London's Future Last Mile, Adaptive Technologues - Design Think Tank, 2019

LONDON’S FUTURE LAST MILE ADAPTIVE TYPOLOGIES ELLA CLARKE SAM DAVIES DUNCAN GRAHAM BETTY OWOO IVO PERY OLIVER SANGER

LONDON SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

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WITH THANKS TO THE TEAM AT HAWKINS\BROWN FOR THEIR GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT THROUGHOUT THIS PROJECT

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CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

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WHAT IS THE LAST MILE?

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PROJECTING THE FUTURE

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STRATEGY

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PRECEDENTS

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VISION

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ABSTRACT

London’s streets have been shaped by the movement of goods and people. With new policies, technologies, and networks set to change how Londoners live, how will these changes manifest themselves in the last mile of everyday life? We really want to hypothesise and project what the movement of people and goods will be like in 20 years time.

The last mile, in reality, is the first mile. It is what surrounds our homes, the network of streets and communities that aid our growth and give us our identities. In London, many of our public spaces have been lost to the precedence of transportation and privatisation. The social places where we once gathered and connected as communities are

being taken away. At the heart of the problem is the growing on-demand economy, where we can now expect everything to be brought to us with little effort, allowing us to shrink away to our own inward looking bubbles.

With the rise of new forms of automated goods transportation, and new ways of working on the horizon, a future where this problem persists and worsens isn’t beyond the realms of possibility. How can we embrace and curate the new technologies coming to our streets, turning the tides against this future? Can we change our relationships with objects, whilst at the same time changing our relationships with each other?

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ASPIRATION

WE WANT A LAST MILE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

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INFLUENCED BY:

UN sustainable goals

London Mayoral policy background

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OBSTACLES

1/ VEHICLES DOMINATE THE STREET. 2/

WE NOW LIVE IN BUBBLES, NOT COMMUNITIES.

3/ THE LAST MILE ISN’T PREPARED FOR THE FUTURE.

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CHOSEN BECAUSE:

1/ London’s streets account for 80% of the city’s public space, yet too often they are

Source: Healthy Streets for London (Mayor of London)

Currently, road transport is responsible for half of the main air pollutants.

Freight accounts for 30% of

Mayor’s Transport Strategy (Mayor of London)

60% of home deliveries end in failure, 80% of Londoners’ travel time is spent on our streets. with over 60% of delivery vans half full

Source: GLA and TFL

9000 Londoners a year die early as a result of toxic air.

or less than half full

Source: The Department for Innovation, Business and Skills and TFL

Source: Healthy Streets for London (Mayor of London)

Source: Understanding the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in London (GLA)

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3/

Among all adults, 78% bought goods or services online in the

16.3% of all retailing now

1/6 of every British pound was

Source: Internet Access: Households and Individuals, Great Britain 2018 (ONS)

Source: Internet Access: Households and Individuals, Great Britain 2018 (ONS)

Source: Comparing bricks and mortar store sales with online retail sales, August 2018 (ONS)

London is currently delivering

Without action heat-related deaths will triple to 7,000 deathswill a year by the 2040s

happens online...

spent online in 2017.

15 Not evolving into a ‘Smart City’ could cost each city dweller 3 working weeks’ worth of time every year .

Source: Internet Access: SMART CITIES – WHAT’S IN IT FOR CITIZENS? (Juniper Research)

less than half

of the mayor’s target of

69,000 new homes each year Source: Internet Access: London Housing Strategy (Mayor of London)

.

Source: Internet Access: Deaths registered weekly in England and Wales, provisional (ONS)

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OBJECTIVES SHOW HOW WE CAN...

1/ REDUCE THE IMPACT OF VEHICLES ON THE LAST MILE. SUGGEST WAYS TO...

2/ CURB THE NEGATIVES OF THE ON-DEMAND ECONOMY DEMONSTRATE A WAY TO...

3/ CREATE A LAST MILE THAT EMBRACES THE FUTURE

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WITH THE OUTCOME:

PROVOKE COLLECTIVE ACTION WITHIN THE GLA AND THE INDUSTRY

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Transport Strategy

The London Plan

GLA TEAM: Planning

GLA TEAM: Health

+

GLA TEAM: Environment

GLA: Existing Research

GLA TEAM: Transport

LSA: Design Think Tank

ADAPTIVE TYPOLOGIES PRIMER: Provocations on The Future Last Mile

GLA TEAM: Business & Economy

GLA TEAM: Skills & Employment

Healthy Streets for London

GLA TEAM: Regeneration

GLA TEAM: Research & Analysis

STAKEHOLDERS

FUTURE LAST MILE COMMISSION

GLA SPECIAL APPOINTMENT: Last Mile Advocate

GLA TEAM: Last Mile Taskforce

KEY TEXTS: Existing Research TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES

RETAILERS: e.g. Amazon, Asos, Tesco

ROYAL MAIL

DELIVERY COMPANIES: e.g. DHL, Hermes

TFL & NETWORK RAIL

LANDOWNERS: e.g. Argent, Schroders

POLICY POLICYM M

MODEL MODEL • • • •

Town & Country Planning Act Section 106 Compulsory Purchase Orders GLA Powers

EXISTING LEGAL POWERS:

POLICY

OUTPUTS

EXISTING FUNDING STREAMS:

POTENTIAL FUNDING STREAMS:

INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC REALM

= GLA FUNDING • Good Growth Fund • European Social Fund • Commissioning Fund • European Regional Development Fund

TAXES AND LEVYS • Home Delivery Levy PRIVATE INVESTMENT • Angel Investors

21ST CENTURY LAST MILE

GOVERNMENT FUNDING • Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government Funds • Charging Infrastructure Investment Fund OTHER FUNDING • National Lottery Funds

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THE PROJECT

PROBLEMS

EFFECTS

We have identified three key problems relating to the last mile:

These problems are having undesirable effects on our city:

1.

Vehicles are having a disproportionate effect on the last mile

1.

2.

The rise of the on-demand economy is having a disproportionate effect on the last mile

Vehicles: heavily polluted streets, traffic congestion, poor air quality, people being treated as an afterthought

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3.

There is a lack of unified thinking about the last mile and the issues occurring within it

On-demand economy: rise in consumerism, rise of isolation in the city, rise of waste, lack of appreciation and knowledge of how goods are received

3.

Disorganisation: cluttered, uncomfortable, non-inclusive space

OBJECTIVES Our aim is to create a last mile for the 21st century by: •

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Reducing the impact of vehicles on the last mile

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Suggesting ways to curb the excesses of the on-demand economy

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Demonstrating a way to create a last mile that embraces the future

PROPOSED CHANGES We will do this by: •

Changing the face of delivery with the implementation of a new delivery network

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Implementing policy changes with the creation of a new GLA Last Mile Taskforce

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Curating new technologies that are on the horizon

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Considering the impact of future conditions on London in the areas of population, climate and technology

1.

PROBLEMS

2.

establish a desired outcome

A last mile for the 21st century

PROBLEMS add proposed changes

+ changing the face of delivery + policy changes + new technologies + future conditions

minimise the problem

Present Day

3.

A last mile for the 21st century

INTERVENTION PROBLEMS POLICY GLA the next step

PRIMER

Present Day create projected backstory

History of the movement of people & goods

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WHAT IS THE LAST MILE? 19

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WHAT IS THE LAST MILE?

conventional last mile

The last mile has typically been a term used within logistics and transport. When used in relation to deliveries, the last mile is the final leg of the journey of a product or service to the end user.

The last mile or personal transport primarily refers to the on-street journey from transport node to final destination. The end point in both of these situations is usually a personal residence or workplace. Both deliveries and transport rely heavily on infrastructure, with increasing urban densification around transport nodes and the growing levels of consumerism within society, London’s streets will be put under even greater strain, with severe consequences on the user.

From our own ideals, and from the aims set out by others (including the UN and its sustainable goals, and the London Mayor’s literature on healthy streets, transportation strategies, and the London Plan) we have developed our own understanding of the last mile.

our last mile

We see the last mile as more than just the movement of people and goods. We believe it includes everything that surrounds our homes and significant locations within our lives. The last mile, and the network of communities it envelops, helps us grow as people, and its importance should be celebrated.

When we look towards the future, we see the importance of our last miles growing. Our future last mile should be healthy for both our bodies and our minds; they should be grounded in nature and encourage sustainable living; they should be inclusive and community focused; they should find ways to foster relationships and growth. Above all, our last miles need to be considered as a whole, not just as their constituent parts.

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URBAN MORPHOLOGY + TIMELINE The implementation of the railway

1830

Environmental Public Realm Technology

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The invention of air travel

The invention of the car

First Lines of the London Underground open

1903

1886

1863

Planes begin to carry passengers from London to Paris

First electric traffic lights in London

First electric traffic lights in London

1919

1925

1931

Container shipping changing the freight industry

1956

The M25 opens entirely

Fossil fuel and industry carbon emissions reach six billion tonnes per year.

The Pelican crossing is introduced

William Anders’ famous ‘Earthrise’ photo was taken.

1986

1986

1969

1968

The Channel Tunnel Opens

TfL is established

London Underground carries more than 1 billion passengers in a year

Lower Emission Zone takes effect

1994

2000

2007

2008

Ultra Low Emission Zone takes effect

Launch of Sadiq Khan’s Healthy Streets Initiative

The Paris Agreement was signed

Human population reaches seven billion

2019

2018

2016

2011

Elizabeth Line will potentially open?

Potential opening of Crossrail 2

A rise in temperature of between 5OC and 7OC

Sea Levels may rise by 2.1m in Britain

2019

2030s

2070

2100

Roman London (AD43) Elizabethan London (1556) Georgian London (1760) Early Victorian London (1836) Late Victorian London (1886) Greater London (1965) Greater London (2019) M25 Air Routes

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LONDON’S TYPOLOGIES We identified three typologies to study and project futures upon: The area around Liverpool Street Station, East Village, and Forest Gate. These three areas differ in scale and population, but all will soon be connected by Crossrail.

To help guide our curated projections, we have set out key principles that we feel will create a better last mile.

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LIVERPOOL STREET AREA

URBAN SCALE Currently, the urban realm is designed to accommodate the 08:00 to 19:00 office worker, providing high amounts of activity within these hours and very little outside of this time.

Because of the high number of people entering the area

around the station, in conjunction with the predicted population increase within the area its immediate surroundings will become the last mile for the largest number of people within the city.

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EAST VILLAGE

LOCAL CENTRE SCALE Our second typology is East Village, located on the fringe of the Olympic park and the former accommodation for athletes during the 2012 London Olympic Games. As a part of the contingency plans for the games, East Village was

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Subsequently set up as a Private Rental Scheme, which has attracted many people who regularly need to commute to Zone 1 due to the excellent transport links of Stratford Station, especially in recent years, with the approach of Crossrail.

FOREST GATE

LOCAL CENTRE/ SUBURBAN SCALE Forest Gate is a residential area to the north east of the Olympic Park in East London. A diverse area, currently characterised by independent shops, Victorian streets and a multicultural

Population, it is on the cusp of change, with the imminent arrival of Crossrail 1 set to open up the area to the west of London.

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PROJECTING THE FUTURE 29

POLITICAL OBJECTIVES 2041 2041 OBJECTIVES As a core element in the Mayor’s overall plan for London, our purpose is to keep London moving, working and growing, and to make life in our city better. We reinvest all of our income to run and improve London’s transport services and to make it safer, more modern and affordable for everyone.

The following bodies of work outline the mayors proposals for 2041.

THE MAYORS TRANSPORT STRATEGY “The Mayor, through TfL, working with the boroughs and the Freight Forum, will work with landlords and all parts of the supply chain, including the freight industry, Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) and individual businesses to improve the efficiency of last mile deliveries and servicing.”

“The Mayor, through TfL, will work to encourage the DfT and Network Rail to upgrade rail freight routes outside London”

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HEALTHY STREETS FOR LONDON The Mayor has shown that he is determined to help every Londoner. Committing to record levels of investment to cycling and active-travel and has asked Transport for London (TfL) to put this agenda at the heart of its decision making.

“More and more global cities are now realising the value of investing in highquality, appealing public spaces, and healthy residents”

THE LONDON PLAN Promote and demonstrate the application of the Mayor’s Healthy Streets Approach to: improve health and reduce health inequalities; reduce car dominance, ownership and use, road danger, severance, vehicle emissions and noise; increase walking, cycling and public transport use;

“Opportunity Area planning Frameworks, Area Action Plans, and other area-based plans should include freight and servicing strategies”

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CLIMATIC PROJECTIONS FLOODING RISK The government’s latest climate change risk assessment identifies flood risk, and particularly flooding from heavy down pours, as one of the key climate threats for the UK, alongside stresses on water resources, threats to biodiversity and natural habitats, and the repercussions for the UK from climate change impacts abroad.

WARMER, DRIER SUMMERS Conversely, the models suggest that the UK could experence warmer, drier summers in the future.

While that may bring some benefits, it could mean increased risk of drought, and extreme events such as the 2003 heatwave could be the norm by the end of this century. Heatwaves could also heighten pressure on healthcare services; older populations are more vulnerable to extreme heat. Transport may suffer too, as higher summer temperatures bring the threat of rail buckling and associated travel delays.

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INTRODUCTION OF SPECIES TO THE UK The UK may see changing patterns of wildlife and plants as species try to adapt by moving northwards, or have to compete with new nonnative species. Habitats may come under increasing pressure – from salt marsh threatened by sea-level rise to beech woodland susceptible to summer droughts. Species could also experience reduced food supply if earlier breeding periods are at odds with the food available at the time. Zitting cisticola (pictured), which may colonise southern Britain instead of continental Europe.

INFRASTRUCTURE DESCRUCTION Unable to contend with the increasingly erratic weather conditions, the historic infrastructure will continue to detiroriate.

The severe weather of February 2014 cut off the South West peninsular from the rest of the railway; the mainline that runs through Dawlish in Devon is the only line connecting most of the county and all of Cornwall to the rest of the network.

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SOCIAL PROJECTIONS

POPULATION INCREASE The predicted population increase in the UK will not be evenly distributed, urbanisation rates we’re currently seeing in the city give The City of London a projected population of 11 million by 2050, a 37% increase.

The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, has demonstrated his determination to get London building the affordable homes it needs by ripping up existing planning rules and calling on homebuilders to develop sites at higher housing densities, substantially increasing the capacity in the capital.

ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS The rise of awareness amongst public of the damage that we are causing planet by aggressive consumption have led to a rise in awareness.

The increase in veganism and more sustainable living demonstrate the shift in public opinion.

As the impact of Climate Change become more visible these trends are assumed to increase.

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AGING POPULATION The population in the UK is getting older with 18% aged 65 and over and 2.4% aged 85 and over.

In 2016 there were 285 people aged 65 and over for every 1,000 people aged 16 to 64 years (“traditional working age”).

FAMILY OF THE FUTURE There has been movement in most countries towards new family forms such as cohabitation and non-marital childbearing. Even in what are generally considered to be more religious countries in Southern Europe. In Spain, births outside marriage rose from 2% in 1972 to 39% in 2012. It is however extremely difficult to accurately predict shifts in the ‘average family’. We only know that it will evolve into something new.

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TECHNOLOGICAL PROJECTIONS AUTOMATION About 1.5 million workers in Britain are at high risk of losing their jobs to automation. According to government estimates Many white-collar jobs that London relies on are also susceptible category. Creative jobs are earmarked as being the safest from automation, this predicts an increase in demand for those wishing to work within the sector.

This increase in productivity will likely shake the entire population with call for government intervention to mitigate the sectors of society most at risk, the proposals to alleviate these risks include Universal Basic income.

IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL TECHNOLOGY Virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies are drawing millions of dollars in investments, and are on pace to be a $150 billion market by 2020.

Moreover, these immersive technologies are poised to transform entertainment and to dramatically influence industries as diverse as healthcare, tourism, sports, education and manufacturing.

In fact, NASA is using the technologies to train astronauts and to share a walk on Mars.

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INTERPLANETARY LIVING By 2030 NASA are hoping they will be able to send people to the edges and surface of Mars, not just to visit, but also to live there for a long period of time.

They will be looking into ways to make fuel, water, oxygen and building materials on the Red planet.

NASA will also be looking into improving their communications systems with Earth, to allow for quicker exchanges of research and data

COMPLETE RENEWABLE ENERGY The UK leads the world in offshore wind, with more than 700 turbines already installed, and is accelerating the deployment of onshore wind with the biggest projects in Europe already operating and under construction in Scotland and Wales.

Taken together onshore and offshore wind provide enough power for more than two and a half million homes. But we could do so much more. Our challenge is to bring costs down and deployment up.

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Delivery technologies

INCOMING TECHNOLOGY

ery technologies

AUTONOMOUS DELIVERY A new start-up, Nuro proposes a different spin on autonomous transportation. The two former Google engineers who worked on the famed selfdriving car project hope that a similar tactic might be used for grocery deliveries in the future.

source: Nuro

“Nuro is focused on deliveries, specifically the kind that are low-speed, local, and lastmile: groceries, laundry, or your take-out order from Starship source: Seamless. “

ROBOTIC DELIVERY Robotic delivery vehicles will be coming to a street near you in the very near future if Skype co founders Ahti Heinla and Janus Friis have anything to do with it.

Their new company, Starship Technologies, believes its fleets of small robots will revolutionize the last mile of the delivery process, with cost savings of up to 40 percent, using as much electricity as a light bulb.

source: Nuro 38

source: Starship

ry Energy

SMART CROSSINGS The Smart Crossing, developed by insurance company Direct Line, can see what is happening around it using computer vision to update the road markings without manual control.

The world-first trial is aimed at cutting some of the 20 traffic incidents per day that happen at road crossings. The 22 metre-long smart road surface can pre-empt pedestrians’ movements, marking out Zebra crossing lines by lighting up the road surface with LEDs.

source: The Telegraph

source: Strawberry E

POWER FROM FOOTSTEPS TfL has partnered with the New West End Company (NWEC), a business that is working on 25 different streets in London to power them renew-ably and transform them into more pedestrian-friendly retail destinations. The planned makeover is of Bird Street, which lies just off Oxford Street in central London.

source: Power Technology 39

gy

INCOMING TECHNOLOGY SMART BENCHES Southwark council has plans to install 29 of the smart benches, while nearby Lewisham is adding 25 of them.

The principle of the benches are the same, though.

They pull in solar energy, even when not exposed to direct sunlight, and converts into stored energy for various technological marvels. In addition to being a place to park your bum, the bench also emits Wi-Fi, and has sockets for you to recharge your phone.

source: Strawberry Energy

source: Power Technology

PARCEL DELIVERY Once your parcel is delivered to the Amazon Locker, you’ll receive an e-mail notification with a unique pickup code and the address and opening times for your selected Locker location.

When you arrive to collect your parcel, enter your pickup code or scan the barcode using the barcode scanner and follow the instructions on the screen.

source: Starship 40

source: Parcel and Postal Technology International

Deliveries

People DRONE DELIVERIES

Amazon Prime Air

Nuro Autonomous Deliveries

A future delivery system from Amazon designed to safely get packages to customers in 30 minutes or less using unmanned aerial vehicles, also called drones. Prime Air has great potential to enhance the services we already provide to millions of customers by providing rapid parcel delivery that will also increase the overall safety and efficiency of the transportation system. In urban areas, though, security and efficiency concerns have Citymapper limited the viability of drones, suggesting they Bus might only be used for special cases. One of these special cases identified is for the movement of medical supplies.

Starship

Santander Bikes

UPS Electric Vans

Amazon Parcel Lockers Uber 41

Deliveroo

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STRATEGY 43

DELIVERY N

PERSONAL DELIV BE BANNED I

DEPOT 1

DEPOT 2

DEPOT 3

CONSOLIDATION We believe the future of the last mile begins with a reduction of road use. While it is clear that autonomous vehicles and better public transport will spur some of this, the increasing importance of personal deliveries presents a barrier to getting cars off the street. A concerted effort from the GLA to remove light goods vehicles from the roads, paired with policy changes and technologies already coming will result in a last mile given back to the people, where pedestrians take precedence..

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At the heart of our vision for London’s future last mile is a new, publicly owned, delivery service.

We predict, as Sadiq Khan has suggested1, that all personal deliveries in London will be banned by 2041. This will necessitate a new infrastructure for package delivery that we think can only be organised and initiated by a government body such as the GLA.

NETWORK

VERIES SHOULD IN LONDON

LAST MILE

DISTRIBUTION At strategic transport locations in the outer boroughs of the city, outward looking consolidation centres will receive goods from various national and international providers. Here, the packages will be consolidated, in order to improve efficiency, and sent via new forms of transport to various locations throughout London.

Packages will then arrive at neighbourhood distribution centres. These centres will act as a place for people to gather and socialise in the same way that the markets and high streets of the past were places of congregation. Distribution centres may have a variety of ancillary uses, but at their core will be a place to pick up packages as an alternative to the home delivery.

TfL press release: “The Mayor and TfL launch major plan to help freight deliver for Londoners�, published 7/03/19

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THE DISTRIBUTION CENTRE TYPOLOGY

USER BASE

SCALE OF INTERVENTION

URBAN

TRANSIENT USERS WITH LITTLE OR NO COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

VARIED SCALE, ADJOINED TO EXISTING ARCHITECTURE

LOCAL

REPEATED USERS WITH VARIED COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

CIVIC SCALE

SUBURBAN

LOCALISED FREQUENT USERS WITH HEIGHTENED SENSE OF COMMUNITY

RESIDENTIAL SCALE

With all personal deliveries banned within central London, a series of distribution centres will become the public’s new interface with their internet-bought goods. Similar to existing schemes – whether it be Amazon’s lockers or DPD’s pickup places – the new distribution centres will need to present throughout the city in the range of typologies we have already identified. Unlike existing schemes, though, the distribution centres will follow an additive model, where the delivery element will serve as a base on which a variety of uses can be added.

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The additional functions of the distribution centres will vary according to the typology, user base and scale of intervention. Where, for example, a transient population exists in the centre, the distribution of packages will take precedence, perhaps situated within a transport node for ease of use during travel. This would be contrasted in a more localised centre setting, where the intervention could take on more of a civic role, providing a vehicle for social infrastructure. In all instances, the effect of the centre on the street will need to be considered. Effort will be taken to transform newly freed up roads to serve the last mile, considering future conditions in the process.

Dis tr ib

FUNCTION

ent Elem n o i ut

Additional Functio n

storage space

waste collection

courier facilities

infrastructure node

package pickup

waste consolidation

residential element

community led uses

commercial /retail

community led uses

customer facilities

public space landmark building

architectural enhancement

nature/green space

Pu bl

street furniture

ic

Re

al

m

C o nt

r i b u tio n

Urban Local Suburban Diagram showing the three key elements to each intervention 47

BREAKDO FUNCT DISTRIBUTION ELEMENT

ADDITIONAL FUNCTION

Small package

large package

grocery storage

retail/commercial

residential

micro manufacture

teaching space

allotments

creche

public square

landmark

street furniture

PUBLIC REALM CONTRIBUTION

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OWN OF TIONS food delivery

cycle facilities

courier facilities

charging point

waste collection/ consolidation

bus stop

underground/train station

co-working space

community hall

library

way-finding

covered spaces

green space

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PRECEDENTS 51

PUBLIC SPACE

BIG: BQ Park Faced with the challenge of how to turn aging infrastructure into urban opportunity, BIG are exploring opportunities to transform the Brooklyn Queens Expressway into a new park for citizens to enjoy. The ambitious project aims to preserve six lanes of traffic below the surface, whilst incorporating a variety of other uses around the meandering park including public amenities, housing, commercial zones and play areas. The project should serve to re-establish nearby communities’ connection to the water.

Source: Architecture Magazine, BQ-Park

We Made That: Wild Kingdom Playspace The Wild Kingdom is a unique and distinctive natural playspace on Three Mills Green, Newham.

The scheme combines a variety of play structures that together bring a sense of unexpected adventure, imaginative seasonal change and a creative response to the newly created landscape on the Green. It is a place where the imagination is sparked: where the natural meets the artificial and unexpected.

Source: We Made That

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TLA: Granary Square Sitting at the heart of the new Kings Cross development, Granary square plays an important civic role for the area, providing a public space with a connection to water through the canal-side seating, and the four banks of fountains. It has proven to be a successful and popular space for people of all ages and has served as a valuable economic driver for surrounding businesses, bringing high levels of footfall to the area.

Source: Townshend Landscape Architecture, Granary Square

Field Operations: the high line Built on a historic, elevated freight line, the High Line has become a world-renowned inspiration for how cities can transform industrial infrastructure into beautiful, hybrid public spaces. The previously crumbling infrastructure has been transformed into a parkway, snaking throughout the meatpacking district of New York where visitors can view art, walk through gardens, experience a performance, savour delicious food, or just connect with friends and neighbours from previously isolated communities.

Source: The High Line

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DELIVERIES

Camden: Freight Consolidation The London Boroughs of Camden, Enfield, Islington and Waltham Forest trialled a freight consolidation service in order to tackle the issues of poor air quality, congestion, and an inefficient supply chain. Initially run as a trial from the summer of 2014, it has now transitioned from project stage to a permanent solution. The scheme was deemed a success, handling between 400 and 500 deliveries per day, however it was noted that steps must still be taken to make zero emission vehicles more readily available.

Source: content.gov.uk, The London Boroughs Consolidation Centre – a freight consolidation success story

DPD: All electric parcel depot Following comments made by Sadiq Khan, attributing rising congestion in the city centre to personal deliveries and rising numbers of private taxis, DPD have opened two all-electric parcel depots in London, One in Shoreditch and one in Victoria. Parcels arrive via electric trucks and are then distributed to customers using golf-cart-style electric buggies. This ensures they will also comply with the Mayor’s ultra-low emission zone, which launches next April, contributing to the cleaner air initiative.

Source: The Evening Standard, Having online orders delivered to work causes traffic jams 54

Ups: depot to door UPS are trialling a sustainable delivery method within central London which sees efficient deliveries of packages to central London hubs, before local deliveries will be carried out via electrically assisted bicycles or on foot. They are acting as a partners with ‘Low Impact City Logistics’ who’s aim is to revolutionise the way deliveries are carried out across London and other UK cities.

Source: Logistics Business, UPS Trials Depot-to-Door Delivery in London Sustainability Push

Starship deliveries Robot company Starship Deliveries have begun trialling their fleet of electric autonomous vehicles to deliver groceries to the residents of Milton Keynes.

Equipped with cameras, sensors, radar and GPS, the robots travel at low speeds along pavements, replacing petrol hungry vehicles on the delivery route. The new service is available through a mobile phone app, with residents living in the neighbourhoods covered in Milton Keynes able to have packages delivered to an address of their choice.

Source: BBC News, Robot company Starship Technologies start Milton Keynes deliveries 55

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE Space makers: brixton market An alternative approach to retail revitalisation has succeeded where previous regeneration attempts by the council and landowners had failed. Following the unsuccessful takeover of the dilapidated Brixton Market in 2008 for redevelopment, Space Makers utilised a savvy social media strategy in order to garner interest and support in the revitalisation of the market. By working closely with business owners and stakeholders they were able to ensure the continued longevity and self-sustainability of the market.

Source: Zero Zero, Compendium for the Civic Economy

Gehl people: brighton new road Social infrastructure need not be glitzy or grand.

Gehl People proved this with the installation of a seemingly simple shared surface as part of a regeneration project. After a consultation period and careful planning the new paving stones went in and the results were indisputable: traffic levels have dropped by 93%, the number of pedestrians has increased by 62%, and there has been a massive 600% increase in lingering activities. People apparently enjoy being there.

Source: Gehl People

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DK-CM: Community Fulfilment Levy DK-CM aims to tackle the issues surrounding the growing ‘on-demand economy’ and atomisation of delivery and collection across London by proposing policy changes at both ends of the network. At the point of delivery, they propose policy changes to support the integration of ‘click and collect’ locations along our high streets. At the other end of the chain they propose a ‘Community Fulfilment Levy’, where large consolidation centres should be required to provide public amenity within their building footprint, generating local value and opening up large swathes of private exurban London to public life.

Source: DK-CM

We Made That: High Streets for All We Made That, working with LSE Cities, were commissioned by the Greater London Authority Regeneration team to carry out an extensive study of the social value of London’s high streets. High Streets for All examines the value of London’s high streets across economic, social and spatial dimensions.

The research works to better understand how these different strands of value can best be identified and expanded.

Source: We Made That

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VISION 59

LIVE 60

ERPOOL STREET 61

LIVERPOOL STREET

LIVERPOOL

BIS

HO

PS

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STREET STATION

Located within one of the City’s leading financial centres, Liverpool Street station is surrounded by a continually evolving dense urban landscape. By 2041 its redesign will be complete – integrating Crossrail into the centre of London, providing the already high concentration of commercial and financial intuitions with increased access across the city.

hours and very little outside of this time. Because of the high number of people entering the area around the station, in conjunction with the predicted population increase within the area - its immediate surroundings will become the last mile for the largest number of people within the city.

This justifies the most radical last mile conversion of the three densities that were tested.

Projected population increase within London will likely drive up the density within the area. additionally, the introduction of Crossrail and associated infrastructure will further add to this pressure.

By 2070 London’s year-round climate is expected to be five to seven degrees hotter. Compounded by the increase in densities, the requirement for shaded open space within the city will become a planning requirement. Large scale infrastructure buildings such as Liverpool Street Station will require radical redesign to combat the change in climate if it is to perform correctly.

Currently, the urban realm is designed to accommodate the 08:00 to 19:00 office worker, providing high amounts of activity within these

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THE LOCALS

Tourists Tourists from developing economies with emerging middle classes including China, India and Brazil will continue to be welcomed. As London densifies it must retain its hook; a rich and detailed history.

GUIDED TOURS

LUNCH SPOTS

HOTEL

INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT HUB

Creative Workers Finance, one of London’s primary economic contributors is at risk of automation. Our offices need to adapt to support a new breed of creative workers, painters and digital content creators to fill the gap.

COMEETING WORKING SPACE FOOD MARKETS SOCIAL ACTIVITIES SHARED HOUSING

Maintenance workers London’s greenification, delivery service upgrade and dizzying density will see a new generation of service workers within the city.

SOCIAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES ROUTES CITY GARDENS

FAMILY UNIT HOUSING

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

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DELIVERY INTERVENTIONS

PUBLIC REALM ..

PREDICTED CHANGES

EXISTING..........

Urban redistribution centre, parasitic to Liverpool St

Public realm for the 21st century

Increased densification and changing work habits

Existing urban fabric, retrofitted for future uses

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PART OF THE ROUTINE The landmark DFL centre is located within Liverpool Street Station to allow parcel collection to flow seamlessly into the daily routine of Londoners. Celebrating the DFL infrastructure by introducing a performative jungle of parcel tubes, pipes and cranes is an attempt to enlighten the users of the delivery process and the sheer number of parcels being delivered.

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6. Liverpool st Station becomes a new public space as changing work habits lead to a decline in rush hour

DISTRIBUTION CENTRE

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2 5. Ambient facial recognition automatically prepares individuals’ parcels upon their approach

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4. Collection point is incorporated into the Station entrance, minimising any break from routine.

ST LI R VE EE R T PO ST O AT L IO N

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3. Parcels are transferred from the holding tower to the collection points using pneumatic tubes.

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2. Deliveries are sorted below ground before being transported to the holding tower in a performative move.

DELVERY CENTRE PUBLIC REALM STARTUPS

1. Personal deliveries are ferried to Central London using existing TFL infrastructure and Crossrail

WATER

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INCREASED DENSITY - OPENING UP THE GROUND PLANE Projected population increase within London will likely drive up the density within Liverpool Street.

Additionally, the introduction of Crossrail and associated infrastructure will further add to this pressure.

As buildings stack higher and higher the opportunities to find a small area to sit and enjoy a meal, grab some fresh air or take a stroll will become more difficult. To alleviate this inevitability, we propose a blanket ban on new buildings using first & second stories, carving out ground plan to create a last mile dedicated to open spaces and public services. The last mile will be a jungle of sporting activities and gardens, inspiring these transient Londoners to enjoy fulfilling and creative last mile destinations.

Current issue

Public Space

Design solution

The ground plane is opened up as public space becomes ever more scarce due to high density living

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CHANGING WORK HABITS

Creative jobs are earmarked as being the safest from automation, pushing the creative sector to the forefront of the economy. White collar office jobs of the past will give way to creative hubs within the city - office towers filled with finance workers are reimagined and redefined, dedicated to artistic endeavours As working patterns become more flexible, the black and white boundaries of the nine-to-five week to which we’re currently accustomed blend and merge. Activities typically restricted to the weekend become more flexible, shown here by a morning rave nestled beneath Liverpool street.

Current condition

Work PLay

future condition

Changing work habits bring creative industries into the city centre and allow for flexible work schedules.

Work PLay

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GREENIFICATION Conceptually, the glass ceiling within Liverpool Street Station has been peeled off leaving the columns exposed, creating platforms to integrate wildlife and water back into the public sphere.

The noises of a busy street with cars outside are replaced with falling water and the echoes of newly integrated species..

To reinforce these ideals, we propose increasing the visibility and interaction with wildlife within the city. In stark contrast to the concrete cities of today, moving through these spaces becomes a constant reminder of our connection with nature.

Future problem

Design Solution Greenery and water are brought into the city centre as we reach ecological enlightenment

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TECHNOLOGICAL INTEGRATION Renewable wind technology lines each building corner, capitalising on the wind speeds created by the high density towers. The once bustling roads will seem comparatively sleepy as deliveries have been removed from the streets completely: only autonomous vehicles drift around the city covering the few journeys which public transport cannot.

Compounded by the hyper efficient integrated public transport systems, the spaces which were ruled by the car are being reclaimed for the pedestrian as part of the last mile journey. Facial recognition means the end of bustling queues around turnstyles within the stations.

Future Problem

Design Solution

A wide range of future technologies are incorporated into the street scape of the future.

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EAST VILLAGE 75

EAST VILLAGE

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Our second typology is East Village, located on the fringe of the Olympic park and the former accommodation for athletes during the 2012 London Olympic Games. As a part of the contingency plans for the games, East Village was subsequently set up as a Private Rental Scheme, which has attracted many people who regularly need to commute to Zone 1 due to the excellent transport links of Stratford Station, especially in recent years, with the approach of Crossrail.

Stratford is likely to change, with an increase in the disparity between higher newcomers to the area and the existing communities. The nature of the split is already apparent with East Village feeling like an isolated community, separated from Stratford New Town, predominantly by infrastructure. Along with the changing makeup of the London household to young professional couples will see a resulting transient population that stifles the growth of a personable community.

In twenty year’s time the LLDC will have completed its regeneration of the Olympic Park area, building over 10,000 new homes. With this development, and the key cultural and educational institutions joining existing landmarks and infrastructure, Stratford is designated to become an international centre of London.

The future last mile we imagine combines civic and social facilities that we hope will improve the interaction between different communities in the area.

THE LOCALS

YOUNG PROFESSIONALS With flexible and remote working becoming a growing trend, young professionals will be spending more time in their local areas and will require local coworking facilities more than ever.

co-working space meeting space

client office main office

home sharing

social activities

GROUPS LIVING GROUPS LIVING COMMUNALLY COMMUNALLY

A trend that already A trend that already exists, however, will exists, however, progress furtherwill into progress into inter-unitfurther communal inter-unit communal living with shared living with services for shared a larger services a larger group offor people group of people encouraging a more encouraging a more sociable atmosphere. sociable atmosphere.

shared house community facilities shopping

social activities

individual work places

YOUNG FAMILIES YOUNG FAMILIES With the adoption of With the adoption of flexible and remote flexible and remote working, and the working, and the reintegration of nature, reintegration of nature, young families will young families will be able to establish be able to establish themselves in these themselves in these areas. This opposes areas. This opposes the current norm of the current norm of moving to a more moving to a more suburban area. suburban area.

doctors work places shopping creche

sports facilities

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DELIVERY INTERVENTION

PUBLIC REALM

PREDICTED CHANGES

EXISTING

Urban distribution centre forming a central part of the community.

Inclusive public realm providing a place to grow and prosper.

New ways of living and working; a new connection to nature.

Making a transient place feel more welcoming and connected.

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CIVIC DISTRIBUTION CENTRE A parcel collection centre at the heart of East Village would act as a civic building, incorporating various community uses to create a piece of social infrastructure. This infrastructure would present itself as a series of pavilions, housing various spaces such as flexible workspaces, community galleries and performance spaces. We hope that these uses will bring a variety of people into the area. The collection centre itself should serve as a landmark space for the local community and add a sense of anticipation to the experience of parcel collection Local distribution centres provide both delivery and organised community uses

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Plan showing the location of the distribution centre in the heart of East Village with key access routes highlighted

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Community uses

Square activities

The distribution centre includes a variety of community spaces, including an open workspace and library. More pavilions will present themselves in the area providing other uses such as galleries and independent retail space.

The distribution centre fronts on to Victory Park, which could become a real centre for the community, with flexible space for a variety of uses.

Deliveries

Courier facilities

Deliveries to the distribution centre are made via a range of transports: autonomous vehicles, bikes, foot and rail

The distribution centre includes facilities for couriers in a similar manner to taxi cab shelters. Bike storage and repair, W/Cs and a kitchen is provided.

Intervention Public Realm Community use Courier facilities

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BUILDING OVER INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure, both in East Village and throughout London, is responsible for the carving up of different communities and last miles. The various rail lines that make Stratford well connect it also cause a physical division between new areas like East Village and existing areas.

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As land prices in the capital rise, the cost of building above infrastructure channels will become more viable and the social benefits of such construction should be maximised. In Stratford, we belive an effort should be made to link Stratford New Town to new elements of the Olympic Park such as East Bank.

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Image showing the creation of public space above key infrastructure routes.

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Sections through a new proposed route over infrastructure linking Stratford New Town and East Bank

A CENTRE FOR THE COMMUNITY

PLAY

PERFORMANCE/ CONGREGATION

TRANSIENT

In addition to their protective function, these apertures provide podium connections to each block for residents, as well as a level of visual continuity within the public realm as buildings are contstructed and demolished.

GREENERY

MARKET

A new square in the centre would serve as a landmark space, replacing the inflexible landscape currently there with a more open square that can hold the various functions of this last mile. We hope the square could be open to different communities to use without prejudice. The grand scale of this space is mitigated with the use of an aperture that creates a colonnade around the edges - providing shelter as temperatures rise and weather becomes unpredictable.

SEATED

Top: Image of proosed East Village square.

Right: Plan and section of East Village square

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BRINGING NATURE INTO THE CITY

The layout of the residential blocks have been designed to have a split false ground plane, with a man made public realm sitting one storey above underused car parks. It is in redundant areas like these that we see a need for adaptation.

Currently all these spaces have the same look and feel, and are only accessible to the residents of these particular blocks. We are suggesting that these spaces are made accessible to all residents and serve a variety of community functions. In this

Above: Image showing possible inclusion of nature within a courtyard.

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example we have shown a dense forest area, again as a reaction to impending climate changes and also to show how we can reintegrate nature. These spaces can be safe places for children to play, with the podiums turned into terraces for parents to observe and supervise.

We want to see the last/first miles of Private Rental Scheme areas help facilitate the establishment of more long-standing communities.

Right:: Layout of blocks within East Village and their propsed uses.

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Courtyard themes: 1. Swimming 2. Basketball 3. Forest 4. Pleasure garden 5. Tennis 6. Alotment 7. Playground

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FOREST GATE 89

FOREST GATE

Forest Gate is a residential area to the north east of the Olympic Park in East London. A diverse area, currently characterised by independent shops, Victorian streets and a multicultural population, it is on the cusp of change, with the imminent arrival of Crossrail 1 set to open up the area to the west of London.

In Forest Gate, we saw that there was a big opportunity to create a future last mile in which people are socialised. By curating and enhancing the existing capital web, we hoped to improve social relations between citizens and change behaviour in the city.

Our key moves in this typology are: 1. to create a thriving 24/hour culture, where there is something happening at all hours of the day 2. to densify sustainably around one of London’s new key transport nodes (by retrofitting and

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extending the existing building stock) These ambitions are in line with Newham Council’s supplementary planning guidance for the area.

At this scale, the enabler for this change is a new “non denominational” civic distribution centre, acting as new social infrastructure in the neighbourhood. Through this centre, we will be able to change the way goods are transported and consumed in this area, and in turn create a thriving public realm in which future projections and changes are curated and accounted for.

By introducing this new piece of social infrastructure, moving servicing activity to the back of house and having disruptive servicing happening at night, the high stret can open up and become a more pleasant environment for pedestrians and cyclists. It can become a place to meet, with high quality outdoor space and activities.

THE LOCALS Local Professionals People living and working in the area.

Involves local business owners and freelancers who provide services to others in the local area.

workshop meeting space

client Office

co-working Space

specialist

Students Students studying at local institutions such as Queen Mary University, University of East London and at the new Knowledge Quarter at Stratford (UCL at Here East etc). Also students studying in Central London due to good transport links.

part time work

shared house workspace

campus social activities

Multi-generational Families Larger familial units consisting of several generations (grandparents, parents, adult children and grandchildren). All in need of their own space to live comfortably together.

doctors daytime activities

shopping

school

work

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Delivery Interventions Neighbourhood civic distribution centre & local pick up points

Public Realm 21st century “smart� street surface

Predicted Changes New ways of living, working and travelling

Existing Retrofitting existing building stock for a new Forest Gate

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A 24/HR HIGH STREET The civic distribution centre is a key part of the move from a retail-focused, daytime orientated high street, to a local centre with a mixture of uses occuring at all times of the day.

Round-the-clock logistics processes act as a piece of everyday theatre, providing a dynamic backdrop which animates the ground floor public realm and high street. The surrounding community-orientated uses reflect future projections relating to changing work habits. The centre would act as a catalyst for change in the wider area

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RO G O AR FT DE OP N

RETURN AND COFFEE

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BA R NIGHT DELIVERIES 4am

FREELANCE MEETING 11am

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24/HR SERVICING The new civic distribution centre will open up the back of house area behind the high street and create a new servicing route to and from Forest Gate Station, where packages will be delivered to.

Packages will then be transported to the centre using autonomous vehicles. This process will run 24/7, allowing the centre to remain open at all hours. This new servicing route will also be used for refuse collection, and for deliveries to be made to

shops. Loading bays will be provided street-side to allow for kerbside deliveries during the night. All in all, the new servicing strategy for the high street will free up the existing street, allowing for it to become a shared surface with generous pavements, street-side amenity and a smart surface for the main road which will allow buses, autonomous delivery vehicles, bikes and pedestrians to use the surface simultaneously.

PACKAGE STORAGE

DELIVERY

Large deliveries to shops made strictly overnight between 12am-6am using on street loading bays “Amenity� parklets on the street frontage

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Key 24/hr delivery process

Public realm improvements

Night-time Servicing Process DELIVERY PLATFORM

BOH SERVICING/ PACKAGE

FOREST GATE

Waste consolidated and collected by refuse truck strictly between 12am6am

Cycle storage along the high street

“Smart” road surface allows pedestrians to cross at any point and for the crossing to appear

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SMART TECHNOLOGY: At present, vehicles have the most prominence in the road, with pedestrians and cyclists sidelined and squeezed into uncomfortable pavements and cycling lanes.

As technology becomes more interwoven in the fabric of the area, the use of autonomous vehicles in combination with smart pavements will lead to the end of the kerb, creating a flat, pedestrianised surface accessible to all. This “smart” road surface will be able to communicate with vehicles and with other street traffic and furniture. It will harness kinetic energy from pedestrian traffic which can be used to power street lighting and other infrastructure. The paving will also give pedestrians more agency, by allowing them to cross the road safely at any point of their choosing.

Shared space for all users

Before: vehicles dominating with pedestrians and cyclists sidelined and segregated

After: all users in a “choreographed dance” made possible by smart paving

Smart paving allows for different road users to interact

End of the kerb

Before: raised kerb edge which isn’t accessible to all

After: removal of kerb creates flat surface accessible to all

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Smart paving provides custom crossing points for road users

In the wider area, as temperatures rise and London adopts a more Mediterranean climate, people will begin to make the more of the cool night, and will begin to adapt the architecture of the area to mitigate the change in temperature. Rooftops will be used for food growing and amenity, whilst building faรงades could add balconies and recesses to provide shade.

The civic distribution centre will be the champion of this new night culture, remaining open 24/7 and providing high quality, sheltered outdoor spaces in the form of roof terraces and courtyards.

Rooftop amenity at the neighbourhood distribution centre

Creating quality outdoor space

Before: road dominated by vehicles; no space

After: servicing vehicles moved off the street to allow for more generous public space

Retrofitting Existing Buildings

Recessed balconies provide shading and outdoor space

Existing buildings will be retrofitted to provide more outdoor friendly

Courtyard space in neighbourhood distribution centre provides sheltered outdoor space for the community

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LOCALISED DENSIFICATION We propose that future growth should be spread evenly across the Forest Gate area. This will help to retain the “village feel” of the area and is in line with the council’s supplementary planning guidance for the area: “provide a mix of uses within the town centre, and encourage high quality design and architectural style, which both enhances local distinctiveness and is well integrated with the existing Victorian heritage; improve housing quality and quantity”

Spreading densification across all buildings in the area to preserve the character of the area

Population shifts will also see intergenerational living becoming more prevalent, with young people, families and older people living more closely together in one unit, requiring the hacking of existing building stock.

Retaining Local Character

NEW OLD Ensuring that new development is contextually sensitive and adds to village feel

Multi-generational Homes YOUNG YOUNG PEOPLE PEOPLE FAMILY COWORK Ensuring that new development is contextually sensitive and adds to village feel

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Extensions to buildings providing homes for different familial units

As work habits shift, more people will work within their local area to provide services within culture, creativity and caring. There will be lifelong learning and re-skilling available for residents of all ages at the neighbourhood centre, and the learning opportunities here will form a network with other learning spaces already in the area.

The neighbourhood centre will also provide incubator space for start-ups and small businesses.

Flexible workspaces will be interspersed with other uses across buildings on the high street, with the use class of spaces changing throughout the day (e.g. a B1a space that has A3 use in the day and A4 use in the night).

Flexible co-work space interspersed with A1/A3 use

Changing uses over the day

Incubator space in the neighbourhood distribution centre

Flexible use classes which allow spaces to change over the course of the day to create a dynamic evening economy

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Reskilling Network

Start-up space in the neighbourhood distribution centre

Network of learning spaces linked to neighbourhood centre where people of all ages can go and learn new skills

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LONDON’S FUT

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TURE LAST MILE

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OBJECTIVES SHOW HOW WE CAN...

1/ REDUCE THE IMPACT OF VEHICLES ON THE LAST MILE. SUGGEST WAYS TO...

2/ CURB THE NEGATIVES OF THE ON-DEMAND ECONOMY DEMONSTRATE A WAY TO...

3/ CREATE A LAST MILE THAT EMBRACES THE FUTURE

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CONCLUSION

In this project, we have tried to research and illustrate what the last mile of 2041 might look like. In this process, we have not only identified some of the key technologies, social, and climatic influences on the future last mile, but we have tried to find ways that we can respond positively to them. The way we have thought about the last mile of 2041 has been greatly influenced by the aspirations of others as well as ourselves.

We believe the last mile should be an inclusive place: as much about community as it is about movement. The visions we have shown have tried to encapsulate that ethos, and we hope the ideas presented within them can translate to the city as a whole.

At the beginning of this document, we set out key objectives that would help fix the last mile of today, shown on the opposite page A new delivery strategy for London, we believe, would go a long way to removing cars from our streets. The arrival of new technologies, such as autonomous and electric vehicles will also help to make streets safer and healthier. Our distribution

centres, at the heart of our strategy, would act as a driver for change, bringing a social and communal dimension into the consumerist model of living that is leaving us isolated within our cities. The positive effects of the new strategy we have proposed will result in an overhaul of public space in the last mile. If streets are going to serve their communities and help them grow over time, we need to ensure they are both nice places today and nice places tomorrow. In our vision, we have shown how we can respond to future influences in a way that strengthens the last mile.

Throughout this project, we have grappled with its place within the wider picture. As a think tank, we understand that our aim is to start a discussion, not necessarily end it. While we’re confident our strategy and vision would go a long way to tackling the objectives we have set out, we know that they may not be the final answer to what the last mile of 2041 should look like. This is why we see this report as a provocation, a call to action to those who have influence over London’s last miles.

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