Architecture Thesis 2022 | National War Museum, New Delhi | Thesis Report

A Report On

NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM At

New Delhi

SUBMITTED BY

JUDHAJIT DEBNATH | 520217008 DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE, T&RP IIEST SHIBPUR SESSION - 2021-2022

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. ARUP SARKAR

Certificate This is to certify that the Architectural Project Thesis entitled "National War Museum, New Delhi" submitted by Mr. Judhajit Debnath (520217008) in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the five-year degree of Bachelor of Architecture offered by Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, is, to the best of my knowledge, a bonafide work of the candidate under my supervision, and may be placed before the Board of examiners for their considerations.

Date:

Thesis Coordinator (Prof. Sutapa Das)

External Examiner 1

Supervisor

HOD

Dept. Of Architecture (T&RP)

External Examiner 2

External Examiner 3

Internal Examiner

External Examiner 3

Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Arup Sarkar for the useful comments, remarks and engagement through my learning process of this undergraduate thesis.

Furthermore i would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my juniors, Amit Kumar, Joseph Scaria James, Sohan Konar, Sanket Ghosh, Sri Harsha, Pranav Vignesh who have helped me immensely in bringing this project to completion.

Judhajit Debnath May 2022

Project Background The project is a live project. The Government of India has sanctioned the construction of National War Museum in New Delhi. The Global Architectural Competition for the National War Museum was conducted in two stages in 2016 but it soon turned controversial with the runner-up accusing the winner of plagiarism, and the battle ending up in court.

Then the ministry of housing and urban affairs’ arm the CPWD of India has pushed the project and shortlisted two New-Delhi based firms, CP Kukreja Architects and Suresh Goel & Associates to go ahead with the project. CPWD has opened the financial bid for the tender for selecting the consultant for comprehensive architectural and engineering planning.

requirements of deliverables

01

Introduction & Proposition

02

Research Literature Study

03

Case Studies

Introduction

Museum

Comparative Study

Project Brief

Defining Museums Benifits of Museums Administration

Imperial War Museum, London

War and Military

Canadian War Museum, Ontario

Need of the Project Aims & Objectives Scope Design Requirements Design Methodology

What is a War? Military History of India List of Indians Wars Major Indian wars after Independence Indian Armed Forces

Imperial War Museum North, Trafford National Crafts Museum, Delhis

04

Site Analysis

Site Location Site Evolution Figure Ground Map Site Urban Analysis Site Connectivity Site Images Site Condition Site Surroundings Climate Analysis Climate Analysis Diagram Site Images Site Context Images SWOT Analysis

requirements of deliverables

05

Design Standards

Spatial Configuration Circulation Crowd Flow Door Placement User Behaviour Display Techniques Exhibit and Exhibit Hall Types Furniture Visual Standards Light and Lighting Type Security and Safety Maintenance Energy Efficient Techniques Services

06

Research Literature Study

Standards and Bye-Laws Area Programming Design Philosophy Preliminary Zoning

07

Design Concept

3 tiers of project Design Philosophy Articulation of spaces Form Development

08

Design Development

Site Plan Site View Site Elevation Elevation Concept Site Sections Individual Blocks Landscaping Mateials Service Scheme Structural Scheme

01

Introduction & Proposition

1.1 Project Brief 1.2 Need of the Project 1.3 Aims & Objectives 1.4 Scope 1.5 Design Requirements 1.6 Design Methodology

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

9

1.1 Project Brief

1.2 Need of The Project

Title:

Numerous museums have been erected but only a few revive the cultural aspect in society, bring back lost emotions, and give an identity to the place. In other words, very few museums are able to act as urban catalysts.

• Indian National War Musuem Location: • Princess Park, New Delhi Site Area: • 10.71 Acres / 43341.8 Sq.M. Client: • Ministry of Defence, Government of India

India has a rich military heritage. The gallantry of Indian soldiers is recognised world over. Since independence, the Indian Armed Forces have fought four major wars to defend national borders and uphold our national interests.

A National War Museum has been planned in New Delhi as a tribute to Indian soldiers and to showcase the nation’s military culture, customs, traditions and history through multimedia / multisensory auditoriums, display galleries, exhibit areas, research / educational assets, restoration / archive facilities, secure storage vaults and central facilities on the pattern of contemporary and global best practices.

The Museum is envisaged to be world class, state of the art building which will be a ‘must visit’ landmark for those visiting New Delhi.

10

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

This thesis aims to design a National War Museum to portray the Indian war and military culture, customs, traditions, and history.

WHY DELHI? New Delhi, the National Capital of India would be the best suitedcity for this project since a project of this status and importance, relating to the sentiments of national capacity should belong in the very heart of the country.

The project aims to mnemonic and thus needs to attain locational advantage, i.e its close proximity to the Rajpath, where the two most important events, Independence and Republic Days are celebrated with strong parade.

Also, the India Gate which in itself is one of the most celebrated memorials in the world.

1.3 Aims & Objectives Aim

Objectives

The aim of the thesis is to portray famous battles, eulogise military martyrs, heroes and leaders and chronicle the course of Indian military history.

1. Portray military campaigns, heroic deeds and victories through a multi sensory display so as to reinforce citizens’ faith and pride in the Armed Forces.

2. Exhibit relics and records of historical significance and military interest, chronicling ascendency of Armed Forces from ancient times.

3. Display items of military interest and historical value including development of arms, equipment and their role in the Indian history.

4. Profile human experience of war and chronicle military events which shaped development of our countrie national character.

5. Enhance awareness of the glorious military heritage of India instil and motivate citizens to greater devotion and duty to the country.

6. Inform about the challenges under which Armed Forces operate to enhance comprehension and understanding of the Armed Forces.

7. Act as Military’s premier educational research and archive centre with multimedia libraries, seminar and exhibition facilities.

8. Establish itself as an outstanding landmark in the National Capital Region for Indian and foreign visitors.

The institution will collect, interpret, preserve and display military artefacts, and relics of historical value.

The components of the Indian Armed Forces and their campaigns, victories, memories, equipment, will be eternalised for perpetuating the memory of the Services, which will be a source of inspiration for future generations.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

11

1.4 Scope of Work

12

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

1.5 Requirements Broad Requirements of the War Musuem

Broad proposed Sections / Galleries

1. Entrance Hall 2. Exhibition for Army, Navy, Airforce 3. Audio Visual Rooms 4. Restoration Labs 5. Auditorium ( 100 persons) 6. Ticketing Counters 7. Outdoor Displays 8. Display in the connecting underground passage 9. Open Air Theatre 10. Guard Rooms 11. Administrative Offices 12. Public Utilities 13. Cafeteria, Kitchen etc.

14. Shop for mementos 15. Central A/C plant including pump house 16. Parking’s 17. Interactive Audio Visual Arcades 18. History Section (Repository) 19. Library 20. Conference Rooms

Ancient Warfare Illustrations of ‘Military Archaeology’and other aids of ancient warfare.

Warfare in Early Indian History: Military and maritime exploits of India.

Decisive Battles & Wars: Researched depictions of battles fought on Indian soil illustrated by means of battle plans, models, documents, sculpture, miniature paintings etc to highlight evolution of medieval warfare tactics Medieval Period: Chronicle the military events preceding the British era.

Evolution of Indian Military: To illustrate the pattern of military as existed prior to the coming of Europeans, the recruitment and training of Indians in the East India Company Military, the growth of the British Indian Army/ Navy/Air Force.

Evolution of Armament & Equipment: A historical and technical display to show the changes over the centuries and their impact on tactics in the battle field World War I & II: Role of the Indian Armed Forces in the Wars.

Recent / Contemporary Wars and Conflicts.

Service specific galleries of Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force including Hall of Honour and Memorial Hall (source: Brief given by the Government)

Gallery of Peace: Galleries depicting the philosophies of personalities like Buddha showing that war is not the end, peace is.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

13

1.6 Design Methodology

14

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

02

Research Literature Study

2.1 Defining Museums 2.2 Benifits of Museums 2.3 Administration 2.4 What is a War? 2.5 Military History of India 2.6 List of Indians Wars 2.7 Major Indian wars after Independence 2.8 Indian Armed Forces

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

15

A museum is a public collection of objects testifying to human cultural development. It collects, documents, receives, researches, interprets and communicates these through display.

Defining Museum

Understanding its Role and Image

16

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

The purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display objects of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the study and education of the public. From a visitor or community perspective, this purpose can also depend on one’s point of view.

A trip to a local history museum or large city art museum can be an entertaining and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, an active museum community can be seen as a gauge of the cultural or economic health of a city, and a way to increase the sophistication of its inhabitants. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museum’s mission, such as civil rights or environmentalism. Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge .

2.4 Distinguishing Museums

Types of museums and its functions

Natural History A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more.

Science A science museum is a museum devoted primarily to science.

War / Memorial A War museum showcase the nation’s military culture, customs, traditions and history

Art An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, usually from the museum’s own collection.

Archaelogical An archaeology museum is a museum that specializes in the display of archaeological artifacts.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

17

2.2 Benefits of Museums

Understanding its Role and Image

Understanding

Heritage

Foster deeper understanding

Sharing of authentic cultural and natural heritage

Museums are institutions created in the public interest. They engage their visitors, foster deeper understanding and promote the enjoyment and sharing of authentic cultural and natural heritage.

Museums acquire, preserve, research, interpret and exhibit the tangible and intangible evidence of society and nature.

As educational institutions, museums provide a physical forum for c ritical inquiry and investigation.

18

Impact

Interaction

Beneficial impact on the human experience

Space for intercation with like mimds.

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

2.3 Administration Legal Frameworks of Museum

Hierarchy

Public vs. Private museums Private museums are organized by individuals and managed by a board and museum officers Public museums are created and managed by federal, state, or local governments.

Non-profit vs. for-Profit museums Nonprofit means that an organization is classified as a charitable corporation and is exempt from paying most taxes and the money the organization earns is invested in the organization itself.

Money made by a private, for-profit museum is paid to the museum's owners or shareholders.

Museums run by trusts vs. Corporations` A trust is a legal instrument where trustees manage the trust's assets for the benefit of the museum following the specific wishes of the donor. This provides tax benefits for the donor, and also allows the donor to have control over how assets are distributed.

Corporations are legal entities and may acquire property in a way similar to how an individual can own property. Museums under incorporation are usually organized by a community or group of individuals. While a board of director's loyalty is to the corporation, a board of trustee's loyalty has to be loyal to the intention of the trust. The ramification is that a trust is far less flexible than a corporation.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

19

War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces.

What is a War? Early phases of War “If everyone fought for their own convictions there would be no war.”

-Leo Tolstoy, War & Peace

20

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Ancient Warfare: Stele of the Vultures, c. 2500 BC

Medieval Warfare: Battle of Hastings 1066

Early modern Warfare: Retreat from Moscow 1812

Industrial age Warfare: Battle of the Somme 1916

Modern Warfare: First World War 1918

Modern Warfare: Second World War 1918

2.5 Military History of India The predecessors to the contemporary Army of India were many: the sepoy regiments, native cavalry, irregular horse and Indian sapper and miner companies raised by the three British presidencies. The Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century by taking the erstwhile presidency armies, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The British Indian Army fought in both World Wars.

Indian warrior in Armor by Edwin Lord Weeks.

Ancient Indian Antennae sword; Metalwork, 1500–500 BCE.

Ancient Indian Ax Blade, 1500–1000 BCE.

Depictions of an ancient Indian warrior. Gandhara school of Art, c. 1st century.

The armed forces succeeded the military of British India following India's independence in 1947. After World War II, many of the wartime troops were discharged and units disbanded. The reduced armed forces were partitioned between India and Pakistan. The Indian armed forces fought in all fours wars against Pakistan and two wars against People's Republic of China in 1962 and 1967. India also fought in the Kargil War with Pakistan in 1999, the highest altitude mountain warfare in history.[citation needed] The Indian Armed Forces have participated in several United Nations peacekeeping operations and are presently the second largest contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

21

2.6 List of Indian Wars from Ancient History till Present

1 2

Indus Valley Civilisation The Vedic period

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

The Magadha dynasties Shaishunaga dynasty Nanda dynasty Maurya Empire Shunga Empire

4 4.1 4.2 4.3

The Golden age Satavahana dynasty Mahameghavahana dynasty Gupta dynasty

5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

The Classical age Empire of Harsha The Chalukyas and Pallavas The Chola Empire The Gurjar-Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas 5.5 Arab conquest of Sindh 5.6 Ghaznavid invasion

22

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12

The Medieval era Delhi Sultanate The Rajputs Muzaffarid dynasty Calicut Vijayanagara Empire Ahom Kingdom Mughal Empire The Marathas The Jats Travancore Kingdom Mysore Kingdom Sikh Empire

7 Colonial era 7.1 Company rule 7.2 The British Raj 7.2.1 World War I 7.2.2 World War II 8 Post-war transition and the Dominion of India

9 Republic of India 9.1 Major wars 9.1.1 First Indo-Pak war, 1947 9.1.2 Operation Polo, 1948 9.1.3 Liberation of Goa, 1961 9.1.4 Sino-Indian war, 1962 9.1.5 Second Indo-Pak war, 1965 9.2 Indo-Sino Clash of 1967 9.2.1 Third Indo-Pak war, 1971 9.2.2 Siachen war, 1984 9.2.3 Kargil War, 1999 9.3 Other operations 9.3.1 The Mizo National Front, 1966 9.3.2 The Chola incident, 1967 9.3.3 Operation Blue Star, 1984 9.3.4 Sri Lanka mission, 1987–1990 9.3.5 Operation Cactus, 1988 9.4 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes 9.5 Missile program 9.6 Nuclear program

2.7 Major Indian Wars after Independance The Republic of India has fought four wars with Pakistan and one border war with China. The recent / contemporary Wars and conflicts fought by the Indian Armed Forces are

First Indo-Pak War 1947

Sino-Indian War 1962

Third Indo-Pak War 1971

Kargil War 1999

This has also been called the First Kashmir War. The war started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the Maharajah of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu would accede to India. Following partition, states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent.

India fought a month-long border war against China in 1962.

Neither nation deployed air or naval resources during a conflict heavy with mountain combat.

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca on 16 December 1971 Strength of Indian Armed Forces: 825,000 - 860,000

Commonly known as the Kargil War, or Operation Vijay in India, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited.

China ended the war by declaring a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew their forces to the pre-war positions

During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the Line of Control (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the Kargil district.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

23

2.8 Indian Armed Forces The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India. It consists of three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. Additionally, the Indian Armed Forces are supported by the Central Armed Police Forces, Assam Rifles, Indian Coast Guard and Special Frontier Force and various inter-service commands and institutions such as the Strategic Forces Command, the Andaman and Nicobar Command and the Integrated Defence Staff.

The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of the Government of India.

With strength of over 1.4 million active personnel,it is world’s second-largest military force and has the world’s largest volunteer army.

It also has the third-largest defence budget in the world.

Indian Air Force

Indian Coast Guard 24

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Indian Army

Indian Navy

Border Road Organisation

03

Case Studies

3.1 Imperial War Museum, London 3.2 Canadian War Museum, Ontario 3.3 Imperial War Museum North, Trafford 3.4 National Crafts Museum, Delhi

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

25

Changing Trends Early Stages

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England Charles Cockerell 1683

26

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Louvre Museum, Paris, France I.M Pei 1793

Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy Giorgio Vasari 1581

Changing Trends Contemporary Stages

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain Frank Gehry 1997

Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku, Azerbaijan Zaha Hadid Architects 2013

Louis Vuitton Museum, Paris, France Gehry Partners 2014

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

27

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

Project Information Architect: Foster+Partners Built in: 2014 Location: Lambeth Road, London, United Kingdoms Floor Area: 22,500 m2 28

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

Introduction & Location Imperial War Museums (IWM) is a British national museum organisation with branches at five locations in England, three of which are in London. Founded as the Imperial War Museum in 1917, the museum was intended to record the civil and military war effort and sacrifice of Britain and its Empire during the First World War. The museum's remit has since expanded to include all conflicts in which British or Commonwealth forces have been involved since 1914.

The museum's collections include archives of personal and official documents, photographs, film and video material, and oral history recordings, an extensive library, a large art collection, and examples of military vehicles and aircraft, equipment, and other artefacts.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

29

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

Ground Floor Plan

Planning and Circulation At the heart of the building is the atrium, which provides a dramatic space in which to view the largest objects from the Museum’s collection.

The new First World War Galleries are located at ground level, and the top floor of the building will be dedicated to current conflicts.

Vertical circulation has also been redesigned to make the connections between floors more visible.

1. Entry 2. Dropoff 3. Second World War Hall 4. Auditorium Lower Tier

Floor Area: 22,500 m2

30

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Viewed from the upper levels, the aircraft are framed by a series of large-scale concrete fins.

5. Back of House Storage, Studio 6. Recreational

A cantilevered stair forms the backdrop to the atrium.

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

Second Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan

Lower Floor Plan

1. Triple Heighted Exhibit Hall 2. Galleries 3. Auditorium (Lower & Upper) 4. Back of House

5. Administration 6. Toilets

Fourth Floor Plan

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

31

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

Sections of the IW Museum

Sectional View of the IW Museum

32

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

1

2

3

4

The dedicated galleries of War and Military 1. First World War dedicated gallery 2. Naval Forces Gallery 3. Holocaust Gallery 4. View of the central atrium from First Floor

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

33

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

Construction The museum has occupied the former Bethlem Royal Hospital on Lambeth Road since 1936 The wings were demolished to leave the original central portion (with the dome now appearing disproportionately tall) and later wings.

When the museum moved into the building in 1936 the ground floor of the central portion was occupied by the principal art gallery, with the east wing housing the Naval gallery and the west wing the Army gallery.

34

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Imperial War Museum War Museum in London

Inferences

1. Ground floor of the central portion was occupied by the principal art gallery, and entire wings like the East Wing and the West Wing has been dedicated entirely to Army and Navy.

A missile exhibit has been kept on the oval forecourt at the front facade of the building to give a more dramatic entrance

Cafeterias with connected kitchens has been placed in the lower floor of the museum

2. Suspended planes and other objects are positioned to line up with viewpoints from the existing galleries on the first, second and third floor, offering visitors a chance to view the exhibits up close. To study the safety measures for suspending the exhibits.

3. No hangars for the aircrafts or huge entrance spaces for the exhibits due to which they have to be dismantled or reassembled every time for repair or maintenance works.

4. Rather than encroaching on the exhibition space, the café and shop have been relocated to the lower entrance level at ground floor.

Central portion acting as the principal art gallery exhibit suspended aircrafts with viewpoints from the existing galleries on the first, second and third floor

The museum's collections include archives of personal and official documents, photographs, film and video material, and oral history recordings, an extensive library, a large art collection.

5. The planned oval forecourt creates a public plaza, visually balancing the weight of the historic building and emphasising the Imperial War Museum as a contemporary institution, while retaining the integrity of the existing structure.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

35

Canadian War Museum War Museum in Ontario

Project Information Architect: Moriyama & Teshima Architects Built in: 2003 Floor Area: 40,860 m2 Location: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

36

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Canadian War Museum War Museum in Ontario

Site Location and Context The Canadian War Museums project site is an 18.5-acre parcel of land on Ottawa’s LeBreton Flats.

Facing east, it is urban and nationalistic as it faces the Parliamentary precinct.

To the west the site is pastoral as it overlooks the Ottawa River and faces towards Quebec.

The Canadian War Museum was built to replace an old museum in Ottawa that had become too small and environmentally inappropriate to house and display Canadian military history.

The aim of the Canadian War Museum board members was to create a museum that did justice to the memories of Canada’s participation in conflict, with a building that was a statement in itself and responded to the city around it.

Architects worldwide were invited to submit a proposal for the new museum. Raymond Moriyama and his firm won the commission.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

37

Canadian War Museum War Museum in Ontario

Site Plan

Lower Level PLan

Main Level Plan

Upper Level PLan

38

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Canadian War Museum War Museum in Ontario

Inferences • There are no clear visual cues as to where the entrance of the building is.

• The approach to the CWM seems to camouflage itself • Some of the stairs has glass railings that produce high amounts of glare and create visual and spatial • confusion.

• The gallery spaces are very complex in terms of wayfinding and content.

• The organization of the tables and chairs in the cafe space is too congested for someone who is visually disabled to navigate • The architecture avoids the glorification of war.

Instead, it expresses the courage and modesty of ordinary Canadians doing extraordinary deeds in exceptional times, during war time and peace keeping.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

39

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

Project Information Architect – Daniel Libeskind Built up Area – 9000 sq m Location – Manchester, England Date of Completion –2001 Footfall : 4000 visitors annually

40

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

Introduction IWM North is part of the Imperial War Museum family of five nationally-funded museums which tell stories of conflict and war from the First World War to the present day.

IWM North is located in Trafford, close to Manchester in the North of England, where it is housed in an award-winning building designed by Studio Daniel Libeskind. Since opening in 2002, the Museum has offered a new type of museum experience where human stories of the causes, course and consequences of war and conflict are told through a range of media, including architecture, art, authentic objects, photography, film and drama.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

41

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

Design Philosophy The building has been described by Libeskind as a globe, shattered by war, into an earth, air and water shard. Intended to unsettle, disorientate and confuse, the building comprises uneven wall and floor planes, hard, uncompromising materials and a structure which is counter to the usual museum layout.

The 3 experiential elements of the design Earth Shard-Main Exhibition Space Air Shard- Entrance and Reflection Water Shard- Restaurant / Cafeteria

42

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

Lower Floor Plan

1. Air Shard 2. Lobby 3. Gift Shop 4. Offices / Classrooms 5. Stair to exhibits

Main Floor Plant

6. Permanent Exhibit 7. Temporary Exhibit 8. Restaurant 9. Office

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

43

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

Circulation and User Experience Once inside the building, the foyer should involve a simple focus on providing information, orientating the visitor in relation to the exhibition experience, orientating the visitor in relation to the visitor services and, as discussed below, orientating the visitor in relation to the values and priorities of the Museum. The foyer is a preparation space and thus the feel of the foyer needs to be aligned with the content of the Museum.

View of Exhibition Hall

Viewing tower in the Air Shard 44

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

Earth Shard (Main Exhibition Hall) The interior of the main (earth) shard is a sparsely filled exhibition space artificially lit and punctuated by Libeskind's distinctive acute angles and slashes in the ceiling. For twenty minutes in each hour this space is darkened and transformed into an 'experience' of the sounds and images of war, with every one of the angled walls becoming floor-to-ceiling projection screens. As a museum format the sequence of black-and-white images are curiously un-moving, despite the best efforts of the building which displays them impressively.

Exterior Image The imagery of this building clearly draws heavily on Libeskind's earlier Jewish museum in Berlin - the symbolic sculptural shapes, sharp angles, metal cladding and slash-lines in the surfaces. The justification is that the underlying theme of both buildings is ultimately similar, providing an unusually convincing rationale for such deconstructivist architecture.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

45

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

46

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Air Shard (Tower) The air shard is simply an empty tower, 55 meters high, with a viewing platform two thirds of the way up.

Rather it is not empty, but filled with the uninspired scaffolding required to support it in the wind. The elegance of the sculptural shape is not matched by any elegance in the engineering that supports it.

Imperial War Museum North War Museum in Manchester

Inferences Entry and Exhibit Halls

• .The architecture of the Museum is intended to disorientate, confuse and create the sense of disruption and lack of control.

• The confusing routes are to make the visitors feel the unsettling nature of war.

• Floor of the main exhibition space slopes down about 8 ft.

• Lack of right angles • Lack of natural lighting

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

47

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Project Information Architect – Charles Correa Client -Trade fair authority of India.

Built up Area – 6800 sq m Location – Near Purana Quilla on the BhaironRoad.

Just opposite Pragati Maidan Date of Completion – 1990.

Footfall : 4000 visitors annually 48

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Area Programming 40% of the total area is occupied by the courtyards and exhibition spaces which act as the main focus of the museum.

Location and Introduction The National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, popularly known as the National Crafts Museum & Hastkala Academy, celebrates the rich, diverse, and practising craft traditions of India. Situated in a large campus at the corner of Pragati Maidan, opposite the majestic Purana Qila, the museum was designed by the renowned architect Charles Correa.

At present the Museum collection consists of over 33,000 specimens in various crafts, acquired over a period of 60 years collected from various states of India.

The collection reflects the continuing traditions of handicrafts and handlooms

Administration- 50 sq.m Shop- 40 sq.m Shekawati- 100 sq.m A.H.U- 50 sq.m Village Court- 60 sq.m Temple Court- 140 sq.m Entrance Court- 225 sq.m Village Craft- 350 sq.m Toilet- 60 sq.m

TemporaryExhibit- 130 sq.m Library- 110 sq.m Darbar Craft- 280 sq.m Temple Craft- 320 sq.m Green Room- 25 sq.m Elec. Room- 25 sq.m Amphitheatre- 140 sq.m Visual Store- 700 sq.m

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

49

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan Library Shops Exhibition Spaces Administration

1. Entry Court 2. Administration 3. Village Crafts 4. Temple Crafts 5. Darbar Crafts 6. Visual Stores 7. Library 8. Store 9. Exhibition Room 10. Amphitheatre 11. Festival Spaces 12. Service Entry 13. A.H.U 14. Terrace 15. Courtyard 50

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

The stepping down of platforms and the actual use of steps to define both functions and edges of spaces echo the old bathing ghats of Varanasi and the Sarkej in Ahmadabad.

Design Philosophy

Correa has inspired from the great Buddhist and Hindu temples of the past such as those in Bali (Besaki), Java (Borobudur) and Southern India (Srirangam) which are structured around an open to sky ceremonial path.

Sarkej Roza

The crafts museum is organized around a central pathway, revealing a sequence of spaces along the pedestrian spine.

Borobudur

Srirangam

Bathing Ghats of Varanasi Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

51

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Galleries

Bhuta Sculpture Gallery

Bhuta Sculpture Gallery features a unique collection of sculptures of the Bhuta cult of coastal Karnataka. The Museum’s Bhuta cult collection is one of the largest in the world.

Folk & Tribal Craft Gallery

The Folk and Tribal Craft gallery displays a diverse selection of paintings, sculptures and other daily objects from the folk and tribal traditions of India.

Court Craft Gallery

Court Craft Gallery features objects of exquisite craftsmanship and precious materials that were created for homes and palaces of the erstwhile nobility in India.

52

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Cultic Craft Gallery

Cultic Craft Gallery India is a secular country. This gallery features sculptures, paintings, textiles and other accessories associated with the ritual practices of various religions in India.

Textile Gallery

Textile Gallery hosts an extensive collection of traditional Indian textiles which covers the vast range of hand-woven an handcrafted techniques found throughout India.

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Built to Unbuilt Relation 80% of the area consist of built spcaes

Unit to Whole Here the relationship of unit to whole is reinforced by its geometry and structure.

Each individual units have a relationship of repetitive to unique.

Geometry The complex has a main rectangular geometry. There are other intricate manipulation of geometries. There is a regularity and a consistent change in geomtery.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

53

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Structure Columnar and planar structure.

Regular, structure defines the space.

54

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Hierarchy There is a hierarchal order from major to minor spaces through scale and geometry of spaces.

Balance There is a balance by symmetry and configuration. The amphitheater at the Centre of the complex creates the balance to entire structure

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Circulation

Light Source

The main source of natural light is the direct light from the courtyards which disperses towards the sides creating a natural environment.

The walk through the museum leads one through a series of open, semi open and closed spaces. The whole museum is divided into small galleries which reduces the problem of circulation.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

55

National Crafts Museum

Before and After

Cafe Lota and the Museum Store

Cafeteria (B&A)

Crafts Museum in Delhi

Designed by Studio Lotus, Delhi

• Café Lota is a natural extension of the Museum Shop • Set in negative space created between store and boundary wall.

• Use of humble materials in building the framework and functional aspects and apply craft to elevate the spirit of the spaces.

• Utilizing, synchronizing and skimming its gentle scale with sensitive, low-footprint interventions that reweave the previous spatial narrative with new threads of familiarity.

• The high volume of the building and elements such as old timber rafters have been restored and revealed by removing the false ceilings and reviving construction details.

• A bamboo trellis of varying density brings in changing patterns of dappled light into the space through the day • Intermediary spaces are filled with plants to shape a light, airy yet shaded enclosure that makes full use of the beautiful trees and painted walls that surround the eatery.

Murals outside the Shop (B&A)

Museum Shop Entry (B&A)

56

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

National Crafts Museum Crafts Museum in Delhi

Inferences • Earth colours are used to provide traditional look.

• Clubbing of courtyards and activities.

• Allowing free movement through the museum without restricting users to view every exhibit.

• The stepping down of platforms and the actual use of steps to define both functions and edges of spaces.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

57

04

58

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Site Analysis

4.1 Site Location 4.2 Site Evolution 4.3 Figure Ground Map 4.4 Site Urban Analysis 4.5 Site Connectivity 4.6 Site Images 4.7 Site Condition 4.8 Site Surroundings 4.9 Climate Analysis 4.9 Climate Analysis Diagram 4.10 Site Images 4.10 Site Context Images 4.11 SWOT Analysis

4.1 Site Location

Location and Context Central Delhi

Lutyen's Delhi

Location and Context The site is located adjacent to the India Gate in Lutyen's Delhi which is in Central Delhi Lutyens' Delhi is an upscale, primarily residential neighbourhood surrounding a fountain and ponds in picturesque Rashtrapati Bhawan park. It’s home to government offices, including the grand 1927 Parliament of India and its adjacent museum, along with a Mahatma Gandhi statue, and a handful of laid-back coffee shops and eateries

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

59

4.1 Site Location

Location and Context

Rajpath Area

60

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Site Location

4.2 Site Evolution

Mapping the Changes

2002

2014

2008

2018

2012

2020

Historical images of the site and its surrounding from 2002-2020

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

61

62

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

4.3 Land Use Map

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

63

4.4 Urban Analysis

Built Form

The mapping has been done of the built form analysis of the site surrounding.

64

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Green Spaces

Delhi has very less green spaces but near the zone of the site a lot of green patches can be seen on the center of the road and sides.

Road Network

The road network consisted of diagonals and radials shape and at 30 degree or 60 degree angles to the main axis, which forming triangles and hexagons.

4.5 Site Connectivity

Road Connectivity The site is surrounded by three roads 1. India Gate Circle (Main) 2. Coppernicus Marg (Secondary) 3. Tilak Marg (Secondary) and intersected by Mahatma Jyothi Rao Marg. (Tertiary)

Airport, Railway & ISBT Distances: New Delhi Railway- 5.2 Kms Hazrat Nizamuddin- 5.2 Kms Old Delhi Railway- 11.8 Kms Kashmiri Gate ISBT- 12.9 Kms IGI Airport- 19.6 Kms

Noise Sources The major source of noise can be seen from the major road side which is from the India Gate Circle road. The secondary roads has comperatively lesser amount of noise source.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

65

4.9 Vehicular Movement & Traffic Analysis A variety of vehicle operate simultaneously. From private cars, to school buses to E-Rickshaws - these are multiple mode of transport present.

66

Primary Road

Secondary Road

Tertiary Road

Coppernicus Marg

Tilak Marg

MG Marg

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

4.7 Site Condition Site Area & Present Site Scenario Existing Site plan showing the barracks and trees present on the site.

N

N

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

67

4.8 Site Surroundings

2

1

Site

3 1. Hyderabad House

4

5 3. Patiala House Court

2. Baroda House

4. National Stadium

5. Jaipur House

Site Surrounding Central Delhi is home to numerous iconic architectural entities that are world renowned. These entities remain glorious examples of Indo-European syncretic architecture that has few parallels anywhere else in the world. Some of the iconic buildings are:

68

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

4.9 Climate Analysis Delhi's Climate Study

Temperature

Delhi is characterized by long hot summers and a cold short winter with the rainy season in the months from July to September. The variations in the mean maximum and minimum temperatures for each of the months, the average rainfall and the variation in average relative humidity are provided in the Charts and Graph enclosed.

Delhi features a humid subtropical climate.

Temperatures range from 5 to 40°C (41.0 to 104.0°F) with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being -2.2 and 48.4°C (28.0 and 119.0°F) respectively. The annual mean temp 42.5°C (77.0°F) and the monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32°C (55 to 90°F).

The average annual rainfall is approximately 714 mm (28.1in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August. The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.

Rainfall and Temp. Chart

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

69

4.9 Climate Analysis Sun Path & Wind Direction

Sun Path

Adequate sun exposure is present on site which makes it possible for solar energy generation and creating multiple terraces.

Wind Direction

The prevailing winds are predominantly from North-West both in summers and in winters.t

70

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

4.9 Climate Analysis Diagram

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

71

4.10 Site Landscape Landscape Plan

Predominant trees present on the Site

Ashoka

Saraca asoca is a plant belonging to the Detarioideae subfamily of the legume family.

Shahtut

Morus alba, known as white mulberry, common mulberry and silkworm mulberry, is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree which grows to 10–20 m tall. It is generally a short-lived tree with a lifespan comparable to that of humans, although there are some specimens known to be more than 250 years old.

Shisham

Dalbergia sissoo, known commonly as North Indian rosewood or shisham, is a fast-growing, hardy, deciduous rosewood tree native to the Indian subcontinent and southern Iran. D. sissoo is a large, crooked tree with long, leathery leaves and whitish or pink flowers.

72

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

4.10 Site Landscape List of Trees present on Site

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

73

4.10 Site Landscape Diagram

74

Location of Existing Barracks

Site + Trees

Trees with girth < 1M

Trees with gith > 1 M

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

4.11 Site Images

Present Condition

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

75

4.10 Site Context Images

76

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

4.11 SWOT Analysis

Strengths • The site is located in prime and central part of city with all other Government buildings in it's local vicinity.

• Connected through primary road, Easier access • Can be accessed through service lane • Located in a very high security zone and hence will create natural surveillance for the site

Oppurtunity • Located adjacent to the Rajpath and India Gate which already has a very high footfall • Well connected network of roads.

• Green spaces such as the Princess Park, located adjacent to the site creates oppurtunities for climate responsive designs • Can be connected to the National War Memorial

Weakness • Adjacent to primary roadSource to fast traffic and noise • Extreme weather conditions

Threat • Presence of strong architecture vocabulary in the area bound to the guidelines of Lutyen's Bungalow Zone which might restrict the architecture freedom till some limit.

• Presence of huge amount of trees on the site which has to replace in 1:3 ratio if being cut down

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

77

05

78

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Design Standards

Spatial Configuration Circulation Crowd Flow Door Placement User Behaviour Display Techniques Exhibit and Exhibit Hall Types Furniture Visual Standards Light and Lighting Type Security and Safety Maintenance Energy Efficient Techniques Services

Design Guidelines Spatial Configuration The relationships between functions are common to all museums and art galleries. The flow diagram shows collection item movement in the operation of collection services, but noting that every operation does not require a separate space, and some services may be provided by outside agencies.

This figure shows a possible layout for a small museum in which interpretive exhibitions and educational programs are central to its operation.

Flow diagram of collection item movements in the operation of collection services, exhibitions, conservation and collection management.

As far as possible collection services should be kept separated from public circulation

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

79

Design Guidelines Circulation The circulation of people and staff has to be separated from each other, and the visitor should be able to approach a particular gallery of their choice as directly as possible. He should not be obliged to return or proceed through the gallery he is not interested in. Circulating pattern should be designed keeping in mind that there is a general tendency to turn right while entering a exhibit hall.

1. Open plan Large and visually autonomous items on display,free circulation, function rooms in basement.

4. Labyrinth Free circulation, guided route and direction are variable, entrance and exit can be separate

5. Complex Combined groups of rooms with typical features of complex organisation of collection and display concept.

2. Core and Satellite Rooms Main room for orientation in the museum or the exhibition, side rooms for autonomous displays (themes/collections)

3. Linear Chaining Linear sequences of rooms, controlled circulation, clear orientation, separate entrance and exit.

80

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

6. Round Tour (loop) Similar to linear chaining controlled circulation leads back to entrance.

Design Guidelines

Depending upon the rate of flow of visitors, the areas inside the gallery can be described as:

Crowd Flow

Areas of constant crowd flow These are the areas where repetitive exhibits that can be easily understood by the visitors are placed.

Areas of crowd slope-age These are characterized by the general display of nature along with the exhibits of conceptual nature requiring time to absorb Areas of variable crowd flow The exhibits allow visitors to choose among simple and complex exhibits

1. Chain Visitors navigate as per their interests.

2. Window Allows movement in different rooms from a central point.

3. Central With collections kept centrally, visitors move around the collection to see the objects from different viewpoints.

4. Block Allows for movement in random fashion.

5. Brush Visitors are exposed to different parts of exhibits as they move along.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

81

Design Guidelines Door Placement

However many outside doors may be necessary for the various museum sevices (but should be as few as posible to facilitate supervision and security measures) there must be one public entry placed quite separately from the others.

Floor plans for the location of doors in relation to the use of space.

This should lead into a vestibule where all the essential services will be there like Sale of tickets Information Services Souvenier Shops

1. Traditional location of Doors 2-8 Secondary Doors 9-15 Polygonal Enclosures

82

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Design Guidelines What makes a great Place?

The study thus aims to address the following areas of research: a. How can architecture help create safe, democratic, public spaces open and accessible to all? b. How can these spaces become productive, relevant and active urban spaces? c. How can these places remain active on a day to day basis as well as host big gatherings and foster special events? d. How can the architecture respond to the multiplicity of the spaces and its varying functions?

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

83

Design Guidelines User Behaviour In order to create a useful and effective museum exhibition, all its creators, designer and curators have to be well acquainted with the target group. Without understanding the target audience the exhibition cannot succeed because it will not be able to communicate with and foster the interest of visitors.

Types of Visitors Museum visitors can also be categorized by the type of visit

Categorization

Casual Visitors People who move through the gallery quickly and does not become heavily involved with what they see

The spectrum of museum visitors is very diverse and there is no general and universal classification. Visitors however have some common features upon which we can build our organization.

Cursory Visitors People who shows more genuine interest in the museum experience and collections.

Socio Demographic Age,sex,education,occupation,residential community, local/non-local residents

Study Visitors A minority of visitors who thoroughly examine exhibitions with much more detail and attention. They are learners who will spend an abundance of time in galleries, read the texts and and labels, and closely examine the objects.

Museological Characteristics Motivation for the visit (professional informational), knowledge of the topic, potential of the tour to engage.

Range Characteristics Individual visitor, various types of visitors, frequency of visits, timescale of museum visits.

Psychological / Physiological Characteristics Reception, intelligential, memory, imagainative, visual, auditive

84

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Target Audience Families | School Parties | Organized educational groups | Leisure Learners | Tourists | Elderly| People with visual, auditory, mobility and learning disabilities.

Design Guidelines Display Techniques The idea of exhibits has changed considerably over the years. Rather than a remarkable display of exhibits with no touch restrictions, the dispplay has formed a team of inactive, active and interactive types.

Passive Communication • • • • •

A. Item from the collection B. Fixing mount, support or plinth C. Preservation D. Lighting E. Interpretive Device

Graphic Panels- Incorporate texts and images.

Object Labels- For individual objects.

E-labels- Incorporate text, images, video, audio and interactivity.

Images & Illustration- Photographs, maps, drawings and diagrams.

Models- Scale models, dioramas, props, reconstruction.

D

Active Communication • Audio- Spoken word, Oral testimony, Music, Foreign language.

• Video- Film, Interviews, Archive film, Moving image effects.

Reactive Communication • • • •

User Activated- Push Button, Pressure pad, Proximity Switch Lighting effects- Sequenced presentations Immersive Effects- Sequenced presentation with audios Films Movies, Documentaries and Videos

B

C E

Interactive Communication • • • •

Educational Technology, Microprocessor, Controlled devices Low-tech Interactives-Incorporate text, film flipbooks, audio Live Interpretation- Staff/Actors in role play High-tech Interviews- Programmed and Computerized

A

C Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

85

Design Guidelines Exhibit and Exhibit Hall Types Types of Exhibits

Types of Exhibit Halls

a,b,c Hanging / Wall mounted d,e Free standing and Open Exhibits f,g,h Contained exhibits and Display Casesv

A museum in which all the rooms are the same size becomes very monotonous. By varying their dimensions and the relation between height and width and also by using different colors for the walls and different kind of floorings, we can provide a spontaaneous and unconscious stimulus to attention.

86

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Design Guidelines Furniture Display cases can be a very important part of museum furnishings. Visual and practical matters have to be considered (e.g backgrounds, which are important in the context o the individual case and total design of the exhibition, and have to be selected with reference to the compatibility of materials, both of the objects and with their suroundings within the case.

Hinged Side Access good visibility, case dimension should be arm length

Hinged Front Access permits easy dressing,

Top Hinged strong opening stays are required for safety

Sliding Front good visibility,easy dressing,single sliding panel will need support

Two- Sliding Front used where space is limited on both sides

Sliding Upwards strong support and stops are required

Sliding Downwards strong support and stops are required

Lift-Off Front provides maximum access for lining panels

De-mountable Case System useful for temporary and travelling exhibition

Rear Access useful for large walk-in cases

Rear Access useful for large walk-in cases

Lift Off Shade / Hood Case good visibility with edge to edge glass or perspex

Lift Off Shade / Hood Case good visibility with edge to edge glass or perspex Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

87

Design Guidelines Visual Standards Positioning of exhibits Wall/Screen Mounted graphics- 1100-1675 mm People with low vision needs to be within 75mm of a label to read it.

Object label should be visible with object from vantage point.

Labels should be mounted at 90 degrees to line of vision.

They should also be visible to wheelchair users.

If label rails are used, the top of the label shouldn't be placed above maximum recommended height.

The approximate eye-level and the levels of comfortable visibility are given the figures with little eye movement people usually see and recognize the things which are within an approximately , elliptical cone of vision with the apex at the cone of eyeball height. The visitors must be allowed space to back away from the object to comprehend it

Measurements of adults and six year olds in relation to cases

Difficulties faced in viewing details more than 3ft above

Viewing distance increase with greater size of object

Standing Reach and Viewing Wall mounted exhibits need to consider the range of user's reach. This diagram shows that the optimal avg. reach zone for accomodating all users is between 36-48'' above floor.

Visual materials are in relatively narrow zone from 42-49" when visitors stand close. This zone establishes centerline heights.

88

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Design Guidelines

Use of Daylight

Light and Lighting Type The need for Lighting Usually display lighting should aim to present the exhibits accurately in terms of the whole object and its details, while making the display attractive. This generally requires a combinaion of ambient and accent lighting.

Lamps achieving good color rendering should be used.

Daylighting is the best passive solar option available, possible with a daylight illuminance control system. Some advantages of windows and roof lights are: • Reduced energy consumption • View of exterior and some sparkle enlivens space • Variable light pattern • Strong contrast through sunlight can add interest

Fundamental question are: • Whether lighting should be natural / artificial / what balance • Whether daylight is to be for display / gallery space • Whether sunlight is to be excluded from the gallery and, if so • what sun screening system is required

3 independent lighting will be required • • • •

Working lights for use during installation, cleaning, maintenance, dismantling, security patrols Emergency lighting for visitor safety Display lighting

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

89

Design Guidelines

Problems Caused by Light for Visitors

Light and Lighting Type Damage Caused by Light Light is a common cause of damage to library and archival collections. Paper, bindings and media (inks, photographic emulsions, dyes and pigments) are especially sensitive to light.

The geometry governing the eye lines of visiotrs and the light cast by luminaires, shadows, light levels and reflections have to be carefully designed.

Glare causes discomfort or disability, and can be direct or reflected. It can be avoided in the design of the building envelope by orientation of windows, roof lights, provision of shading devicecs, diffusers, overhangs, etc

Traditional lamps, even with protective filters can damage exhibits in museums very quickly. LED Technology however, does not create IR and UV light and is therefore ideal for sensitive environments such as galleries and museums.

Glare from reflecting surfaces (such as the surface of exhibits or the glass of a display case) can also be a problem. To avoid direct glare, all light sources must be screened from normal direction of view. Where there is free circulation of visitors around objects consider the comfort of lighting from all angles, where there is a controlled viewing angle, the design of lighting to avoid spillage and resultant glare is easier.

90

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Design Guidelines

Design Guidelines

Security and Safety

Maintenance

Thefts are increasing during opening hours and methods of display and vigilance are important to reduce attempts to damage displays as well as steal exhibits.

Types of Risks: Burglary Vandalism Robbery Hold-up Natural Hazards Fire and Fire Smoke Methods of controll includes closed-circuit TV, warders, alarms, and fire detection systems. The health and safety of the public and the staff and collection security are the prime considerations in determining the zoning of the museum into secure areas.

During open hours it may be sufficient to separate public and staff area.

Fire Safety The risk is relatively low, but protection should be provided by fully addressable alarm systems. First aid firefighting is best by sprinkler system and water. However, there is a problem of secondary damage in sprinkler systems which is water can damage the exhibits. So 'per-action' systems should be installed in preferance to dry pipe sprinklers.

The primary goal of exhibits maintenance is to prevent decay of displayed exhibits by ensuring proper storage and upkeep including performing regular housekeeping of the spaces and objects and monitoring and controlling storage environments.

The type of damage which can be done by Temperature High temp. accelerate chemical and biological processes Act as agent with realtion to relative humidity At extreme, may cause structural damage Relative Humidity Should be kept constant,organic objects expand/contract w change Should be measured regularly Use of humidifiers, dehumidifier Light Damage from light radiation Loss of colour or strength Levels should be monitored Dust and Dirt Becomes a surface over time Attracts and hold water molecules where mould spores can grow Can also prompt a chemical reaction

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

91

Design Guidelines Energy Efficient Measures An energy efficient building balances all aspects of energy use in a building: lighting, space-conditioning and ventilation, by providing an optimised mix of passive solar design strategies, energy-efficient equipments and renewable sources of energy. Use of materials with low embodied energy also form a major component in energy-efficient building design.

Bioclimatic Architecture: shape and orientation of the building, solar protections, passive solar sysytems.

High performing building envelope, through insulation, high performing glazing and windows,air sealed construction High performance controlled ventilation; mechanical insulation, heat recovery.

Using passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance.

Ventilation and Stack effect reduces cooling load.

92

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Design Guidelines Services Sewage Treatment Plant Provisions Based on the total water requirement, 85% water goes to the sewer followed by 80% of diversity. Size of STP can be calculated from this data to find out reusable water (90%) Rain Water Harvesting Based on annual rainfall, multiplying by runoff coeffiecient and the roof area, we get the water collected from roof. Similar calculations for landscape, roads and pavers give us the total volume water that can be harvested from rains.

That gives us the size of harvesting tank rrequired. Percolation pits, porous pavers and rainwater pipes to be used for carving rainwater to tanks.

Fire Protection A Fire protection system is a important component of a building's safety plan, regardless of whether it's a commercial facility, hospital or educational facility.

Passive Fire Protection uses systems that do not require any motion or action in order to work.

Eg: Fire and Smoke Dampers, Fire Walls/Barriers Active Fire Protection uses systems that do not require a certain amount of motion or action in order to work properly. These systems use some amount of actionsto notify of the fire and smoke conditions, help slow down the growth of the fire or to help put it out.

Eg: Fire alarm systems, Sprinkler systems, Fire extinguisher/Hydrant, Fire fighters, etc.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

93

Introduction In order to construct sustainability, it is imperative that one employs the locally available materials in their design. This is on count of two main reasons:

Local Materials Passive Sustainability Strategies

94

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

i. Climatologically Apt : Materials which have been used over time are employed because they are able to provide the most comfortable indoor environment within the said context. In the case of Delhi, where buildings are exposed extrema summers swell as extreme winters(temperature ranging from 8 to 40 Celsius, the materials need to withstand these extreme variations / expansions and delay the process of thermal lag - so that the interiors are relatively more comfortable than the exterior. ii. Low Carbon Footprint This ensures that the material-both in the inception and application causes least harm/impact on the environment Thus it is recommended that the materials are sourced locally or from nearby regions -as this would reduce their transportation and thus, save up on the carbon emissions involved in the process, Another benchmark for Choosing Materials on this basis is assessing the process of its creation. Materials such as Aluminum, use up a lot of energy in their creation and thus are less sustainable than Bamboo - a natural material, requiring very little energy to grow- and available in huge abundance.

Thus, on account of these parameters,the following material pallet has been identified –as possible options to be employed in the project.

Local Materials Passive Sustainability Strategies

Agra Sandstone

Lakhori Bricks

Advantage Thick, dense material - delayed thermal transfer from the outer face to the interiors. This ensures that the room is cooler inside even when the outside temperature is very hot.

Advantage The traditional size of birck of Delhi, it involves low energy in its creation and allows for flexibility in working in modules.

Applications: Structural Load Bearing Exterior Cladding

Applications: Exterior Cladding Infill block: Masonry

Dholpur Sandstone

Fly Ash-Lime Gypsum Blocks

Advantage Thick, dense material - delayed thermal transfer from the outer face to the interiors. This ensures that the room is cooler inside even when the outside temperature is very hot.

Advantage Use of a waste material (fly ash) collected from local power plants. Ready abundance and environmentally healthy as re-purposing a waste product.

Applications: Structural Load Bearing Exterior Cladding

Applications: Infill Blocks: Masonry Exterior Cladding

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

95

Local Materials Passive Sustainability Strategies

Clay Bricks

Delhi Quartzite

Advantage Made out of compressed earth - taken from the site or foundation, the material can be broken down and re-purposed in the future.

Advantage Highly durable stone with undulating rough texture, it requires very little maintenance. It also provides protection from UV rays but is brittle and cant withstand a lot of heat.

Applications: Infill blocks : Masonry Structural Load Bearing

Fly Ash : Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Advantage Lightweight material - reduces the load of the building, thereby reducing the depth of foundation digging. Re-purposing waste material.

Applications: Infill blocks: Masonry

96

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Applications: Exterior Cladding Paving

Rammed Earth: Advantage Thick, dense material - delayed thermal transfer from the outer face to the interiors. This ensures that the room is cooler inside even when the outside temperature is very hot.

Applications: Structural Load Bearing Exterior/Interior Plaster

06

Design Programming

6.1 Standards and Bye-Laws 6.2 Area Programming 6.3 Design Philosophy 6.4 Preliminary Zoning

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

97

6.1 Standards and Bye-Laws Maximum Ground Coverage 35% FAR 1.20.

Maximum permissible height- 26 M Open SpaceFront Open Space > 12 M Side Open Space > 6 M Rear Open Space > 6 M

Staircase Requirements Minimum Width of Staircase- 2 M Minimum Width of tread- 300 mm Minimum Riser- 150 mm (max 15 per flight) Minimum number of fire exit staircases- 2 Maximum travel distance betwenn two fire exit staircases- 45M Maximum travel distance from dead end to fire exit- 6M Public Walks and Ramps Minimum Width- 1800 mm Gradient- 1:20 (5% slope) Fire Fighting Installation Underground Static Water Storage Tank- 1,00,000 L Terrace Tank- 20,000 L

Fire tender Movement For building of height more than 15 M, fire tender shall have access to half of the building perimeter. With minimum road width of 6 M wide and 9 M turning radius.

Parking Guidelines Basement to be used for parking & services requirements only subject to the area allocated for services not exceeding 30% of the basement area. Use of basement for purposes other than parking and services shall be counted towards F.A.R and shall be subject to provisions under building bye laws & Master Plan Delhi 2021.

Parking Standard @ 2ECS /100 sqm of floor area.

A proper scheme for visitors parking. Parking adequacy statement shall be prepared taking into consideration a large visitor footfall.

Programme Analysis Functional Break-ups EXHIBITION GALLERY

LIBRARY RESEARCH

CONVENTION CENTRE

Galleries Interactive Arcades Audio-Visual Rooms

Reading Areas Digital Libraries Admin

Auditoriums Studios

FOOD & BEVERAGES

ADMINISTRATION

Terrace Garden

Auditoriums Studios

Specific audience and purpose

Specialized Function

Specialized Function

Specialized Function

Common Public Space Independance of purpose

In order to create a vibrant and active space the ground floor needs to serve as a common, public place.

Multi Sensorial Plazas Peace Pavillion Public Realm Souvenier Shop

Quickread Lounge Cafeteria Book Store Spillout Areas Kid's Lounge

Temporary Exhibition Hall Spillout Area

Restaurant VVIP Entry Multi-Purpose Halls

Workshops Stores Admin

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

99

Area Statement

100

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Entrance Public Plaza

Exhibition Galleries

Library & Research

Convention Centre

Recreational

Administration

Admin

User Experience & Relationship Diagram To create a holistic environment, complimentary functions need to be located in close proximity. This encourages cross dialogue.

Galleries

AV Rooms

Arcades

Quickread Lounge

Temporary Exhibition

Cafeteria

Reading Area Admin

Restaurant

Museum Services

Rooftop Lounge

Auditorium

MultiPurpose Hall

Rooftop OAT Cafeteria

VIP Entry

VIP Circulation

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

101

Zoning Concepts Context and Site Influences Key Influences: 1. Presence of heavy footfall in neighbouring areas like the India Gate and National War Memorial.

2. Strong Architectural vocabulary of surrounding.

3. Direct connection with the War Memorial.

4. Strongly connected roads.

102

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

07

Concepts Vision for the Project

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

103

1st Tier: Programme Active, Vibrant & Relevant Socio-Cultural Complex

Public Library

Solution: Active, Complimentary, User-Appropriate Programming

3 Tiers of the Project • Programmatic Level • Site Level • Building Level

Peace Gallery

Public Realm Restaurant

War Gallery

Multi-Purpose

2nd Tier: Site Open, Free and Accessible Public Realm Solution: Stilted open spaces creating additional programme. Scope for change or transformation.

Auditorium

Learning Centre

Open Air Theatre

Specific audience and purpose

Specialized Function

Specialized Function

Specialized Function

Common Public Space Building on stilts build around a public realm

Independance of purpose

2nd Tier: Site Open, Free and Accessible Public Realm Solution: Stilted open spaces creating additional programme. Scope for change or transformation.

104

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Atrium: Capped to trap heat in extreme cold weather of Delhi

Atrium: Provides visual connection between spaces.

Courtyards: Allows Visual connection, Wind Flow

Design Philosophy

War is not the end, Peace is.

The design philosophy is juxtaposition of war and peace through the design of spaces. To have both the effects of war and peace on the visitors and to show how both can exist simultaneously . To create the circulation in such a way that visitors can experience the transendance from war towards peace.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

105

Articulation of Design Philosophy

Articulation of design philosophy through spaces

Low lit gallery tubes based on the footprints of the existing abandoned barracks to depict the emotions faced during war without any ray of hope.

106

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Puncturing the gallery tubes to connect to the surrounding courtyards and converting linear introvert spaces to engaging extrovert spaces and depicting peace by connecting with nature.

Form Development

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

107

08

108

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Design Development

Site Plan

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

109

110

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Elevations Concept Reference Image: Mughal Architecture in India

Acquired Concept: Traditional ways of construction

Translated Concept: Patterns of adaption

Elevation of Frontage

Collumns and Plinths

Subtraction

Void over Void

Jalis

Texture and Colour

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

111

Elevations

112

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Site Sections

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

113

Exploded Site Section

114

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Site Shadow Analysis

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

115

Exploded Axonometric Section Toilet Core, Circulation Core, A.H.U

116

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Amenities Block Site Plan Exploded Sections

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

117

118

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Indian Armed Forces Block Site Plan

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

119

Indian Armed Forces Block Floor Plans Furniture Layout

120

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Indian Armed Forces Block Site Plan

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

121

122

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Service Scheme

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

123

RFID Tags

Security and Management System ( Library ) System: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Working Mechanism : Similar to the 'anti-theft' devices employed in retail stores, the RFID system. Works on a principle of Radio frequencies. The tags are concealed within each of the items and keep a track of its location In case the user doesnt notify the lending of the material, the RFID rag triggers an alarm notifying the problem.

Advantages : i. Less no. of librarian stations ii. Multiple entry and exit points for a Library iii. Faster lending and returning procedure iv. Makes the interior spaces less intimidating and user friendly.

Application in the Project : Placed near the entry and exit points of the library, the tags ensure a smoothless yet thorough security check or the visitors without any hinderance. Since each resource material is supplemented with an unique tag, if enables all the books to be catalogued thereby, making the resource materials easier to located and manage.

124

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Raised Floor Electrical System Flexible cable management system

System : Raised floor electrical cable management system Working Mechanism : Designed like a 'false flooring', the raised floor allows running cables and wiring in the sub-floor at each level.

Instead of chiselling in the walls and only allowing certain electrical outlets in fixed location, this system enables flexible usage. Since the wiring is available at every location of the subfloor, many more outlets are available for use and independent of the facade system.

Advantages : i. Free movement and elxibility ii. Electric port and connection at any place desired iii. Future ready for the digital transformation and change in zonng / programming Application in the Project : The cable trays are located in the cavity between the floor finish and the raisers. These trays can accessed at multiple points within the same room. The void height is roughly around 150-300 mm.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

125

Water and Electrical Conservation

126

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Site Level Services

Technology Services: RFID Tag

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

127

Green Roofing

Active Sustainability Stratergies Introduction : Green roof is an environmental, social and economical use of the building roof. Green roofs may be installed at any height with an access provided for its maintenance, The planted spaces, may be used to provide human enjoyment and environmental enhancement or energy savings for the users.

Broadly, they can be catogorised into two types : 1. Roof gardens : are installed for the access and enjoyment ofpeople. They are also costly to build, require intensive maintenance and are heavy in weight due to the deep soil prohles.

2. Green roots : are lightweight with thin soil profiles and minimal maintenance requirements. They are cheaper to construct as they are installed for environmental performance and visual improvement only.

128

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Green Roofing

Active Sustainability Strategies Classification : Green Roof Systems Traditional roof gardens restricted the planting to containers and planters or used a layer of ordinary soil spread on the roof. The contemporary roof greening systems are however much advanced as they use organic matter instead of soil for the plant grown, The modern green roofs are categorized by the substrate or growing media depth. There are three types of systems - intensive (deep), semi-intensive (moderate depth) and extensive (shallow). Finally, small niches are dug into the substrate and saplings are planted. The remaining functioning and the maintenance of the plants remain similar to regular gardening.

Working Mechanism : After the construction of the roof slab, several layers of waterproofing are applied in order to ensure that there is no leak or dampness in the future. To further assist an easy drainage system, floor drain trays are often installed which help channel the water in a predetermined location. Once the waterproofing is done, layers of Geo - textile fabric is applied. This helps the soil and other medium on top of it, retain their place even water runs through them. Furthermore, layers of engineered sol - soil with a vanity of mixes for the desired plant species and variety - are laid on top. This becomes the substrate or the growing medium for the plants. Finally, small niches are dug into the substrate and saplings are planted.

The remaining functioning and the maintenance or the plants remain similar to regular gardening.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

129

Green Roofing

Active Sustainability Strategies Classification : i. Apart from adding to the 'green' cover in an increasingly concretised surrounding. vegetated roots shade and prevent incoming solar radiation from reaching the structure below. ii. It thereby regulates the internal climate of the building by insulating it against extremes climate and provide a cooing effect through evaporation or Water from its vegetative and soil surfaces. iii. By reducing the heat flux through the roof, cooling load and energy consumption of the building may be lowered, leading to monetary savings for the owner. iv. A low rise building with a high roof to well ratio benefits the most from a green roof. compared to a high rise building that loses energy through the building envelope and glazing. v. Apart from the thermal advantage, green roof plants purify the air and provide protection to the root membrane by reducing the direct solar exposure.

Working Mechanism : With its ability to create a mirco environment and utilising an already available open space, green roots are becoming popular option for activating the roof areas. In Delhi, it has been applied in a number of buildings ranging from office building, residential units, restaurants , schools etc.

Case example : TI Building Campus, Gurgaon - Ashok Lall architects

130

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Structural Scheme

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

131

132

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Composite Structure Construction Strategies System: Composite System Advantage: Large column free spans Working Mechanism : Composite structures are hybrid structures involved steel sections and concrete. The system is formed by pouring concrete over a mesh of interconnected steel beams or a uniform steel deck - with sheer connectors.

The connector help the slab to act in a unified manner instead of separate components.

Using steel sections instead of re bars , reduce the amount of concrete used making the structure lighter in comparison. Since Steel is good in tension and concrete is good in compression, the cohesive structure is able to achieve greater strength.

More Advantages: i. Depth and Weight of the steel beam required is reduced- making the construction lighter. ii. Reduced depth of beams and floor slabs - thereby increasing the headroom of the building. iii. Large spans are possible without the need of intermediate columns.

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

133

Wabble Slabs

Construction Strategies System : Waffble Slab Advantage : Large column free spans Application : Auditorium & Galleries i. In an attempt to save up on space, it would be ideal to have a system which allows stacking up of - large column free spaces vertically. ii. Having multiple galleries and flexible sizes of studios, wabble slab construction would allow for uniterupted column free space. iii. Made up of an interisting pattern, the exposed structure can be used as a subdued neutral finish in many large spaces such as foyers, galleries, classrooms, corridors.

134

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Views

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

135

136

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

137

138

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

139

140

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022

Indian National War Musuem , Delhi

141

National War Museum, Delhi Judhajit Debnath Thesis 2022

142

Judhajit Debnath | Thesis 2022