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ACCG224 Intermediate Financial Accounting W k1 Week 1 Introduction to the regulatory environment: including theories of regulation and political influence Godfrey Chapter 12 (6e) Godfrey Chapter 3 (7e) Lecture Delivered by: Sunil Dahanayake Rajni Mala
Learning objectives • the theories of regulation that are relevant to accounting and auditing • how theories of regulation apply to accounting and auditing practice accounting and auditing practice • the regulatory framework for financial reporting • the institutional structure for setting accounting and auditing standards.
Introduction to the regulatory environment – Who/what regulates accounting? Corporations Act 2001 1. accounting requirements about the way financial data are recorded in the accounting system 2. Requirements about accounting reports Supervised and enforced by Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under the ASIC Act 1991 Commission (ASIC) under the ASIC Act 1991 • Investigates companies suspected of non‐compliance with the Act or accounting standards • Issues its own interpretation of the financial reporting requirements of the Corporations Act Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) • Listing and trading rules • Role in developing Australian financial reporting requirements
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Introduction to the regulatory environment – Who/what regulates accounting? 1. Financial Reporting Council • oversees standard setting • 12 members appointed by Federal Govt or nominated by approved organisations (ASIC, ASX etc.) • Advises government on standard setting • Appoints members to AASB • Monitors AASB and gives direction • No veto power on standards – the Federal Parliament has • AASB must follow its broad strategic plan
Introduction to the regulatory environment – Who/what regulates accounting? 2. Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) • Government not a professional body • Makes IAS and IFRS into Australian standards • ‘Australianising’ Australianising the IASB the IASB’ss Framework Framework • Drafts new standards when required by IASB • Undertakes public consultation on draft standards
Introduction to the regulatory environment – Who/what regulates accounting? 3. International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee – Principles based international accounting standards require global interpretation – Consistency of interpretation is the key challenge for the accounting profession
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Internal regulation of accounting practice • Through accounting standards – that have government backing – they guide the preparation of financial statements • From January 2005 Australia adopted International Accounting Standards (IASs) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
Rules vs Principles in Standard Setting • IASB follows a principles‐based approach to standard setting • Constructed in a broad framework that is not focussed on specific rules under specific circumstances • Allows for professional judgement in relation to substance rather than form • Relates to the conceptual framework (more next week) • Broad guidelines that can be applied to different situations • Comparability is a problem as is the potential for bias
Rules vs Principles in Standard Setting • Currently FASB follows rules‐based approach • Misuse in corporate collapses means that FASB is reconsidering Standards can be very complex • Standards can be very complex • Open to manipulation • Can become very confusing
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What is regulation? • Regulation is overseeing, according to predetermined rules, an activity by an entity not directly involved in the activity – The government is deliberately intervening in the production of general purpose financial statements – This control is through a standard setting body (AASB) which is supposed to be independent of the government
The theories of regulation relevant to accounting and auditing • Managers have incentives to voluntarily provide accounting information, so why do we observe the regulation of financial reporting? • Explanations are provided by: Explanations are provided by: – theory of efficient markets – agency theory – theories of regulation
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The theories of regulation relevant to accounting and auditing • Managers have incentives to voluntarily provide accounting information, so why do we observe the regulation of financial reporting? • Explanations are provided by: Explanations are provided by: – theory of efficient markets – agency theory – theories of regulation
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Theory of efficient markets • The forces of supply and demand influence market behaviour and help keep markets efficient • This applies to the market for accounting This applies to the market for accounting information and should determine what accounting data should be supplied and what accounting practices should be used to prepare it 13
Theory of efficient markets • • • • • •
The market for accounting data is not efficient The ‘free‐rider’ problem distorts the market Users cannot agree on what they want Accountants cannot agree on procedures Firms must produce comparable data The government must therefore intervene
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Agency theory • The demand for accounting information: – for stewardship purposes – for decision‐making purposes
• A A framework in which to study the f k i hi h t t d th relationship between those who provide accounting information ‐ e.g. a manager ‐ and those who use it – e.g. a shareholder or creditor 15
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Agency theory • Because of imbalances between data suppliers and data users, uncertainty and risk exist • Resources and risk are likely to be mis‐ allocated between the parties allocated between the parties • To the extent the market mechanism is inefficient, accounting regulation is required to reduce inefficient and inequitable outcomes 16
Theories of regulation • There are three theories of regulation: – public interest theory – regulatory capture theory – private interest theory private interest theory
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Public interest theory • Government regulation is required in the ‘public interest’ whenever there is market failure (inefficiency) due to: – lack of competition lack of competition – barriers to entry – information asymmetry – public‐good products
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Public interest theory • Governments intervene: – to get votes – because public interest groups demand intervention – because they are neutral arbiters
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Regulatory capture theory • The public interest is not protected because those being regulated come to control or dominate the regulator • The regulated protect or increase their wealth The regulated protect or increase their wealth • Assumes the regulator has no independent role to play but is simply an arbiter between battling interest groups
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Regulatory capture theory • The public interest is not protected because those being regulated come to control or dominate the regulator • The regulated protect or increase their wealth The regulated protect or increase their wealth • Assumes the regulator has no independent role to play but is simply an arbiter between battling interest groups
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Private interest theory • Governments are not independent arbiters, but are rationally self‐interested • They seek re‐election • They will ‘sell’ their power to coerce or h ill ‘ ll’ h i transfer wealth to those most likely to achieve their re‐election (if they are elected officials) or increase their wealth (if they are appointed officials) or both 22
Application of public interest theory • The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (US, 2002) • Accounting Standards Review Board (AUS, 1984) • But: – Managers have incentives to voluntarily correct market failure perceptions about their firms
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What is behind the regulation of accounting in Australia? • Corporate failures • Wide reaching effects of accounting • Government intervention to increase its regulatory role • Legal enforcement of financial reporting and auditor independence
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Introduction to the regulatory environment – Who/what regulates accounting? • Why is accounting so regulated – Agency problem – Reporting needs to be monitored – Protection of owners and creditors Protection of owners and creditors – Complexity of entities and transactions – Governments act in the public interest to ensure efficient market for information – Accounting is a complex product
Introduction to the regulatory environment – the role of professional judgement • Accounting treatment of some transactions is unregulated (eg. depreciation, residual value) • Difficult to accept that accounting standards are neutral and unbiased when economic and social consequences of standard setting • Different accounting assumptions and judgements can lead to reporting profits/losses
Rationale for regulation • Regulation is necessary because: – Markets for information are inefficient and not enough good information will be made available – Average efficiency in the market puts at risk the savings of investors who rely on unregulated d l disclosures – Those with limited power may be unable to get information – Investors need protection against misleading information – public confidence – Regulation leads to uniformity
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Rationale for regulation • Regulation is not necessary because: – Financial information is a good and people are prepared to pay for it – this will lead to an optimal supply of information – Failure to supply information will mean the organisation will be punished by the capital market – It leads to an over‐supply of costly information – It restricts accounting choice and leads to a ‘one size fits all’ problem – It encourages lobbying
Politics of standard setting • IASB sets accounting standards – AASB Australianises them • what are the opportunities for lobbying? There is an Australian member of the IASB Europe is a powerful bloc FASB is resisting and wants US GAAP to dominate Multinational businesses – including big 4 accounting firms – Politicians – Responses to EDs
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Concluding comments • Accounting is highly regulated by government regulatory bodies • Accounting standards have gone global but are regulated locally • There are arguments that regulation has failed – Th h l i h f il d just j look at the corporate collapses • Does accounting in Australia require more or less regulation? • Does the production of GPFS require more or less accounting standards?
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Summary In this chapter: we reviewed theories proposed to explain the practice and regulation of financial reporting and auditing we reviewed the regulatory framework for financial reporting and the institutional structure for setting accounting and auditing standards
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Theory in Action (page 64) • Describe current Accounting practices for leases as outlined in this article? • Why does the author call leasing standards ‘silly silly accounting rules accounting rules’?? • What are the advantages of capitalising leases ?Given that most companies usually reporting operating leases, will they oppose new leasing rules?
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Who/what regulates accounting ? 1 Introduction to the regulatory environment – W k 1Week1 Introduction to the regulatory environment: includ...
Published on Aug 4, 2010
Who/what regulates accounting ? 1 Introduction to the regulatory environment – W k 1Week1 Introduction to the regulatory environment: includ...