we still have a
an exploration of the presence of violence and non-violence in the social movements of the 1960s
TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUE
Discussion by the author looking at future change
8 ZEITGEIST OF THE 1960’S A visual essay
15 THE FOUR FREEDOMS
Told by Joh F. Kennedy in his 1960 inaugural address
26 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS
and the prominance of the Underground Press
40 MARTYRS AND MURDERERS
Assassinations occurring in the 1960s and today
50 SIDE 1: NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
Written by Dara T. Mathis, The Atlantic, 2018
4
58 SIDE 2: VIOLENT RESISTANCE
Written by August H. Nimtz, UNM, 2016
69 WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
Subtle and overt causes of devastation
76 SIDE 3: OPPOSITION & MODERN IMPLICATIONS
Written by Maeve Nelson with source: Erica Chenoweth, TEDx Boulder, 2013
86 CONCLUSION
Written by Dara T. Mathis, The Atlantic, 2018
94 BIBLIOGRAPHY
5
The year is 1968, and for over 200 years now, there has been legal, physical, cultural, spiritual, and political racism in the United States. Heroes like Martin Luther King and John F. Kennedy were faces of our non-violent equal rights movement, but there are many heroes among us who do not wear capes. Unfortunately, there are many villains as well. Some hold a badge and a gun while others are lesser noticed. After all this conflict, we feel we are on the cusp of great change.
6
Since 1968, our country has now desegregated. it is 2018 and our current objective is to make a color-blind society a reality. but the naive ambition of the 1960’s has since faded, and it feels as though not much has changed but the faces. our heroes don’t wear capes–but hoodies–and the same villains still exist today. perhaps, though, like the 1960’s, we too are on the brink of change. 7
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12
13
As told by john f kennedy in his 1960 presidential inaugural address
15
“For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.�
16
“we dare not tempt them with weakness. for only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.�
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“For I have sworn before you and almighty god the same solemn oath our fore-bearers prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.�
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“. . . and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.�
19
Reality of the “flower child”
drug use
The role of women
sexual freedom
spectacle
violence
22
The reality of the “Flower child”
drug use
the role of women
Most “Flower Children” were white, middle class, suburban kids crying out to end materialism and devaluing the possessions black and minority people are searching for.
LSD grew in popularity. Towards the end of summer, there was a large increase in Heroin dealers and crystal meth began being injected in massive dosages, which led to frequent overdose.
Women were typically still considered subordinate to men. In communities such as Haight Ashbury, women were responsible for the stereotypical feminine jobs of cooking, cleaning, and child care.
Sexual freedom
Violence
spectacle
Many women recall that it became “more of a duty than a freedom to say yes to sex”, requiring the women to give in to persistent men. There was a spike in STD’s, but not an epidemic. Many women suffered from botched abortions and women realized sexual freedom does not change their role in society.
As the population grew in the community, many small groups formed and conflict grew among them. Many mentally ill people moved to the community because they were treated poorly at their home, and they often self medicated with drugs. Violence ensued, largely under the influence of crystal meth.
Also, towards the end of summer, the camp became a spectacle drawing in visitors who came only to stare at the community. Tours were held to gawk at the community members.
23
25
1964 1960
The youth in America are now more widely educated, overall more employed, and more independent than any previous generation. These young people notice a void in political landscape and form “The
New Left� who campaigned for a broad range of social issues such as civil and political rights, feminism, abortion rights, gay rights, gender roles and drug policy reforms.
the underground press
4
The New Leftists in LA create the first American underground paper, the Los Angeles Free Press.
1965 The IT and OZ magazines begin to fund the printing by including ads. Otherwise, all underground press were created on a volunteer basis.
The IT and OZ magazines, some of the most popular undergroud prints, began printing worldwide. Magazines are distributed much like the penny press, by members selling stacks on foot.
1966
The Underground Press Syndicate was formed.
1968 Every major city and college town have their own underground newspaper. It is estimated that there were 100 in circulation. The San Francisco Oracle reaches 500,000 copies printed, estimated 1 million readers through re-sharing.
High schoolers join the trend creating their own unique zines and newspapers.
1969 1973
The draft is drawing to a close, and the underground press loses momentum as quickly as they gained it a decade ago.
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29
30
31
32
33
34
35
ROLLING STONES LET IT BLEED
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39
40
41
john f. kennedy 35th president of the usa
Assassinated Nov. 22, 1963 while traveling in a presidential motorcade in Dallas, TX.
martin luther king jr. civil rights leader
Assassinated on April 4, 1968 as he stood on the second floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel.
42
robert f. Kennedy american politician and Presidential candidate
Assassinated on June 5, 1968 after giving a speech upon winning the California Primary.
Malcolm x
Black Muslim leader
Assassinated on Feb. 21, 1965 in a Manhattan banquet room as he began a speech.
Lee Harvey Oswald Former marine and Marxist
Assassinated John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963. Oswald was shot and killed in the Dallas Police Headquarters Nov. 24, 1963.
James earl ray Fugitive
Assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968 while escaped from Missouri State Penitentiary.
sirhan sirhan Stable boy
Assassinated Robert F. Kennedy on June 5, 1968 for attempting to harm Palestinians and send fighter jet bombers to Israel.
Thomas Hagan
Former member of the nation of Islam Assassinated Malcolm X on Feb. 21, 1965. Hagan was released from prison in 2010.
Chauncey bailey oakland tribune journalist
Assassinated in 2007 in the street in Oakland, CA
george tiller
late-term abortion doctor
Assassinated in 2009 while he ushered in his church
46
thomas wales
federal prosecutor and gun control advocate
Assassinated on Oct. 11, 2001 while sitting at his computer.
clementa pinckney charleston church pastor
Assassinated on June 17, 2015 while leading the Charleston Church Bible Study.
Devaughndre Broussard
your black muslim bakery Handyman
Broussard was ordered to assassinate Chauncey Bailey in 2007 in the street in Oakland, CA for reporting on the Your Black Muslim Bakery.
Scott roeder
Anti-abortion extremist
Assassinated George Tiller in 2009 by shooting him in the head knowing Tiller wheres body armor to protect himself from antiabortion extremists.
Study.
Bible
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Charleston
a
at
2015
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9
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Pinckney
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supremacistAssassinated
roofWhite
window.dylann
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assailantAssassinated
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UnknownWitness
50
SIDE 1 NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE “IN 1956, AFTER JOURNALIST WILLIAM WORTHY NEARLY SAT ON A LOADED GUN IN AN ARMCHAIR IN MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.’S HOUSE DURING THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT, HE COULD HARDLY KNOW THAT HIS REPORT ON THE INCIDENT WOULD BECOME A MERE FOOTNOTE IN KING’S JOURNEY TO NONVIOLENCE. MUCH LIKE WORTHY’S DISCOVERY OF KING’S WEAPON, I STUMBLED ONTO THIS ANECDOTE QUITE BY ACCIDENT. THE STORY PROVIDES A LENS OF NUANCE AND COMPLEXITY INTO THE LIFE OF A MAN WHO HAS TRANSCENDED INTO LEGEND. KING BELIEVED IN NONVIOLENCE, BUT HE DID NOT START THERE; HIS MORAL SUASION HELPED CHANGE THE WAY WE PERCEIVE NONVIOLENT PROTEST, BUT HE ABANDONED IT IN THE END.
PERHAPS IT IS THE FAULT OF REVISIONIST HISTORY THAT TIME HAS SEEN THE REMOVAL OF TEETH FROM KING’S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE AND NONVIOLENCE. BUT SUCH A COMMITMENT TO LOVE MUST, BY NECESSITY, LEAVE ONE VULNERABLE—IT BECOMES BOTH STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. KING’S USE OF MORAL SUASION DID WORK FOR A TIME ON WHITE MODERATES WHO PUSHED THROUGH LEGISLATION SUCH AS THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965, BUT IT HAD A LIMITED SHELF LIFE. ALTHOUGH HE PROFESSED LOVE FOR BOTH OPPRESSED AND OPPRESSOR ALIKE, HE WAS STILL HATED BY SOME AND EVENTUALLY MARTYRED.” -DARA T. MATHIS, THE ATLANTIC, 2018
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Direct Action tactic employed by mlk Direct action is the strategic use of nonviolent tactics and methods to bring an opponent or oppressive party into dialogue to resolve an unjust situation. It is used as a moral force to illustrate, document and counter injustices.
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And then I got into Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don’t know what will happen now. We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesn’t matter with me now, because I’ve been to the mountaintop. And I don’t mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I’m not concerned about that now. I just want to do God’s will. And He’s allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I’ve looked over. And I’ve seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land! And so I’m happy, tonight. I’m not worried about anything. I’m not fearing any man! Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord! -MLK “mountaintop”, april 3, 1968
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SIDE 2 -VIOLENT RESISTANCE “NO TWO INDIVIDUALS EPITOMIZED MORE THE VIOLENCE/ NONVIOLENCE DICHOTOMY AND CONNECTION THAN MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. AND MALCOLM X. JAMES CONE MAY HAVE FIRST SUGGESTED HOW THE TWO PLAYED OFF ONE ANOTHER IN THE REALIZATION OF THE GOALS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: “MARTIN AND OTHER CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS,” HE WROTE IN 1992, “TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE BLACK MUSLIM THREAT IN MANY OF THEIR SPEECHES AND WRITINGS IN ORDER TO STRENGTHEN THEIR OWN CASE FOR EQUALITY.”
THAN AT ANY OTHER TIME IN THE MORE THAN CENTURYOLD STRUGGLE TO ACHIEVE POLITICAL EQUALITY FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS. THE TWO HISTORIC LEGISLATIVE CONQUESTS THAT CAME IN THE WAKE OF THOSE PROTESTS, THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (CRA) AND THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT (VRA), ATTEST TO THE POWER UNLEASHED IN THAT MOMENT. DEVELOPMENTS IN MONROE, NORTH CAROLINA, BETWEEN 1957 AND 1960 WERE PARTICULARLY TELLING.
ROBERT WILLIAMS, THE HEAD OF THE LOCAL NATIONAL FROM SPRING 1963 TO SPRING 1965, FROM BIRMINGHAM ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED TO SELMA. MORE PROTESTS TOOK PLACE THEN, WITH PEOPLE (NAACP) CHAPTER AND A US MARINE VETERAN, GREATER PARTICIPATION RATES AND NATIONAL SCOPE, BEGAN TO ARGUE, DUE TO KU KLUX KLAN VIOLENCE
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AGAINST THE EMERGENT MOVEMENT, FOR THE RIGHT OF ARMED SELF-DEFENSE. IF MODERATE FORCES SUCH AS MLK DISTANCED THEMSELVES FROM WILLIAMS, RADICALS EMBRACED HIM. NOT SURPRISINGLY, THE CHARISMATIC SPOKESPERSON FOR THE NATION OF ISLAM (NOI), MALCOLM X, HELPED RAISE FUNDS AND SUPPLIED HIM, OPENLY, WITH ARMS FOR HIS NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION CLUB IN MONROE, CHARTERED SINCE 1957. “VIOLENCE,” ROBERT WILLIAMS BITTERLY CONCLUDED, “WOULD HAVE TO BE MET BY VIOLENCE.” ” -AUGUST H. NIMTZ, UNM, 2016
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“any means necessary� tactic employed by malcolm x Malcolm X exhorted blacks to cast off the shackles of racism "by any means necessary," including violence.
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STD Chlamydia Gonorrhea AIDS Salmonellosis Shigellosis Hepatitis A Tuberculosis P & S Syphilis Lyme disease Hepatitis B
DRUGS
Tranquilizers (GABAergics): Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Ethanol (drinking alcohol; ethyl alcohol) Nonbenzodiazepines carisoprodol (Soma) chloral hydrate diethyl ether ethchlorvynol (Placidyl; “jelly-bellies”) gamma-butyrolactone (GBL, a prodrug to GHB) gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; G; Xyrem; “Liquid Ecstasy”, “Fantasy”) glutethimide (Doriden) kava (from Piper methysticum; contains kavalactones) 69
ketamine meprobamate (Miltown) methaqualone (Sopor, Mandrax; “Quaaludes”) phenibut propofol (Diprivan) theanine (found in Camellia sinensis, the tea plant) valerian (from Valeriana officinalis) Sympathomimetics (catecholaminergics)—e.g. amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine Entactogens (serotonergics, primarily phenethylamines)—e.g. MDMA Eugeroics, e.g. modafinil Others arecoline (found in Areca catechu) caffeine (found in Coffea spp.) nicotine (found in Nicotiana spp.) rauwolscine (found in Rauvolfia serpentina) yohimbine (Procomil; a tryptamine alkaloid found in Pausinystalia yohimbe) alcohol catnip canabis stimulants mdma opium Deliriants 70
atropine (alkaloid found in plants of the Solanaceae family, including datura, deadly nightshade, henbane and mandrake) dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, an antihistamine) diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Unisom, Nytol) hyoscyamine (alkaloid also found in the Solanaceae) hyoscine hydrobromide (another Solanaceae alkaloid) myristicin (found in Myristica fragrans (“Nutmeg”)) ibotenic acid (found in Amanita muscaria (“Fly Agaric”); prodrug to muscimol) muscimol (also found in Amanita muscaria, a GABAergic) Dissociatives dextromethorphan (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; “Dex”, “Robo”, “Cough Syrup”, “DXM”) “Triple C’s, Coricidin, Skittles” refer to a potentially fatal formulation containing both dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine. ketamine (K; Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketanest; “Ket”, “Kit Kat”, “Special-K”, “Vitamin K”, “Jet Fuel”, “Horse Tranquilizer”) methoxetamine (Mex, Mket, Mexi) phencyclidine (PCP; Sernyl; “Angel Dust”, “Rocket Fuel”, “Sherm”, “Killer Weed”, “Super Grass”) nitrous oxide (N2O; “NOS”, “Laughing Gas”, “Whippets”, “Balloons”) Psychedelics Phenethylamines 2C-B (“Nexus”, “Venus”, “Eros”, “Bees”) 2C-E (“Eternity”, “Hummingbird”) 71
2C-I (“Infinity”) 2C-T-2 (“Rosy”) 2C-T-7 (“Blue Mystic”, “Lucky 7”) DOB DOC DOI DOM (“Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace” (“STP”)) MDMA (“Ecstasy”, “E”, “Molly”, “Mandy”, “MD”, “Crystal Love”) mescaline (found in peyote, Peruvian torch cactus and San Pedro cactus) Tryptamines (including ergolines and lysergamides) 5-MeO-DiPT (“Foxy”, “Foxy Methoxy”) 5-MeO-DMT (found in various plants like chacruna, jurema, vilca, and yopo) alpha-methyltryptamine (αMT; Indopan; “Spirals”) bufotenin (secreted by Bufo alvarius, also found in various Amanita mushrooms) dimethyltryptamine (DMT; “Dimitri”, “Disneyland”, “Spice”; found in most plants and animals as it is a common metabolite ) lysergic acid amide (LSA; ergine; found in morning glory and Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds) lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; L; Delysid; “Acid”, “Sid”. “Cid”, “Lucy”, “Sidney”, “Blotters”, “Droppers”, “Sugar Cubes”) psilocin (found in psilocybin mushrooms) psilocybin (also found in psilocybin mushrooms; prodrug to psilocin) ibogaine (found in Tabernanthe iboga (“Iboga”)) Atypicals 72
salvinorin A (found in Salvia divinorum, a trans-neoclerodane diterpenoid (“Diviner’s Sage”, “Lady Salvia”, “Salvinorin”)) Chloroform Ethyl chloride Diethyl ether Ethane and ethylene Laughing gas (nitrous oxide) Poppers (alkyl nitrites) Solvents and propellants (including propane, butane, freon, gasoline, kerosene, toluene) and the fumes of glues containing them tobacco datura and other Solanaceae (formerly smoked to treat asthma) methamphetamine crack cocaine black tar heroin phencyclidine (PCP) synthetic cannabinoids (see also: synthetic cannabis) dimethyltryptamine (DMT) 5-MeO-DMT many others, including some prescription drugs coca: cocaine opium poppy: morphine, codeine and other opiates salvia divinorum: salvinorin A khat: cathine and cathinone 73
kava: kavalactones nutmeg: myristicin Solanaceae plants—contain atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine datura deadly nightshade atropa belladona henbane mandrake (Mandragora) Cacti with mescaline: peyote Peruvian torch cactus San Pedro cactus kratom: mitragynine, mitraphylline, 7-hydroxymitragynine, raubasine and corynantheidine ephedra: ephedrine damiana Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis valerian: valerian (the chemical with the same name) various plants like chacruna, jurema, vilca, and yopo – 5-MeO-DMT Morning glory and Hawaiian Baby Woodrose – lysergic acid amide (LSA, ergine) Ayahuasca Tabernanthe iboga (“Iboga”)—ibogaine Areca catechu (see: betel and paan)—arecoline Rauvolfia serpentina: rauwolscine 74
yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe): yohimbine, corynantheidine psilocybin mushrooms: psilocybin and psilocin various Amanita mushrooms: muscimol Amanita muscaria: ibotenic acid and muscimol Claviceps purpurea and other Clavicipitaceae: ergotamine (not psychoactive itself but used in synthesis of LSD)
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OPPOSITION & MODERN IMPLICATIONS IN A STUDY DONE OF PROTESTS AND SOCIAL CHANGE INVOLVING A MINIMUM OF 1,000 PEOPLE FROM 1900 TO 2006, IT WAS FOUND THAT NO SINGLE CAMPAIGN FAILED AFTER RECRUITING THE ACTIVE AND SUSTAINED PARTICIPATION 3.5% OF THE POPULATION. THIS MAY SEEM LIKE A SMALL NUMBER, WHICH IT IS A SMALL PERCENTAGE, BUT THAT EQUATES TO ABOUT 11 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE US. EVERY CAMPAIGN LARGER THAN 3.5%, WHICH TENDED TO BE ABOUT 4X LARGER ON AVERAGE, WAS NONVIOLENT AND SUCCESSFUL IN REACHING THEIR GOALS. THE STRATEGY OF A NONVIOLENT CAMPAIGN USUALLY REMAINS THE SAME FROM CAMPAIGN TO CAMPAIGN.
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THEY CREATE VISIBILITY WITH PROTESTS, AND PROTESTS PROVIDE SAFETY IN NUMBERS. THESE LARGE, WELL COORDINATED CAMPAIGNS CAN SHIFT FROM GATHERING IN LARGE PROTESTS TO AVOIDENCE, WHICH IS DEFINED AS AVOIDING PLACES THE GROUP USUALLY FREQUENTS (IE. BOYCOTTING WORK, AVOIDING A STORE, OR TURNING OFF ELECTRICITY). NONVIOLENT CAMPAIGNS ARE ALSO MORE SUCCESSFUL IN THAT THEY ARE INCLUSIVE OF ALL GENDERS, RACES, ABILITIES, AGE, CLASS, AND POLITICAL DISTINCTION. WHEN THESE GROUPS GROW AND BECAUSE THEY APPEAL TO PEOPLE ACROSS SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES, THEY START TO APPEAL TO PEOPLE WITH STATUS AND MONEY WHICH HELPS TO MOBILIZE THE CHANGE.
VIOLENT CAMPAIGNS ARE MORE PHYSICALLY EXCLUSIVE TO BE A PART OF BECAUSE THEY’RE PHYSICALLY DEMANDING, YOU NEED TO BE FIT, AND YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO EXERCISE VIOLENT STRATEGIES. EVEN WHEN PROTESTS TURNED VIOLENT (BY USE OF WEAPONS OR ARRESTS) THE NONVIOLENT GROUPS OUTPERFORM THE VIOLENT GROUPS 2 TO 1. THEREFORE, THE WAY YOU RESIST MATTERS IN THE LONG RUN. NONVIOLENT CAMPAIGNS ARE MORE LIKELY TO REACH DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS AND ARE 15% LESS LIKELY TO RELAPSE OR CAUSE A CIVIL WAR.
IN OUR COUNTRY, WE EQUATE VIOLENCE WITH COURAGE, CELEBRATE WAR HEROES, AND TEACH OUR YOUTH THAT NOTHING CAN CHANGE WITHOUT BLOODSHED. IN ORDER TO CHANGE THIS MINDSET, WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY IN WHICH WE EDUCATE OUR CHILDREN. WE MUST EMPHASIZE THE DECADE OF DISOBEDIENCE BEFORE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE INSTEAD OF THE WAR. WE SHOULD CELEBRATE LEADERS LIKE MLK AND GHANDI, INSTEAD OF MENTIONING THEM AS AN AFTERTHOUGHT. -SOURCE: ERICA CHENOWETH, TEDX BOULDER, 2013
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success rates of nonviolent and violent campaigns (1900-2006) 70% 60% 50% 40%
nonviolent violent
30% 20% 10% 0%
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success
partial success
failure
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CONCLUSIONS “THE MOST FAMILIAR AND READILY CITED EXAMPLE OF RECENT BLACK ACTIVISM DIRECTLY IN KING’S TRADITION IS THE BLACK LIVES MATTER ORGANIZATION, A KEY PART OF THE BLACK LIBERATION MOVEMENT, THAT CAME INTO BEING IN 2013 THROUGH THE WORK OF ACTIVISTS ALICIA GARZA, PATRISSE KHAN-CULLORS, AND OPAL TOMETI. THE ORGANIZATION READILY ACKNOWLEDGES—EVEN EMBRACES—THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN IT AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. IN 2014, KHAN-CULLORS AND ACTIVIST DARNELL MOORE ORGANIZED THE BLACK LIVES MATTER FREEDOM RIDE TO BRING OVER 500 PEOPLE TO PROTEST IN FERGUSON, MISSOURI, AFTER POLICE OFFICER DARREN WILSON KILLED MICHAEL BROWN. THE EVENT WAS A CLEAR NOD TO THE FREEDOM RIDES CARRIED
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OUT BY THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY IN 1961 TO PRACTICE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE ON SEGREGATED INTERSTATE BUSES AND TERMINALS IN THE SOUTH. ALTHOUGH BLACK LIVES MATTER PRACTICES NONVIOLENCE AS A MATTER OF STRATEGY, LOVE FOR THE OPPRESSOR DOES NOT FIND ITS WAY INTO THEIR ETHOS. THE NETWORK’S VERY NAME SPAWNED COUNTER-PROTEST RHETORIC CLAIMING THAT BLUE LIVES MATTER OR ALL LIVES MATTER, OR DISINGENUOUSLY ACCUSED ACTIVISTS OF SAYING ONLY BLACK LIVES MATTERED. RATHER, THEIR COLLECTIVE STATEMENT OF BELIEF ASSERTS THAT TO CENTER BLACK LIVES, AND “TO LOVE AND DESIRE FREEDOM AND JUSTICE FOR
OURSELVES IS A PREREQUISITE FOR WANTING THE SAME FOR OTHERS.” THE LOVE MOST COMMONLY SPOKEN OF IN THE MOVEMENT FOR BLACK LIVES IS A SELF-LOVE THAT COMPELS ACTIVISM. HATE DOES NOT NECESSARILY RESIDE IN THE ABSENCE OF A PROFESSION OF LOVE FOR ONE’S ENEMY. BUT AS KING’S FAITH IN THE HUMANITY OF HIS OPPRESSORS COULD NOT PROTECT HIM FROM THEIR HATRED, THE TRUTH OF BLACK LIVES MATTER’S MISSION DOES NOT SPARE THEM FROM ATTACK.” -DARA T. MATHIS, THE ATLANTIC, 2018
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success rates by decade 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
1940
1950 nonviolent
1960
1970
1980
violent
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SOURCES
Austin, Curtis J. “On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi.” Sherman’s Meridian Campaign: A Practice Run for the March to the Sea | Mississippi History Now, Feb. 2002, www.mshistorynow. mdah.ms.gov/articles/62/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi-on-violence-and-nonviolence. “Charts and Video on Peaceful vs. Violent Protest.” The Right To Protest Peacefully, righttoprotestt. weebly.com/charts-and-video-on-peaceful-vs-violent-protest.html. Chenoweth, Erica. “The Success of Nonviolent Civil Resistance At.” TEDx Boulder, 4 Nov. 2013, Boulder, CO. Eidenmuller, Michael E. “ .” American Rhetoric: Martin Luther King, Jr. - I’ve Been to the Mountaintop (April 3 1968), www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop.htm. Ihnen, Alex. “Understanding St. Louis: Homicide and Index Crime Totals and Rates 1943-2012.” NextSTL, 22 Feb. 2016, nextstl.com/2013/01/understanding-st-louis-homicide-and-index-crimes-1943-2011/. Ingraham, Christopher. “How the Unrest of the 1960s Compares to Today, According to the People Who Lived through It.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 12 July 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/ wp/2016/07/12/reddit-remembers-the-1960s-we-probably-dont-have-to-kill-all-of-them-just-theagitators/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2b69c392dce3. “John F. Kennedy Quotations.” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, www.jfklibrary.org/ Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations/Inaugural-Address.aspx. “Malcolm X.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 18 Jan. 2018, www.biography.com/people/ malcolm-x-9396195. Mathis, Dara T. “King’s Message of Nonviolence Has Been Distorted.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 3 Apr. 2018, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/kings-message-of-nonviolence-has-been-
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distorted/557021/. “Myths of the 1960s.” Omeka RSS, digitalgallery.bgsu.edu/student/exhibits/show/1960s/commonmisconceptions-and-myth. Nimtz, August H. (2016) Violence and/or Nonviolence in the Success of the Civil Rights Movement: The Malcolm X–Martin Luther King, Jr. Nexus, New Political Science, 38:1, 1-22, DOI: 10.1080/07393148.2015.1125116 Pinker, Steven. “Decivilization in the 1960s.” Michigan Family Review, Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 1 July 2013, quod.lib.umich.edu/h/humfig/11217607.0002.206/--decivilization-in-the1960s?rgn=main%3Bview. “r/AskReddit - [Serious] Redditors Who Lived through the Civil Rights Movement and Societal Upheaval in the 60s, How Does What Is Going on Now Compare?” Reddit, Reddit, 2016, www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/ comments/4rz4ko/serious_redditors_who_lived_through_the_civil/. “Statistics on Violence & Peace.” The Peace Alliance, peacealliance.org/tools-education/statistics-onviolence/. “The Underground Press.” The British Library, The British Library, 26 Apr. 2016, www.bl.uk/20th-centuryliterature/articles/the-underground-press. Weiss, Julie, and Marieke van Woerkom. “Civil Rights Movement: Truths & Myths.” Nelson Mandela & the Fight Against Apartheid | Morningside Center for Teaching Social Responsibility, www.morningsidecenter. org/teachable-moment/lessons/civil-rights-movement-truths-myths.
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those who do not study history are doomed to repeat it. yet those who do study history are doomed to stand by helplessly while everyone else repeats it.