References

Introduction

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Jason, Z. (2018). Student Activism 2.0. Harvard Ed. Magazine. Retrieved January 6th, 2021 from https://www.gse.harvard. edu/news/ed/18/08/student-activism-20

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Tjora, A. (2020, December 3rd). Sosialkonstruktivisme. Store Norske Leksikon. Retrieved January 6th, 2021 from https://snl. no/sosialkonstruktivisme

Thematic Directions

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Case 1 : Students’ Perceptions of Discussion Environments in Higher Education

Arao, B. & Clemens, K. (2013). From Safe Spaces to Brave Spaces: A New Way to Frame Dialouge Around Diversity and Social Justice. In L. M. Landreman (Eds.), The Art of Effective Facilitation: Reflections From Social Justice Educators (pp. 135-150). Stylus Publishing.

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Campbell, B. & Manning, J. (2018). The Rise of Victimhood Culture: Microaggressions, Safe Spaces, and the New Culture Wars. Palgrave Macmillan.

CBS Los Angeles (2020, June 10th). UCLA Professor on Leave After Students Blast Response To Request To Postpone Final Exam As “Woefully Racist”. CBS Los Angeles. https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/06/10/ucla-professor-on-leave-gordon-klein/

Craciun, D. & Mihut, G. (2017). Requiem for a Dream: Academic Freedom under Threat in Democracies. International Higher Education, 90, 15-16. http://dx.doi/org/10.6017/ihe.2017.90.9929

Fairclough, N. (2003). “Political correctness”: the politics of culture and language. Discourse & Society, 14(1), 17-28. https:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0957926503014001927

Future Learn (2018). Academic Freedom vs. Freedom of Expression. Future Learn. https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/academic-freedom/0/steps/44156

Godderis, R. & Root, J. L. (2016). Trigger Warnings: Compassion is Not Censorship. Radical Pedagogy, 13(2), 130-138. https://docplayer.net/37481561-Trigger-warnings-compassion-is-not-censorship.html

Hamilton, C. (2015). Political correctness: Its Origins and the Backlash Against It. The Conversation. https://theconversation. com/political-correctness-its-origins-and-the-backlash-against-it-46862

Hitland, S. H., Nielsen B. F. & Refstie, H. (2019). Den kritiske student, Norge anno 2019. In A. Tjora (Eds.), Universitetskamp (pp. 237-262). Scandinavian Academic Press.

Huber, B. (2016). The Role of Universities in Society. In N.C. Liu, Y. Cheng & Q. Wang (Eds.), Matching Visibility and Performance: Global Perspectives on Higher Education (pp. 90-99). Sense Publishers.

Holley, L. C. & Steiner, S. (2005). Safe Space: Student Perspectives on Classroom Environment. Journal of Social Work Education, 41(1), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2005.200300343

Karran, T. (2009). Academic Freedom: in Justification of a Universal Ideal. Studies in Higher Education, 34(3), 263-283. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248963156_Academic_Freedom_in_Justification_of_a_Universal_Ideal

Kwiek, M. (2006). The Classical German Idea of the University Revisited, or on the Nationalization of the Modern Institution. The Center for Public Policy Studies Research Papers Series, 1, 2-60. http://cpp.amu.edu.pl/pdf/CPP_RPS_vol.1_Kwiek.pdf

Lie, T. (2020, August 18th). Dette er tyskervits-saken. Khrono. https://khrono.no/dette-er-tyskervits-saken/507918

Mathiyazhagan, T. & Nandan, D (2010). Survey Research Method. Media Mimansa, July-September, 34-45. https://www. academia.edu/37953075/Survey_research_method

Morris, S. (2001). Political Correctness. Journal of Political Economy, 109(2), 231-265. https://doi.org/10.1086/319554

Pithers, R. T. & Soden, R. (2000). Critical thinking in education: a review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237-249. https://doi. org/10.1080/001318800440579

Readings, B. (1996). The University in Ruins. Harvard University Press.

Shorrocks, S. (2018). Cohort Change in Political Gender Gaps in Europe and Canada: The Role of Modernization. Politics & Society, 46(2), 135-175. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0032329217751688

Spencer, L. G. & Kulbaga, T. A. (2018). Trigger warnings as respect for student boundaries in university classrooms. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy, 15(1), 106-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/15505170.2018.1438936

Suri, J. (2009). AHR Forum: The Rise and Fall of an International Counterculture, 1960–1975. The American Historical Review, 114(1), 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.1.45

Sutliff, A. (2019, April 21st). Political correctness overwhelms the left, leaving behind critical issues. The Daily Cardinal. https://www.dailycardinal.com/article/2019/04/political-correctness-overwhelms-the-left-leaving-behind-critical-issues Tjora, A. (2017). Kvalitative forskningsmetoder i praksis. 2. utgave. Gyldedal Akademisk.

V-Dem Institute (2020). Autocratization Surges - Resistance Grows: Democracy Report 2020. V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/de/39/de39af54-0bc5-4421-89ae-fb20dcc53dba/democracy_report.pdf

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Case 2 : Towards a More Ethical Development of Digital Platforms

AlgoTransparency. (n.d.) Home Page. https://algotransparency.org/index.html?date=11-01-2021

Artificial Intelligence Team. (n.d.). AI Basics: How AI & Machine Learning Supercharge Your Social Media Marketing. Linkfluence.com. Retrieved 16.12.20 from https://www.linkfluence.com/blog/ai-basics-how-ai-machine-learning-supercharge-social-media-marketing

Bradshaw, L. (n.d.). Big Data and What it Means. U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation. Retrieved 17.12.20 from https:// www.uschamberfoundation.org/bhq/big-data-and-what-it-means

Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), p. 27-40.

Center for Humane Technology. (2020a, 11.oct). Ledger of Harms. Retrieved 11.01.2021 from https://ledger.humanetech. com/

Center for Humane Technology. (2020b, 23. jan). Tristan Harris - Congressional Hearing January 8, 2020 - Statement Plus Highlights [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUNErhONqCY&feature=emb_title

Center for Humane Technology. (n.d.a). Who we are. Retrieved 13.12.2020 from https://www.humanetech.com/who-weare#our-story

Center for Humane Technology. (n.d.b). What we do. Retrieved 14.12.2020 from https://www.humanetech.com/what-wedo

Center for Humane Technology. (n.d.c). Get involved. Retrieved 16.12.2020 from https://www.humanetech.com/get-involved

Center for Humane Technology. (n.d.d). For Technologists. Retrieved 16.12.2020 from https://www.humanetech.com/technologists

Center for Humane Technology. (n.d.e). For Students, Parents, and Educators. Retrieved 16.12.2020 from https://www. humanetech.com/families-educators

Center for Humane Technology. (n.d.f). Your Undivided Attention. Retrieved 17.12.2020 from https://www.humanetech. com/podcast

Center for Humane Technology. (n.d.g). Home Page. https://www.humanetech.com

CNBC. (2019, 23.oct). Center of Humane Tech’s Tristan Harris attacks Facebook and Google for “downgrading” humanity. retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/10/23/center-of-humane-techs-tristan-harris-attacks-facebook-andgoogle.html

Electronic Frontier Foundation. (n.d.). Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Retrieved 16.12.20 from https:// www.eff.org/issues/cda230 Expert System Team (2020, 6. may). What is Machine Learning? A definition. Expert.ai. Retrieved from https://www.expert. ai/blog/machine-learning-definition/#:~:text=Machine%20learning%20is%20an%20application,use%20it%20learn%20 for%20themselves.

Fogg, B. J. (1998, January). Persuasive computers: perspectives and research directions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 225-232).

Goldhaber, M. H. (1997). The Attention Economy and the Net. First Monday, 2(4-7). Retrieved from https://firstmonday.org/ ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/519/440/

Harris, T. & Raskin, A. (2019a, 25. june). With Great Power comes… No Responsibility? [Audio Podcast Episode]. In Your Undivided Attention. Center for Humane Technology. https://www.humanetech.com/podcast/3-with-great-power-comes-no-responsibility

Harris, T. & Raskin, A. (2019b, 10.july). Down the Rabbit Hole by Design. [Audio Podcast Episode]. In Your Undivided Attention. Center for Humane Technology. https://www.humanetech.com/podcast/4-down-the-rabbit-hole-by-design

Matsakis, L. (2018, 25. april). Facebook’s Targeted Ads Are More Complex Than It Lets On. Wired. https://www.wired.com/ story/facebooks-targeted-ads-are-more-complex-than-it-lets-on/

Memory (n.d.). The attention economy: what is it, what it’s doing to you. Retrieved 16.12.20 from https://memory.ai/timely-blog/the-attention-economy

Nichols, M. (2007, 20.jan). Time magazine’s “Person of the Year” is You. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-time-idUSN1518410620061217 Orlowski, J. (Director). (2020). The Social Dilemma [Documentary]. Exposure Labs, Argent Pictures, The Space Program. Ringdal, K. (2014). Enhet og Mangfold. Samfunnsvitenskapelig forskning og kvantitativ metode. 3 utgave. Fagbokforlaget.

Rouse, M. (n.d.). Human downgrading. In WhatIs.com. Retrieved 14.12.20 from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/ human-downgrading

SAS Institute Inc. (n.d.). Big Data: What is it and why it matters. Retrieved 16.12.20 from https://www.sas.com/no_no/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html

Social media. (n.d.). In Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus. Retrieved 13.12.20 from https://dictionary. cambridge.org/dictionary/english/social-media

Stanford University. (n.d.). The Ethical Use of Persuasive Technology. Retrieved from https://behaviordesign.stanford.edu/ ethical-use-persuasive-technology

Thompson, N. (2019, 23.april). Tristan Harris: Tech Is “Downgrading Humans”. It’s Time to Fight Back. Wired. https://www. wired.com/story/tristan-harris-tech-is-downgrading-humans-time-to-fight-back/ Tjora, A. (2017). Kvalitative forskningsmetoder i praksis. 2. utgave. Gyldedal Akademisk.

Tristan Harris (n.d.). About. Retrieved January 6th 2021 from https://www.tristanharris.com/

Widyasari, Y. D. L., Nugroho, L. E. & Permanasari, A. E. (2019). Persuasive technology for enhanced learning behavior in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1).

White, A. (2014, 22. may). Look how hard Facebook And Google Are Fighting for Your Attention. Buzzfeed. https://www. buzzfeed.com/alanwhite/look-how-hard-facebook-and-google-are-fighting-for-your-atte

Case 3 : Refugee Children’s Educational Integration

Devictor, X. (2019). 2019 update : How long do refugees stay in exile? https://blogs.worldbank.org/dev4peace/2019-update-how-long-do-refugees-stay-exile-find-out-beware-averages

Directorate of Education (2012). Veileder : Innføringstilbud til nyankomne minoritetsspråklige elever. https://www.udir.no/ globalassets/upload/lov_regelverk/veiledere/veileder_innforingstilbud_020712.pdf

Kozulin, A. (2003). Psychological Tools and Mediated Learning. In A. Kozulin, B. Gindis, V. Ageyev, S. Miller (Ed.), Vygotsky’s Educational Theory in Cultural Context (p. 15-38). Cambridge University Press.

McLeod, S. (2020). Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Learning Theory. Simple Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/ vygotsky.html

Munoz, C. (Ed.) (2006). Age and the Rate of Foreign Language Learning. Cromwell Press Ltd.

Salzer, M. S. (2012). A Comparative Study of Campus Experiences of College Students With Mental Illnesses Versus a General College Sample. Journal of American College Health, 60(1), p. 1-7. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/0744 8481.2011.552537?scroll=top&needAccess=true

SSB (2020, May 13th). Personer med flyktningbakgrunn. https://www.ssb.no/flyktninger

Thomassen, A. (2013, April 30th). Utdanning og utvikling. Utdanningsforbundet. https://www.utdanningsforbundet.no/ var-politikk/kunnskapsgrunnlag/publikasjoner/2013/utdanning-og-utvikling-temanotat-32013/ Tjora, A. (2017). Kvalitative forskningsmetoder i praksis. 2. utgave. Gyldedal Akademisk.

Tribe, R. (2002). Mental health of refugees and asylum-seekers. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8(4), p. 240-247. https:// www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/mental-health-of-refugees-and-asylumseekers/D584BF7D47A01F85043A5D1F7626678A

UNHCR (n.d.a). What is a Refugee? https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/

UNHCR (n.d.b). Refugee Camps. https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/camps/

UNHCR (n.d.c). Refugee Statistics. https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/statistics/

UNHCR (n.d.d) Child and Youth Protection. https://www.unhcr.org/child-and-youth-protection.html?query=children

UNHCR (2003). Refugee Education in 2002/03 : Indicators and standards for 66 camp locations. https://www.unhcr. org/3f8535d22.pdf

UNHCR (2011). Global Trends 2010. https://www.unhcr.org/4dfa11499.pdf

UNHCR (2017). Europe. https://www.unhcr.org/europe.html?query=europe

UNHCR (2020a, June 18th). Figures at a glance. https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html UNHCR (2020b). Coming Together For Refugee Education. https://www.unhcr.org/5f4f9a2b4

United Nations (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

United Nations Associations of Norway (2019, June 21st). Flyktninger. https://www.fn.no/tema/flyktninger

Watters, C. (2001). Emerging paradigms in the mental health care of refugees. Social Science & Medicine, 52(11), p. 17091718. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953600002847?casa_token=BjTCfuy-accAAAAA:KgwOZaUcBn0pLCdVZRgjnVnT8EUQYP1rtGSF6n-s96gSXTiTWDCW52uwNNM2rxYxYPITxnatqNw

Zander, I.M. (2020, May 25th). Moria-barna : hvem er de og hva handler striden om? Dagsavisen. https://www.dagsavisen. no/nyheter/innenriks/moria-barna-hvem-er-de-og-hva-handler-striden-om-1.1718598

Case 4 : Political Leaders in Poland and Hungary’s Framing of Knowledge

Arak, P. & Żakowiecki, P. (2015). Poland 2015. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/country/poland/nations-transit/2015

Balogh, E. S. (2015, May 22nd). Viktor Orbán: “Hungary is a serious country” where gays are patiently tolerated. Hungarian Spectrum. https://hungarianspectrum.org/2015/05/22/viktor-orban-hungary-is-a-serious-country-where-gays-are-patiently-tolerated/

BBC. (2020, June 14th). Polish election: Andrzej Duda says LGBT ‘ideology’ worse than communism. BBC. https://www.bbc. com/news/world-europe-53039864

Bemeo, N. (2016). On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy, (1), 5-19. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/on-democratic-backsliding/

Béres-Deák, R. (2020) The Family in (Post)Socialist Hungary: Queer Families in Hungary. Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life. Palgrave Macmillan. Bild. (2016, January 3rd). Polen-Minister verteidigt Mediengesetz. Bild. https://www.bild.de/bildlive/2016/14-polen-minister-44000764.bild.html

Botha, K. (2020, June 4th). #Drop33 : Europe’s Two Largest Networks of LGBTI and Trans Organisations Call on Hungarian Parliament to Reject Attempts to Ban Legal Gender Recognition. ILGA World. https://ilga.org/hungary-drop33-legal-gender-recognition-ILGA-Europe-TGEU

Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), p. 27-40.

Buyantueva, R. & Shevtsova, M. (2020). LGBTQ+ Activism in Central and Eastern Europe; Resistance, Representation and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan. 270-275.

Chong, D. & Druckman, J. (2007). Framing Theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 104. https://www.annualreviews. org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054

Cianetti, L., Dawson, J. & Hanley, S. (2018). Rethinking “democratic backsliding” in Central and Eastern Europe – looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 34(3), 245.

De la Baume, M. (2020, July 16th). MEP’s urge EU to push Poland closer to sanctions over rule of law. Politico. https://www. politico.eu/article/meps-adopt-call-to-finally-act-on-article-7-against-poland/

De Witte, K. (2019, July 2nd). Teachers’ and pupils’ perspectives on homosexuality: A comparative analysis across European countries. International Sociology, 34(4), 476. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0268580919854295

Druckman, J. (2001). The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 226. https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jnd260/pub/Druckman%20Political%20Behavior%202001.pdf

Duda, A. (2018a, June 13th). President appeals for turnout at constitutional referendum. Prezydent. https://www.president. pl/en/news/art,780,president-appeals-for-turnout-at-constitutional-referendum.html

Duda, A. (2018b, October 9th). The Future of Europe: The Foundations of Unity of the States of Europe. Prezydent. https:// www.president.pl/en/news/art,874,he-future-of-europe-the-foundations-of-unity--of-the-states-of-europe.html

Easton, A. (2019, October 9th). Polish election: Leader targets gay rights as threats to society. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/ news/world-europe-49904849

Erdő-Bonyár, K. (2019, May 20th). People react to House Speaker’s homophobic statements with demonstration. Daily News Hungary. https://dailynewshungary.com/people-react-to-house-speakers-homophobic-statements-with-demonstration/

Freedom House. (2020). Hungary 2020. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/freedom-world/2020

Gawlowski, J. & Goclowski, M. (2019, October 16th). Polish lawmakers vote for bill criminalizing ‘promoting underage sex’. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-sexeducation-idUSKBN1WV1IW

Gbadegesin, V. O. & Onanuga, P. A. (2018, November 27th). The enactment of ideology and self-presentation in political campaignvideos of the 2015 general election in Nigeria. Discourse, Context & Media, 28, 121-130. https://reader. elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2211695818301697?token=62279CCE6A93334C0F29CA2407559D69F430B48214541E1FA224B11EA984A0BA2E0C5807CF834277D3E8A91964E36C16

Gernand, A. (2019, March 9th). Wybory do europarlamentu 2019. Jarosław Kaczyński na Podkarpaciu: Nasi przeciwnicy atakują dzieci. Wyborcza. https://rzeszow.wyborcza.pl/rzeszow/7,34962,24532361,jaroslaw-kaczynski-na-podkarpaciu-oataku-przeciwnikow-pis-na.html

Goździak, E. M. & Márton, P. (2018). Where the Wild Things Are: Fear of Islam and the Anti-Refugee Rhetoric in Hungary and in Poland. Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 7(2), 127-132. http://www.ceemr.uw.edu.pl/sites/default/files/ Gozdziak_Marton_Where_the_Wild_Things_Are.pdf

Grzymala-Busse, A. (2017, August 2nd). A Tale of Two Illiberalisms: Why Is Poland Failing Where Hungary Succeeded? The Global Observatory. https://theglobalobservatory.org/2017/08/poland-hungary-authoritarianism-fidesz-pis/

Hopkins, V. (2019, July 25th). Hungary’s Viktor Orban and the rewriting of history. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/c7032cb2-aca5-11e9-8030-530adfa879c2

Hopkins, V. (2020, November 11th). Orban proposes changes to Hungary’s electoral law. Financial Times. https://www. ft.com/content/7d8aa8d8-d07e-42f7-8fcc-e723b8c979e9

ILGA Europe. (2020). Rainbow Europe 2020. https://www.ilga-europe.org/rainboweurope/2020

ILGA Europe. (2020). Annual Review of the human rights situation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex people in Europe and Central Asia. 57-87. https://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/Attachments/Annual%20Review%202020.pdf

Isaacs, S. (Ed.). (2017). European Social Problems (1st ed.). Routledge.

Iyengar, S. (2015). Media Politics: A Citizen’s Guide. 267-268. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323322256_Media_Politics_A_Citizen’s_Guide

Jenne, E. K. (2018). Is Nationalism or Ethnopopulism on the Rise Today? Ethnopolitics, 17(4), 547-549. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17449057.2018.1532635?needAccess=true Kaczyński, J. (2015, October 24th). “Our aim to govern is not motivated by a revenge or to get even. (…) The time of integrity is about to begin in Poland,” says Jarosław Kaczyński during his speech in Warsaw. Poland Current News. https://currenteventspoland.com/news/Jaroslaw-Kaczynski-speech-on-2015-parliamentary-elections.html

Kaczyński, J. (2015, December 13th). Speech, translated by Brian Porter-Szűcs. http://porterszucs.pl/2016/02/05/pis-intheir-own-words/

Karolewski, I. P. & Sata, R. (2020). Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 36(2), 209-220. https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21599165.2019.1703694?needAccess=true

Kaszás, F. (2019, October 15th). Coca-Cola Fined for Ads With Same-Sex Couples ‘Undermining Adolescents’ Moral Development’. Hungary Today. https://hungarytoday.hu/coca-cola-fined-for-ads-with-same-sex-couples-undermining-adolescents-moral-development/

Kent, N. & Poushter, J. (2020, June 25th). The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists. Global Attitudes & Trends. https:// www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/

Kerpel, A. (2017). Pole and Hungarian Cousins Be? A Comparison of State Media Capture, Ideological Narratives and Political Truth Monopolization in Hungary and Poland. Slovo, 29(1), 68-71. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1538690/1/5.pdf

Kim, S. (2020, July 9th). ...Because the homeland cannot be in opposition: analysing the discourses of Fidesz and Law and Justice (PiS) from opposition to power. East European Politics. 1-16. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/215991 65.2020.1791094?needAccess=true

Kovács, B. A. (2015). Hungary 2015. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/nations-transit/2015

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