Child development including the theory of moral development;
Psychological protection; and
Issues affecting special groups of children which include - Children migrated from rural to urban areas, - Children affected by HIV/AIDS, - Children from minority groups, and - Gender issues
4.8.11 Constraints of Upgrading of Knowledge The problems of juvenile offenders are not static; rather, it is dynamic in nature. Under the circumstances, improvement of the services to the juvenile offenders requires refreshment training of police, judicial magistrates, metropolitan magistrates and judges for upgrading their knowledge, skill and attitude to the juvenile offenders. 4.8.12 Constraints of the Required Capability in Dealing with the Offenders There are several capacity building areas in which police, judicial magistrates, metropolitan magistrates and judges need to develop their capability in their work with juvenile offenders. These are:
General skills relating to work with offenders,
Proper way to reporting of crime or problems,
Proper investigation,
Age determination of juvenile offenders,
Procedures of arrest,
Detention system,
Process of trial,
system of hearing,
Sentencing/ findings