99 pioneer stage - stage pioneer yellow foredunes foredunes (white) dune pioneer stage pioneer dune
dune buildup
stage yellow foredunes foredunes (white) dune
buildup
100
grey grey dunedune
decalcination
dune scrub stage dune scrub
grey grey dunedune
decalcination
103
SEA
dune forest dune forest
stage
decalcination
decalcination
decalcination
decalcination
decalcination
high tide
decalcination
high tide
102
200
100
LAND
≈2km
decalcination
LAND
waterlevel (cm)
decalcination
decalcination
101
decalcination
high tide LAND
0 2h00
4h00
6h00
8h00
10h00
12h00
14h00
16h00
18h00
20h00
22h00
≈2km
24h00
PONDS IN DOUBLE DIKES
-100
6h00
8h00
‘PRODUCTIVE POCKETS’
low tide
-200
SALINE NATURE FILTER
low tide
10h00
12h00
14h00
16h00
Cleaners (Crab and
other scavengers...) 18h00
20h00
22h00
24h00
Figure 99-103 All projects design with process, flow and succession rather than (artificial) form and object, e.g. dune succession, tidal force and influx, sand flow caused by wind force and fresh water discharge pulses from outlet sluices caused by gravity or discharge pumps. Sea birds (Common Tern, Herring Gull...)
Bacteria
low tide Pelagic fish (herring, mackerel...)
Zooplankton (copepods, larvae)
low tide
Dissolved nutrients N, P, Si
Algae (diatoms, flagellate...)
Human
By studying scientific information, available or acquired data and/ area. They require opening up the ground. They require ‘solutions or site findings, all examine at some of size’ (MBC, DLP). Therefore, it is necessary to provide for sufCleanersstage (Crab and the main natural forces other scavengers...) that are present at the site and that are potentially useful for the ficient surface space. MBC makes this very clear by stating: Sea birds tidal flux, water flow, turbulence and wave design, such as wind, ‘Thinking in a natural-system solution implies that it is recog(Common Tern, Herring Gull...) force, plant growth, evapotranspiration etc. These forces are then nized that coast is a zone, not a line. (...) the actual shoreline (the Bacteria involved in such a way that their beneficial potential is unleashed edge of land and water) naturally moves to and fro during ebb and or reinstated, hereby taking advantage of these forces for natu- flood. Due to this tidal range, it is always a zone, an area under inral flows and processes such as sand movement, plant and dune fluence of both land and sea. And since the Netherlands are nearly Pelagic fish (herring, Zooplankton mackerel...) (copepods, succession, land accretion, site cleaning, water discharge, etc. Dissolved In flat, it is naturally a broad zone. Even in ‘unnatural’ conditions, larvae) nutrients N, P, Si this way, the landscape (or waterscape) is performing (WLNO), when the coastline consists of a dike, a zone can be recognized. UnAlgae (diatoms, flagellate...) itHuman functions as a ‘living machine’ (DLP, MBC) and living store- derneath its skin, a zone is found of saline influences, resulting in house, creating ecosystem products and services that are usefulBacteria brackish seepage at the surface’ (Groven & Officer, 2008: 69). Zoobenthos (shirmps, for human purpose as well as for the site’s own abiotic and biotic This shift from object to space process solution can be seen in Seabed fish shellfish, worms) (Sole, Codd...) conditions. all designs. For example, DLP shifts from a dredge dump site to Clearly, cultural forces are also involved, such as sandsediment supple- a landscape solution that requires space for cleaning processes. Seal, harbour purpoise.. ‘Classic’ web mentation, earth digging, (building) construction, orfoodrecreational MBC and FAA move from a coastline defence to a coastal zone Sea ducks (common dissolvement chain scoter, ...)combine human (engineering) techdemands. The designs thus defence. And WLNO moves from underground piping and inmicrobial loop nologies with ‘natural intelligence’, such as combining tidal influx accessible raised concrete channels towards swales, canals and with sand supplementation (MBC), creating permeable dikes retention ponds, all requiring space at the surface level. Dutch for land accretion processes to reach behind the primary dikes projects such as Room for the River (improved water manage(MBC) or combining a man-made mosaic of diked patches and ment combined with nature development and clay excavation) applied dredge types with differences in water table, salinization and Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie (combining recreation, history, and soil in order to create diverse growth and succession types water retention, nature and residential functions) are also exam(DLP). This emphasis on recognizing and putting to use both cul- ples of spatial solutions. tural and natural system processes in order to cooperate is what is distinctive in these design projects. 3. As said, the six works use a strategic site analysis. This strategic minimal approach continues in the actual design phase. 2. When solutions are not found in engineering objects or un- Since the scale of the projects is rather large and ‘infrastructural’, derground piping but in performing landscapes, it implies that designs focus only on the facilitation of essential underlying elea larger scale of surface space is required. When human needs ments. Projects do not elaborate on details, they are under-defor food, water, safety, shelter and energy are found in working signed. While designing with system processes, often only stratewith natural intelligence instead of solving problems at nature’s gic and essential minimal interventions are suggested instead of expense, it requires working on a larger scale. Because natural comprehensive (doing it all) interventions. A minimum structure processes do not function on a point or line, they require surface is set up that augments and facilitates landscape productivity. By Bacteria
Seabed fish (Sole, Codd...)
Zoobenthos (shirmps, shellfish, worms)
sediment
Seal, harbour purpoise..
‘Classic’ food web
Sea ducks (common scoter, ...)
58
dissolvement chain
microbial loop