Top Pharmacy College in Delhi NCR - IIMT Group of Colleges

SOURCES OF DRUGS ANKITA TRIPATHI Department of Pharmacology IIMT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, GREATER NOIDA

SOURCES OF DRUGS Drugs are obtained from six major sources: Plant sources

Synthetic sources

Animal sources

Microbiological sources

Mineral/ Earth sources

Recombinant DNA technology

Plant Sources • Plant source is the oldest source of drugs.

• Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from plants.

• Almost all parts of the plants are used • i.e. leaves, stem, bark, fruits and roots.

Leaves Plant source

Drug

Activity

Digitalis Purpurea

Digitoxin and Digoxin

cardiotonic

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus oil

Cough suppressant

Atropa belladonna

atropine

spasmolytic

Flowers Plant source

Drug

Activity

papaver somniferum

morphine

analgesic

Vinca rosea

vincristine and vinblastine

anticancer

Rose

Rose oil

tonic

Fruits Plant source

Drug

Activity

Calabar beans

physostigmine

cholinergic

Senna pod

anthracine

purgative

Seeds Plant source

Drug

Activity

Nux Vomica

strychnine

CNS stimulant

Castor

castor oil

purgative

Roots Plant source

Drug

Activity

Ipecacuanha

Emetine

Emetic

Rauwolfia serpentina

reserpine

antihypertensive

Seeds Plant source

Drug

Activity

Nux Vomica

strychnine

CNS stimulant

Castor

castor oil

purgative

Bark Plant source

Drug

Activity

Cinchona bark

quinine and quinidine

antimalarial

Atropa belladonna

atropine

anticholinergic

Hyoscyamus Niger

Hyosine

anticholinergic

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Animal sources • Byproducts of animals, including humans, are a source for drugs • Replacement therapy

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Hormonal Replacement source

Drug

Indication

Cattle Pancreas

Insulin

Diabetes type-1

Sheep thyroid

thyroxine

hypothyroidism

Urine of pregnant women

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

infertility

Animal source source

Drug

Indication

Pancreas

Insulin

Diabetes type-1

Sheep thyroid

atropine

hypothyroidism

Urine of pregnant women

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Infertility

Cod liver

vitamin A and D

Vitamin deficiency

Blood of animals

vaccines

Infectious disease

Mineral Sources • Minerals are inorganic crystal substances that are found naturally on earth (or in the soil). • Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take specific mineral based drugs to raise the level of minerals.

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Miscellaneous Sources: Drug

Indication

Fluorine

antiseptic

Borax

antiseptic

Selenium

anti-dandruff

Petroleum

liquid paraffin

Metallic and Non-metallic sources: Drug

Indication

Iron

iron deficiency anemia

Mercurial salts

Syphilis

Zinc

wounds and in eczema

Iodine

antiseptic

Gold salts

rheumatoid arthritis.

Synthetic Sources • A synthetic drug is produced using chemical synthesis, which rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound.

Synthetic Sources: Drug

Indication

Paracetamol, Aspirin, ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Piroxicam

analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory

Methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin

anticancer

Phenytoin, Gabapantine

anticonvulsant

Microbiological Sources • Antibiotics are the chemical substances produces by a microorganism, which on high dilution can inhibit the growth and/or multiplication, or kill another microorganism.

Antibiotics

Microbiological Sources Bacterial source

Drug

Actinobacteria Streptomycis and Micromonospora s

Streptomycin Aminoglycosides like gentamicin and tobramycin

Penicillium notatum

Penicillins

Recombinant DNA technology • Recombinant DNA technology involves cleavage of DNA by enzyme restriction endonucleases.

• The desired gene is coupled to rapidly replicating DNA (viral, bacterial or plasmid).

• The new genetic combination is inserted into the bacterial cultures which allow production of large amount of genetic material.

Recombinant DNA technology For examplehuman insulin, tissue plasminogen activator, hematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin Advantages  Huge amounts of drugs can be produced.  Drug can be obtained in pure form.  It is less antigenic.

Assignment 1.

2.

3.

4.

Enlist sources of drugs.

Name any five plant sources of drugs Name any five mineral drugs with therapeutic uses Name any five synthetic drugs with therapeutic uses.

Thank You!!!

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