Sirtuin 1, AMPK, while decreasing circulating glucose and inflammation markers was observed among other changes. Contradictory evidence exists linking sirtuins to the benefits of CR. 27 More research is needed to definitively establish the role of the sirtuins in CR. The other members of the sirtuin family and their respective activators hold promise for CR mimetics. For example genetic polymorphism of the Sirtuin3 promoter have been associated with longevity in the Italian population. 28 IV. Conclusion Short and long term studies have demonstrated in rodents and non- human primates the neuroprotective and systemic benefits of various forms of CR interventions. Human studies have yet to test rigorously the neuroprotective aspect of CR however the improvements in cardiovascular and glucose regulation have been documented. The intimate relationship between cardiovascular health, glucose regulation and the brain suggests that there are likely neuroprotective benefits to CR interventions in humans. Currently evidence regarding CR mimetics is scattered and contradictory. While resveratrol appears promising in the studies discussed such investigations must be replicated and expanded upon. 1. Stranahan, A.M. & Mattson, M.P. Recruiting adaptive cellular stress responses for successful brain ageing. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 13, 209-16 (2012). 2. Roth, L.W. & Polotsky, A.J. Can we live longer by eating less? A review of caloric restriction and longevity. Maturitas 71, 315-9 (2012). 3. Colman, R.J. et al. Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science (New York, N.Y.) 325, 201-4 (2009). 4. Colman, R.J. & Anderson, R.M. Nonhuman primate calorie restriction. Antioxidants & redox signaling 14, 229-39 (2011). 5. Mercken, E.M., Carboneau, B. a, Krzysik-Walker, S.M. & de Cabo, R. Of mice and men: The benefits of caloric restriction, exercise, and mimetics. Ageing research reviews 1-9 (2011).doi:10.1016/j.arr.2011.11.005 6. Molteni, R., Barnard, R. J., Ying, Z., Roberts, C. K. & Gómez-Pinilla, F.A. High-fat, refined sugar diet reduces hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal plasticity, and learning. Neuroscience 112, 803–814 (2002). 7. McNay, E.C. et al Hippocampal memory processes are modulated by insulin and high-fat-induced insulin resistance. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem 93, 546–553 (2010). 8. Morrison, C.D. et al. H. High fat diet increases hippocampal oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in aged mice: implications for decreased Nrf2 signaling. Journal of neurochemistry 114, 1581–1589 (2010). 9. Lee, J., Duan, W. & Mattson, M.P. Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. Journal of neurochemistry 82, (2002). 10. Mouton, P.R., Chachich, M.E., Quigley, C., Spangler, E. & Ingram, D.K. Caloric restriction attenuates amyloid deposition in middle-aged APP/ PS1 mice. October 464, 184-187 (2009). 11. Chiba, T. & Ezaki, O. Dietary restriction suppresses inflammation and delays the onset of stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 399, 98–103 (2010). 12.Spolidoro, M. et al. Food restriction enhances visual cortex plasticity in adulthood. Nature communications 2, 320 (2011). 13. Fusco, S. et al. A role for neuronal cAMP responsive-element binding (CREB)-1 in brain responses to calorie restriction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 621-6 (2012). 14. Yanai, S., Okaichi, Y., and Okaichi, H. Long-term dietary restriction causes negative effects on cognitive functions in rats. Neurobiolgy of Ageing 25, 325332 (2004). 15. Meydani, M., Das, S., Band, M., Epstein, S. & Roberts, S. CALORIC RESTRICTION AND GLYCEMIC LOAD ON MEASURES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANTS THE EFFECT OF CALORIC RESTRICTION AND GLYCEMIC LOAD ON MEASURES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANTS IN HUMANS : RESULTS FROM THE CALERIE TRIAL OF HUMAN CALORIC RESTRIC. Health (San Francisco) 15, 456-460 (2011). 16. Skrha J, Kunesova M, Hilgertova J, Weiserova H, Krizova J, K.E. Short-term very low calorie diet reduces oxidative stress in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Physiology Research 54, 33-39. (2005).
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32 | Neuroscience Communications | Volume 1 | April 2012