ladan and Shimei] For “Ladan” here and in xxvi. 21 we have in vi. 17 and Exodus vi. 17 “Libni.”
⁹The sons of Shimei; Shelomoth, and Haziel, and Haran, three. These were the heads of the fathers’ houses of Ladan.
9. The sons of Shimei] This Shimei in distinction from the Shimei of verses 7, 10 might conceivably be a descendant of Ladan, although the relationship is not indicated; but it is more probable that some confusion has come into the text of verses 8, 9, 10—as e.g. that verse 9b “These were ... of Ladan” is a gloss, and that for Shimei in verse 10 we should read Shelomoth.
¹⁰And the sons of Shimei; Jahath, Zina¹ , and Jeush, and Beriah. These four were the sons
of Shimei. ¹¹And Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the second: but Jeush and Beriah had not many sons; therefore they became a fathers’ house in one reckoning.
¹ In verse 11, Zizah.
10. Zina] Better, as in verse 11, Zizah; the two words are readily confused in Hebrew writing.
¹²The sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four.
12. The sons of Kohath] Compare vi. 2; Exodus vi. 18.
¹³The sons of Amram; Aaron and Moses: and Aaron was separated, that he should sanctify¹ the most holy things, he and his sons, for ever, to burn incense before the L , to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, for ever.
¹ Or, to sanctify as most holy him &c.
13. separated] i.e. set apart, sometimes with the additional meaning of making a distinction between sacred and common. Compare Romans i. 1, where St Paul describes himself as separated unto the gospel of God; Acts xiii. 2; Galatians i. 15.
the most holy things] Such for instance as the altar of incense (Exodus xxx. 1‒10), or again the shewbread (Leviticus xxiv. 5‒9).
to bless] compare Numbers vi. 23‒27.