Editor: Éditos Prometaicos – Portugal
Iberian Journal of Clinical and Forensic Neuroscience – IJCFN
Some authors as Erol e Orth, (2011), Auerbach and Gardiner (2012) Birkeland, Melkevik, Holsen, Wold (2012) Jiménez, Murgui, Estévez e Musitu (2007) report that low self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood is a risk and also a relevant factor for the negative results in several important domains of life In adolescence, the areas with a relevant role in building self-esteem include body image, acceptance of peer group, school performance, athletic competence and general behavior, in which the non-acceptance of social norms is often valued (Bizarro, 1999 citado por Lila, 2009). In general, children with high self-esteem are expected adolescents with high self-esteem, since according to Silva (2002), self-esteem increases significantly in the second decade of life, but this increase is preceded by a decline in early adolescence, associated with the rapid changes that are characteristic of puberty, often seen as uncontrollable by the adolescent, and the period in which there are greater fluctuations in self-esteem is about 12, 13 years of age.
Factors influencing self-esteem A review of the implications and effects of self-esteem is complex because it is influenced by a variety of individual and contextual characteristics. Antunes et al., 2006; Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger and Vohs (2003), Hutz, (2002) reported that the self-esteem is not correlated with high school performance, however, generally positive school results rise to a high self-esteem. I.e., self-esteem reveals itself as satisfaction with the good schools and the personal pride of the subject. On the other hand, the consequences of self-esteem may arise from the fact that life events or circumstances predict the results. Self-esteem is highly correlated to complex behaviors and forms (Emler, 2001). According to Branden
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(2002), "When self-esteem is low, often fear manipulates us. Fear of reality, to which we feel inadequate. Fear of the truths about ourselves - or on others - we have denied, rejected or repressed. Fear of the collapse of our pretenses. Fear of exposing ourselves. Fear of failure and humiliation, sometimes the responsibilities of success. We live more to avoid pain than to experience pleasure" (p. 77).
Parental Relationships and Self-Esteem Adolescence can be a great test for the teenager in regards to how you see yourself, at a time of major changes to the physical and emotional level. Rosenberg (1979 cited by Lila, 2009) confirms that adolescents who have closer relationships with their parents are more likely to have higher levels of self-esteem. Indeed, several empirical studies indicate that parental support, encouragement and affection are positively associated with the child's self-esteem (Walker & Greene, 1985). In the study by Peixoto (2004), the results reveal that the association between self-esteem and quality of family relationships undergoes some changes during adolescence, i.e., the quality of operation of some families who predictably would not have much chance of organization and relationship leads to feelings that arise efficacy and competence, creating a positive self-esteem.
ISSN: 2182 -0290
Year I, Vol. II, n 4, 2014