blurring boundaries

2015 December 11, 2015

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KEYWORDS: Boundaries, Connecting Spaces, Broken Families, Care Homes, User Behavior

Heriot-Watt University Dubai Campus HANNAH SUSAN H00141234 CCS E10CD BA (Hons) Interior Design Malini Karani

December 11, 2015

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DECLARATION

I, Hannah Susan Saji, declare that the essay embodies the results of my own work and has been composed by myself, and that where appropriate I have made acknowledgement of the work of others.

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ABSTRACT

The contextual essay provides a wider aspect that addresses the subject of design boundaries in relation to the functional typology of the building and its environment. The concept of precincts or limitations in terms of care homes for women and children of broken families, who are victims of domestic violence, is explored and its relation to culture, especially in terms of that in the Middle East and the striking differences it creates with other cultures and societies around the globe. Furthermore, the current architectural styles and trending aspects of similar functional designs are critiqued, thereby understanding and evaluating present concepts. In addition to this, new possibilities and solutions are considered which opens up innovative theories and hence reinstate the understanding of victims’ behavior in spaces which frame them and thereby can be redefined. The architectural style, design as well as the location and environment play an important function in making them feel comfortable, safe and secure in care homes providing shelter and guidance for such victims. The essay explores further in detail how inside out boundaries and the relation between both can be achieved in a way that they feel free within spaces and the encouraging, optimistic effect that can be imbibed by dwelling in such residential care homes thereby improving their psychological complications constructively, which would help in the enhancement of their being.

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CONTENTS

List of Illustrations Introduction Literature Review Spaces and Boundaries Mind, Body and Space Blurring Edges Broken Homes and Families Domestic Violence and Abuse Relation to Child Abuse User Behavior and Psychology Typology Trends of Care Homes Global Scenarios Middle East Trends Future Prospects in UAE Ethnographic Study Interview - Lives at DFWAC Conclusion Bibliography Illustration Reference List Appendix

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Image 1: Behind the Face by Jarek Kubicki (2012) Image 2: The Glass and Guest House by Philip Johnson (2014) Image 3: View from the Glass House (2014) Image 4: Barcelona Pavilion (2011) Image 5: Barcelona Pavilion, Links (2011) Image 6: Villa Savoye (2010) Image 7: Villa Savoye, Interior/Outdoor (2010) Image 8: Garden Terrace Miyazaki (2013) Image 9: Garden Terrace Miyazaki, Interior (2013) Image 10: Glass Mountain House (2014) Image 11: Glass Mountain House, Side View (2014) Image 12: Glass Mountain House, Walkway (2014) Image 13: Glass Mountain House, Interior (2014) Image 14: Child Abuse (2013) Image 15: Child Welfare Facility (2014) Image 16: Child Welfare Facility, Exterior (2014) Image 17: Women’s Shelter (2015) Image 18: Women’s Shelter, Courtyard (2015) Image 19: Domestic Shelter, Layout (2015) Image 20: Domestic Shelter, Courtyard (2015) Image 21: DFWAC, Exterior Compound (2015) Image 22: DFWAC, Gazebo (2015)

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INTRODUCTION

In the contemporary architectural design community, the aspect and notion of boundaries such as that between interior and exterior environments or public and private spaces are being innovatively considered through unique and different perceptions, and hence thereby we see a process of ‘transgression’ unfolding globally. This enables varied and creative approaches wherein such boundaries or margins of limitations are no longer perceived as a barrier but visualized as a link that can be created between the two. The concept linking spaces and merging elements of design, creating a sense of connectivity and freedom as a lucid flow is formed and a new appreciation is formed within the users’ minds.

The ideology of associating spaces and blurring boundaries by infusing it with nature is examined and studied in relation to care homes for victims who are domestically abused. Such an architectural method is bound to relate to privacy, comfort and safety as it is being designed for a sensitive group. Therefore, it is vital to understand their emotions and behavior in spaces as the core aim is for them to be comfortable within such spatial features. Visual connection is another equally central issue that the essay addresses continuing to further explore the theme of ‘to see, but not be seen’ and its integration into such spaces where victims prefer to remain hidden and safely confined within their safe havens. Hence it investigates the methodologies and future trends that can incorporate these principles for the betterment of the users’ lives in our societies.

The subject of design boundaries and perception was chosen as a research topic and exploration as a continued learning process to the main module of interior design, that is, design studio entailing our final major project for honors year. As project ideas were being investigated and developed, the underlying factor remained ‘design for a cause’. The hypothetical location being United Arab Emirates for the final scheme had a crucial significance in the development of our task. Through online-based research via newspaper articles and documents, it was found that the divorce rates are at a rise in the country. This was due to domestic violence that led to broken families and relationships within homes. Currently, there are no specific foundations or care homes for people who go through such trauma specifically, although a few existing foundations in the country provide similar services in general to victims who are abused and undergo human trafficking. Hence as a solution to this growing issue, the proposed idea for the final major project is a residential care home for women and children of broken families. This would help wives and their children to come forward to a place that offers care and shelter, and helps them in becoming independent on their own in the society and move forward. It would provide them solace and a sense of security by having people to look after and care for them, towards whom they can turn to in times of need or any assistance. Therefore, the architectural design and environmental factors under which these care homes are based and how it can further be enhanced, especially in the Middle East region, play an essential role in catering to the needs of the users.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

The aim of this research essay, ‘Blurring Boundaries’, is to explore and investigate the relationship between mind, body and space and the perceptions it creates among users. This particular connection between the three components is in liaison with a particular architectural functional typology, which is a residential care home for abused victims of broken families. Therefore, as the end user needs are quite sensitive and crucial in this case, their behavioral patterns and psychology are studied in order to understand the ordeal and suffering they have undergone which would thereby help in designing spaces incorporating necessary components with care and consideration. It discusses the concept of interior spaces linking with nature and the positive response it can generate amongst the inhabitants of such a building type. Considering the key ideas and other factors, the review discusses and opinionates on available literatures within contributory contexts.

Research and critical analysis were carried out relating to the topics where the major key categories were focused on in order to be precise with the material sourcing so as to support this investigation with appropriate evidence from books, journals and various articles. The academic book ‘Space, Place and Gender’ by Massey D. (1994) discusses and proposes argumentative conceptualizations of space and place, and key aspects of it relating to daily and political life. The author constructs an essential and fundamental link by interrelating the notions of space and place in terms of social relations with that of culturally explicit theories regarding gender relations. Massey (1994) explores the establishment of identities within a space and place respectively and its interaction with ‘the outside’. It further studies gender definitions and explores the differences instilled within the personalities of men and women individually according to the diverse boundaries and its affect on their upbringing and associations. These ideologies that have been analyzed support the crucial theme of the essay as it has been mentioned in detail regarding the importance of connecting a space or place with the outside by overlooking the norms and current perspectives of boundaries in order to allow for identities and relations to be formed. Another article that has strong influences and links with that of this paper is ‘Breaking the Boundaries of “Self”: Representations of Spatial Indeterminacy’ by Modeen M. (2014) which focuses on the notions of ‘self’ and the body as a form occupying spaces, where body can be imaginatively merged in a creative aesthetic manner that extends beyond the contours and lines of our skin. It discusses the concept of boundaries and barriers, opening with the way in which we humans sense and feel our bodies within an enclosed space as we occupy it. We are not only linked to a space that our body occupies physically, but are also connected to our sense of being, perceptions and experiences (Modeen M., 2014). The article further explores the representations of selves and how artistic creative spaces allow a self to ‘transgress’ away from bodily forms, breaking out from shells and fusing with environment. Hence the presence of porous and permeable barriers overlay with the experiences of selves, thereby blurring the physical containment and enclosure within spaces. This model of theory defies the sense and

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norm of barriers by overlapping a building with its environment artistically thereby experimenting with transitional spaces rather than boundary lines; hence incorporating both the aesthetic features. The journal article ‘The Effects of Divorce on Children: Mothers’ Perspectives in UAE’ by Fakir M. Al Gharaibeh (2015) is based on a recent study that was conducted as a wellconstructed questionnaire with divorced women to examine the effects of divorce on children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The collected information was used for quantitative data analysis, the aim of this being to determine social, psychological and other effects on children mainly below the age group of 18. The divorce rates in the country have increased due to domestic violence and abuse within families thereby damaging their relationships and the society in a wider context. Divorce has weakening effects and tends to have long-term negative impacts on victims who are mostly women and their children in this scenario. The author further studies and understands their behavioral patterns and psychological changes caused by the traumatic experiences they have been through. Therefore, this article gives an insight into the lives of victims and crucial facts that are interrelated which would prove as fundamental knowledge and key factors to be taken into consideration while designing a space suitable to their needs.

Hence, by reviewing the academic articles we can understand that the conceptualization of spaces and places and its relation to boundaries are variable which can be artistically represented. The merging of one’s self to the environment is equally vital as the built environments’ surroundings and this allows in transgressing over notions of barriers, thereby blurring the ‘edges’. In order to integrate these design elements, it is vital to comprehend and understand the end users and their perception of spaces.

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SPACES AND BOUNDARIES

The initial chapter of this essay studies and analyzes the interrelations between mind, body and space in relation to boundaries, the influences one of these factors have on the other and the importance it holds while creating spaces as designers generate areas or places with a hidden concept conveying and allowing users to sense and identify the portrayal of unique elements within spaces. It also entails research-based observations and reviews on the transgressive nature of boundaries connecting the interior and exterior environments, thereby linking it to the relationship between human and nature, and their interdependency as it can prove to be a vital part of one’s ‘self’ identity and growth.

Mind, Body and Space The concept or notion of spaces, especially between those of internal and external, in social contemplation originates from an idea in our mind which in our perception is a structural boundary clearly demarcating both the areas. Hence, our mind perceives and understands this as a barrier, restricting ourselves and our views due to this discernment that is inculcated within us by the core foundations of our society; though the understanding of these boundaries may vary among each individual depending on their identity and culture.

Boundaries are virtual conceptualizations that we perceive in our mind; we recognize the space as we see it. The association between the three rudiments is better understood through the research methodology of case studies, thereby placing ourselves in-context.

The journal article ‘“Edge of Danger”: Electric Light and the Negotiation of Public and Private Domestic Space in Philip Johnson’s Glass and Guest Houses’ by Petty M.M. (2010) discusses and examines the iconic structure of Glass and Guest House designed and built by the well-known architect Philip Johnson where the case study shows that domestic interiors being a place of habitation can be redefined.

Image 2: The Glass and Guest House by Philip Johnson (2014)

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This modern architecture attempts on dematerializing and breaking boundaries between enclose and exposure, that is inside-out, contradicting to the traditional expectations that the society has of a domestic environment. The architect has expressed and differentiated the public and private spaces of domestic life through atmospheric and architectural lighting, hence understanding the Glass and Guest House as a modern complexity of physical and psychic, real and symbolic spaces (Petty M.M., 2010). The emphasis of the design was based on bringing the “outside in”, visualizing the landscape and natural environment as an element infused within the modern residential architecture; though this created major challenges for its feasibility in terms of inhabitation for domestic use.

As we know, domestic spaces of living are a private sector in the architectural field and have been followed by our respective societies and cultures for decades. The structural design of this particular house is striking in itself as its façade is mainly designed of one material which is glass, allowing absolute transparency between both the environments.

The dwelling, therefore, challenges nearly every conventional known-definitions and ideologies of domesticity.

The users inhabiting these interior spaces became sensitive and vulnerable in relation to glass walls as primarily, the concerns were the extensive exposure of living behind the transparent wall. Though the body of an individual is “inside” a particular space, due to the nature of this architecture, the mind tends to cause psychic dislocation gradually as ‘a fear of being watched’ is instilled (Petty M.M., 2010). As mentioned in the article, it is understood that the use of window-walls and large expanses of glass in domestic architecture caused some residents to develop ‘dizziness’. In domestic spaces, the society commonly prefers “views out” of their private residence and tries to limit views into the space. Therefore it can be understood that the relationship between the two is a difficult and challenging balance to achieve because “being looked at” is a critical concept in domestic and residential architecture as the setting allows for living arrangements resonating with privacy, enclosure, relaxation and relations that contradict with the modern transparency. As mentioned in the article, the glass architecture was intended to act “as the cushion between the outdoors and the indoors”, allowing the surrounding natural environment and landscape to function as “the wallpaper of the home” (Petty M.M., 2010).

Image 3: View from the Glass House (2014)

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Perception of mind has a vital role in establishing and forming a relation between body and space, especially a domestic space while occupying it and hence, architectural design and interiors of a built environment are crucial components that interrelate to an individual’s mind, body and space as studied in the above case study, though the project did not seem reasonable and practical from the users’ point of perspective. Similarly, the case study of the innovative Glass House designed by the architect Mies van der Rohe for his client Dr. Edith Farnsworth also imposes a similar conclusion in terms of the user feeling susceptible due to the nature of its architectural style, thereby proving that a space affects the mind and body of a human being and their response to the it.

Blurring Edges In the book ‘Space, Place and Gender’ by Doreen Massey, it is mentioned: The identity of a place does not derive from some internalized history. It derives, in large part, precisely from the specificity of its interactions with ‘the outside’.

Massey D. (1994, p.169) This section of the chapter investigates the concept of boundaries and barriers with respect to bodily notions of self that occupy spaces and, how these can creatively be ‘blurred’ which would allow users to extend their ‘presence’ beyond the containment of skins; this shift and change unfolding in the modes of architecture and spatiality is referred to as aesthetics of “indeterminacy” (Modeen M., 2014).

Our body relies upon our senses, that is, it depends upon a being’s physicality and, their perception and understanding of a space; therefore the space is directly connected to the human sense of ‘being’. The experiences faced as a human, starts within a space that our body occupies. When the mind forms connections with the body, they link together with the space occupied by the person; a self that fuses away from a physical form and imaginatively camouflages with its environment. The modern architecture is a radical movement which attempts on breaking social norms and basic, monotonous assumptions of architecture as a construction of enclosed spaces (Modeen M., 2014). Contemporary methods explore facets and possible spatial ideologies of permeable boundaries, a momentary temporal form linking spaces. Built forms, both building and environment, can offer extraordinary encounters with its resistance to defined edges, thereby defying and dissolving boundaries. Overlapping such spatial limits and creating ‘transitions’ rather than boundary lines permit the dissolution of an individual’s personal space, thereby merging the “barrier-less self” with the natural environment (Modeen M., 2014). Bridging the gap between one’s self and the “outside” creates an experiential sense of being a part of the natural surroundings. This practice of overlaying bodies and buildings with nature minimizes thresholds and divisions, which opens a space into another transitional space,

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thereby coexisting among both environments and rising to the challenge against closure between spaces. The Barcelona Pavilion by Mies van der Rohe is a notable example where the boundaries between inside-out have been experimented with, which opened up the space due to minimal barriers or enclosures between areas. Nominal walls have been used inside allowing ‘freeness’ in the architectural style. Another example that resonates with a similar elegance is Villa Savoye by the pioneer of modern architecture, Le Corbusier. The first floor seems to ‘float’ over an empty ground floor space and the plan of the building consists of outdoor spaces creating connections with the natural environment. Kengo Kuma, a synchronous architect, achieves the same effect by avoiding contained spaces of barrier walls (Modeen M., 2014). The project in Nagasaki, Garden Terrace Miyazaki Hotel, harmonizes with natural materials like bamboo allowing ripples of light and air through the walls of the interior spaces, thereby blurring boundaries with its natural surroundings.

Image 4: Barcelona Pavilion (2011)

Image 6: Villa Savoye (2010)

Image 8: Garden Terrace Miyazaki (2013)

Image 5: Barcelona Pavilion, Links (2011)

Image 7: Villa Savoye, Interior/Outdoor (2010)

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The above visual analysis of the case studies that were studied help in understanding how boundaries and barriers can be ‘blurred’ in architecture and designed keeping the end users as an equal priority for them to be comfortable in inhabiting such spaces.

Visual analysis of a domestic-purposed typology was also conducted as the core function examined in this essay is care homes and the major design aspect being, linking interior spaces with the landscape environment which relates with the example of the Glass Mountain House by Bark Design Architects. The house has been designed with a strong essence of its place and fundamental nature, that is sky and mountains, which is translated into an architectural design by using materialistic components as glass and stone and this connects with the landscape and, seems to be earthbound as well as transparent and floating in nature. The experience within the house is that of indoor outdoor thresholds but private and the use of natural, sustainable methods evoke a sense relaxation. Landscape architecture has been essential into making this place a home with fine artistic elements, fabricating them to a balance and feeling of safe haven.

Image 10: Glass Mountain House (2014)

Image 12: Glass Mountain House, Walkway (2014)

Image 11: Glass Mountain House, Side View (2014)

Image 13: Glass Mountain House, Interior (2014)

Hence, to conclude, connecting spaces and blurring boundaries with the use of transitional spaces open up key progressive possibilities and features in the field of architecture and design. It also acts as a major component in human-nature relationships and thereby creating user-friendly structures and built environments. Therefore, such creative and aesthetic design methods prove to play a positive role in the society.

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BROKEN HOMES AND FAMILIES

The social aspect of this research essay is based on women and children who are victims of broken families; this chapter studies and recognizes the violence they go through and the trauma these abuses can have on them, its effects that can lead to extreme measures of divorce between couples which thereby affect the children of the family. In order to understand victims of such sensitive situations and issues, their behavioral patterns and psychology have been investigated and explored further as they define the care home as end users in this particular project-related study; hence understanding families and individuals are fundamental in order to design effectively with care and contemplation.

Domestic Violence and Abuse The World Health Organization, WHO identifies domestic violence as any incident of threatening behavior or abuse (psychological, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. Domestic abuse occurs across most cultures and society and it consists mainly of violence by men against women. According to a research study conducted, RoeSepowitz et.al (2014, p.884) reviews that among the women population in the United States, intimate partner violence is one of the leading causes of injury and death and, further findings from the national Violence Against Women Survey estimates about 1.5 million women being physically assaulted or raped each year by an intimate partner.

In the past few years, a significant change among the social, economic and demographic factors have been noted which has gradually led to increasing social issues such as violence, harassment, drug addictions, bullying and so on (Gharaibeh F.M., 2015). Changes in lifestyle have brought about family violence to surface among our society which causes families to break apart. Domestic violence can be seen as a pattern of abusive, controlling nature and behavior, leading to the abuser gaining control over the victim who tends to become submissive towards them. It is usually confined within the four walls of their private homes as it is regarded as a confidential and personal matter of situation by our society and finds it unfit to intervene into such sensitive affairs.

There is a direct correlation between domestic violence and child abuse as children are also affected through the process. The trauma that wives and children go through requires care and guidance to help them and bring about a positive change in their lives, making them independent to go forward in the society. Victims’ asking for help is often the most difficult and terrifying decision they will ever make but, the best positive one.

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Relation to Child Abuse Domestic violence damages the society and not only affect couples, but has major traumatic effects on children as well, being the most vulnerable members of the family. Child maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical, verbal, emotional-ill treatment or any potential harm caused in relation to the child’s development and well-being. Gharaibeh F.M. (2015) study that “children respond to divorce with insecurity, loss of self-esteem, and repressed feelings of anger and loss, which could be manifested as aggressive or withdrawn behavior�.

Image 14: Child Abuse (2013)

Positive and trusting relationships are formed among children and parents who have a cordial and tender connection, thereby feeling emotionally stable and secure; whereas often, children who are raised in such families where domestic violence and abuse have become persistent or who have undergone harassment and are battered themselves, tend to grow up and reciprocate such qualities in their personal lives as adults because aspects related in context to family influences such as parent-child relationship qualities and interaction patterns were processes that had not developed among them; hence they tend to feel emotionally insecure (Gharaibeh F.M., 2015). Therefore it can be concluded that, disharmony among families affect children and deranges the attachment bond with parents and this leads to unconstructive and negative enduring consequences.

User Behavior and Psychology The effects of domestic violence and ill-treatment weaken an individual physically and/or mentally, affecting their health, psychological and behavioral patterns. Domestic violence can be considered as a concealed phenomenon since victims are hesitant out of fear that they may feel that the abuser would realize and might not be safe if the situation is disclosed or shared to a third-party, in order to attain professional help with the circumstance and hence they tend to feel alone, isolating themselves from social relations and general public. Victims are also likely to self-blame for such incidents which thereby leads to depression, instability and mental health problems.

Organizations and institutions are being established for this core purpose, encouraging young couples to seek proficient guidance, help and advice in order to assist them in dealing with challenges that they encounter in their family life. Though the society may respond negatively as it is considered as private issues that do not require interventions, it can be argued that individuals who receive support tend to respond better in their lives (Gharaibeh F.M., 2015) and therefore, architectural design is crucial in such care homes.

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TYPOLOGY TRENDS OF CARE HOMES

The project of a Residential Care Home for Women and Children in broken families aim at being a foundation that offers care and shelter, thereby helping wives and their children in becoming independent on their own in the society and move forward. It would provide them solace and a sense of security by having people to look after and care for them towards whom they can turn in times of need or any assistance. This section studies the typology trends of care homes and analyzes the architectural design structures under global scenarios and critiques current institutions locally in the Middle East. Furthermore, new possibilities and theories to designing care homes have been put forth which would enhance and improve the quality of habitation within these spaces for women and children.

Global Scenarios Internationally, governmental constitutions and NGO organizations are coming to the forefront for the welfare of battered women and children who are victims to domestic violence and abuse. Legislations and laws are being considered and passed in order to protect them from terror and traumatic accidents. In this segment, care homes have been analyzed and considered from an aspect of architecture and design on a global level.

Creating and designing care homes are to be carried out with care and attention, keeping in mind about the end users and their comfort levels within the space. Similar to the functional typology, Child Welfare Facility in Paris, France is designed to provide the required educational and psychological support with emergency shelter Image 15: Child Welfare Facility (2014) facilities to children and teenagers with various spaces for relaxation and other social activities.

Analyzing the architecture of the building, the angular orientation allows indirect natural light to penetrate into the interiors with louvered shutters that control the amount of sunlight and also provide privacy. The interior has open spaces and courtyards with landscaping on each storey, thereby providing a subtle link externally. The building being designed in a modern courtyard style as ‘meeting spots’ enable users to connect with each other.

Image 16: Child Welfare Facility, Exterior (2014)

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Another case study that was reviewed is the Kilimanjaro Women’s Shelter, located in Tanzania, Africa, which is designed for victims of domestic abuse as a refuge housing shelter that also provide professional advice on legal, health and economic issues. The building has been creatively considered with inspirations from the local Tanzanian culture itself, ensuring to meet Image 17: Women’s Shelter (2015) the needs of the users. It is oriented on the inner area as blocks of housing and facilities, away from the roads thereby offering privacy. Protected courtyards spaces, facing within the centre of the blocks allow natural ventilation and lighting and, appropriate usage of skylights provide daylight within the rooms as well which minimizes the use of artificial sources. The use of natural materials and local construction methods make this project an eco-friendly, sustainable foundation.

Image 18: Women’s Shelter, Courtyard (2015)

Middle East Trends Domestic violence and abuse is a confidential and sensitive subject in the Middle-Eastern geographic region where majority of people belonging to the local cultures believe that it is a ‘behind the home’ scene and a situation that does not require interference or any kind of involvement. Inspite of this current case, the government and organizations take stringent measures to attempt on protecting the women and children of the country as family bonds have deep roots within these countries.

London-based architects have come together to create a Domestic Abuse Shelter which provide help for victims in Israel. It is located in a calm neighborhood with layers of boundaries for protection by incorporating landscape elements, rather than concrete façade blocks. This thereby allows visual connections with the natural environment and also between the various independent quarters which are linked by a passageway.

Image 19: Domestic Shelter, Layout (2015)

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The images beside gives a comprehensible idea on how the architects have attempted on connecting the natural and built environments, thereby coexisting with each other. Sustainable practices have also been incorporated in the project such as materials being sourced locally, natural ventilation and water heated by photovoltaic energy. It also features an organic garden and farming area for use.

Image 20: Domestic Shelter, Courtyard (2015)

The shelter aims at providing a sense of calm and security to victims which would help in their suffering. Similarly, Dubai Foundation for Women And Children (DFWAC) is an organization based in UAE catering to the needs of victims about which it will be further discussed in the latter part of the essay.

Future Prospects in UAE Care homes are considered to be safe havens by battered and abused victims where they can find a sense of security, peace and solace in their lives thereby helping them to stand for themselves and move ahead in the society. Dubai Foundation for Women And Children (DFWAC) in Dubai was the first licensed non-profit organization that provides shelter and help to victims of human trafficking, domestic violence and child abuse. Few other institutions supporting the same cause exist as well but are not widely known to the general public. An article in The National by Dana Moukhallati (2014) states that recent statistics show 89 cases of family disputes including violence out of 93 cases that were registered with the Dubai Police Department of Women and Children; this is quite a high rate of violence among family members in the country. There are no organizations that deal specifically with family issues within UAE and hence, the establishment of such care homes could possibly support and guide them through these matters of strife.

Through the research conducted and studied, we can understand that the architectural design of care homes play a vital role in the users’ behavior within the spaces; the aim being to make the victims feel comfortable and safe in a friendly environment where they can find consolation and build healthy relationships with other users. Eliminating physical barriers and boundaries, which merges inside-outside areas, connect one’s ‘self’ being with the natural environment. This benefits in opening spaces giving users’ the privacy to feel free, unlike current ideologies of abuse shelters which tend to be closed off and secluded with concrete blocks, as the local culture respect the privacy of women and children but as observed, have not fully experimented with other potential forms of solitary boundaries.

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ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY

The ethnicity of the country has deep-rooted ties to family bonds and considers it as the core living fabric of their culture. This study is based on the people of UAE, their local culture, traditions and customs to have a better knowledge and understanding of its influential relation to architecture and design features.

As mentioned by Gharaibeh F.M. (2015, p.349), UAE is witnessing an increase in the divorce rates over the last few years, domestic violence and abuse being one of the causes, of which the government is apprehensive and concerned. Family is a sacred bond between the members which the legislative organizations and institutions consider as private interference when they may be required to intervene into such domestic cases and issues. The culture deems and often accepts the practice of men being superior over their wives, allowing them to abuse women physically and/or verbally which, as observed, is believed to be a norm among them in the society. Hence, people may have a negative opinion among these cases which are expected to be confined within the ‘rooms between four walls’ as social notions and contemplations of the community. Under the scrutiny of the general public, women are afraid and traumatized to voice their issue and approach charitable foundations that can help in their situations; thereby we can understand that they are emotionally being forced to hold down themselves and embrace such traditions.

Women in Gulf societies have a harder time seeking a divorce than men do because of cultural and religious customs.

Gharaibeh F.M. (2015, p.348)

On the other hand, the local culture of the country respects women and attempts at keeping them safe and secure. As observed and known, the cultural traditional avoids interaction of women with men who are not their blood relation because it is prohibited or considered ‘haram’ by the Islamic law followed widely here in the UAE. This is this reason why houses or any other functional typology usually have complete segregation among spaces based on gender with specific areas allotted for women and are not allowed within the other male-dominant areas. This privacy is reflected on the perimeter of the site of the buildings as well, which are fenced and marked off with boundary walls in such a way that there are no visual connections into the compound.

To conclude, it is fundamental to understand the people and culture of a particular society as it influences certain major aspects of architectural designing, especially a care home for victims of broken families.

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INTERVIEW – LIVES AT DFWAC

A qualitative research interview of a management staff at the Dubai Foundation for Women And Children (DFWAC) was conducted which gave insights into the current domestic cases and issues, the lives of victims who seek their guidance and support, and other factors related to the subject matter. The Dubai-based foundation for victims of domestic violence, child abuse and human trafficking, located in Al Awir, Dubai, was established in the year 2007 providing them with shelter and other required support facilities. Its location at a remote industrial area allows it to remain hidden, away from the populated areas of the city. The compound is always guarded with policemen and security round-the-clock which gives the users’ a sense of security and assurance.

As per registered, over the years the number of cases related to domestic violence and abuse have seen an increase in the bar charts; though they quite frequently receive cases of physical and/or harassment, and human trafficking. The rates of the child abuse and bullying between teenagers and youths are also raised in the country. The interviewee mentions that the degree of trauma each individual has gone through varies from one to another and they all have their own life events attached. The approach towards a victim can depend on the level of issues they have faced and survived, and also on their psychological state and stability.

The architecture and design requirement for the foundation was to create a ‘healing’ environment for the patients as the surroundings have a major influence on their recovery process. It was noted that, natural elements such as sunlight and water were integrated into the space as calming elements. Research shows that Japanese gardens have been the key inspirational concept behind the project. The design attempts on bringing a balance thereby creating peace and harmony for the users’ within the spaces.

Image 21: DFWAC, Exterior Compound (2015)

Image 22: DFWAC, Gazebo (2015)

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CONCLUSION

Boundaries or barriers are formed as perceptions of the mind which is subjective in nature and can vary from one’s ‘self’ being to another. A ‘being’ is not only associated with their physical body but transcends beyond their own skin and, relates to the environment and space they occupy.

Hence, there is an interrelationship created between the mind, body and space which link to architectural and design features of the place. Due to this reason, the interior environment as well as the natural environment together plays an important role with relation to a user. Merging the landscape elements with interior spaces rather than obstructing the both with barriers, can instead be viewed as transitions which would enhance the well-being of an individual.

Users’ level of comfort and ease at a particular functional typology is a key criterion while designing a space and thereby understanding the victims of broken families who are abused women and children would make a difference in the structural, spatiality and creative aesthetic style of care homes.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journal Articles / Books Cowan, A.B. and Schwartz, I.M. (2004) ‘Violence in the family: Policy and practice disparities in the treatment of children’, Children and Youth Services Review [online]; 26(1), 1067-1080, available: http://www.sciencedirect.com [accessed 27 September 2015].

Dollinger, S.J., Kazmierczak, E.E. and Storkerson, P.K. (2011) ‘Creativity and SelfExploration in Projective Drawings of Abused Women: Evaluating the Inside Me–Outside Me Workshop’, Journal of Creativity in Mental Health [online]; 6(3), 202-219, available: http://www.tandfonline.com [accessed 18 November 2015].

Dudek, M. (2013) Nurseries: A Design Guide, Routledge [online], available: http://www.ihsti.com [accessed 27 September 2015].

Gharaibeh, F.M. (2015) ‘The Effects of Divorce on Children: Mother’s Perspectives in UAE’, Journal of Divorce & Remarriage [online]; 56(5), 347-368, available: http://www.tandfonline.com [accessed on 18 November 2015] Massey, D. (1994) Space, Place and Gender, United States: Blackwell Publishers Modeen, M. (2014) ‘Breaking the Boundaries of “Self”: Representations of Spatial Indeterminacy’, Architecture and Culture [online]; 2(3), 337-360, available: http://www.ingentaconnect.com [accessed 27 September 2015].

Peled, E. (2011) ‘Abused women who abuse their children: A critical review of the literature’, Aggression and Violent Behavior [online]; 16(1), 325-330, available: http://www.sciencedirect.com [accessed 27 September 2015].

Roe-Sepowitz, D.E., Hickle, K.E., Dahlstedt, J. and Gallagher, J. (2014) ‘Victim or Whore: The Similarities and Differences between Victim's Experiences of Domestic Violence and Sex Trafficking’, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment [online]; 24(8), 883898, available: http://www.tandfonline.com [accessed 18 November 2015].

Scottish Executive (2005) National Care Standards, Scottish Executive [online], available: http://www.ihsti.com [accessed 27 September 2015].

Soja, E. (1996) Thirdspace, Cornwall: Blackwell Publishers

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Newspaper Articles Moukhallati, D. (2014) ‘Domestic violence going unreported, Dubai charity says’ The National (25 November), available: http://www.thenational.ae/uae/domestic-violencegoing-unreported-dubai-charity-says [accessed 27 September 2015].

Salem, O. (2015) ‘FNC investigates domestic violence problem in UAE’ The National (27 January), available: http://www.thenational.ae/uae/courts/fnc-investigates-domesticviolence-problem-in-uae [accessed 27 September 2015].

Shaaban, A. (2015) ‘GCC drafting law against domestic violence’ Khaleej Times (28 January), available: http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/gcc-drafting-lawagainst-domestic-violence [accessed 27 September 2015].

Case Studies (Web Documents) ArchDaily (2010) AD Classics: Villa Savoye/Le Corbusier [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villa-savoye-le-corbusier [accessed 18 November 2015].

ArchDaily (2011) AD Classics: Barcelona Pavilion/Mies van der Rohe [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/109135/ad-classics-barcelona-pavilion-mies-van-der-rohe [accessed 18 November 2015].

ArchDaily (2014) Glass House Mountains House/Bark Design Architects [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/497380/glass-house-mountains-house-bark-designarchitects [accessed 18 November 2015].

Dezeen (2013) Garden Terrace Miyazaki by Kengo Kuma and Associates [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/18/garden-terrace-miyazaki-by-kengo-kuma-andassociates [accessed 18 November 2015].

Dezeen (2014) Marjan Hessamfar & Joe Verons Associates completes child welfare facility in Paris [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/06/marjan-hessamfar-joeverons-associates-completes-child-welfare-facility-paris [accessed 27 September 2015].

Dezeen (2015) Hollmén Reuter Sandman uses local materials and motifs for Kilimanjaro women’s refuge [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reutersandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzania-yellow-buildings-courtyard [accessed 27 September 2015].

Dezeen (2015) Work starts on purpose-built shelter for victims of domestic abuse in Israel [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/13/israel-first-purpose-built-sheltervictims-domestic-abuse-amos-goldreich-jacobs-yaniv [accessed 27 September 2015].

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Petty, M.M. (2010) ‘”Edge of Danger”: Electric Light and the Negotiation of Public and Private Domestic Space in Philip Johnson’s Glass and Guest Houses’, Interiors [online]; 1(3), 197-218, , available: http://www.ingentaconnect.com [accessed 27 September 2015].

U+A Architects (2010) Dubai Foundation Women Children [online], available: http://uaarchitects.com/portfolio-item/dubai-foundation-women-children [accessed 27 September 2015].

Wendl, N. (2014) ‘Life in a Glass House: An Architectural Projection’, Architecture and Culture [online]; 2(3), 317-336, available: http://www.ingentaconnect.com [accessed 27 September 2015].

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ILLUSTRATION REFERENCE LIST

Image 1: Behind the Face by Jarek Kubicki (2012) Jarek Kubicki official ver 5.0 [online], available: http://www.kubicki.info [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 2: The Glass and Guest House by Philip Johnson (2014) The Glass House | Small Footprint Living [online], available: http://www.smallfootprintliving.org/2014/02/06/glasshouse [accessed 27 September 2015].

Image 3: View from the Glass House (2014) The Glass House | Small Footprint Living [online], available: http://www.smallfootprintliving.org/2014/02/06/glass-house [accessed 27 September 2015].

Image 4: Barcelona Pavilion (2011) AD Classics: Barcelona Pavilion/Mies van der Rohe | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/109135/ad-classics-barcelonapavilion-mies-van-der-rohe [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 5: Barcelona Pavilion, Links (2011) AD Classics: Barcelona Pavilion/Mies van der Rohe | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/109135/ad-classicsbarcelona-pavilion-mies-van-der-rohe [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 6: Villa Savoye (2010) AD Classics: Villa Savoye/Le Corbusier | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villa-savoye-le-corbusier [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 7: Villa Savoye, Interior/Outdoor (2010) AD Classics: Villa Savoye/Le Corbusier | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villa-savoye-lecorbusier [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 8: Garden Terrace Miyazaki (2013) Garden Terrace Miyazaki by Kengo Kuma and Associates | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/18/gardenterrace-miyazaki-by-kengo-kuma-and-associates [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 9: Garden Terrace Miyazaki, Interior (2013) Garden Terrace Miyazaki by Kengo Kuma and Associates | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/18/garden-terrace-miyazaki-by-kengo-kuma-andassociates [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 10: Glass Mountain House (2014) Glass House Mountains House/Bark Design Architects | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/497380/glass-housemountains-house-bark-design-architects [accessed 18 November 2015].

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Image 11: Glass Mountain House, Side View (2014) Glass House Mountains House/Bark Design Architects | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/497380/glasshouse-mountains-house-bark-design-architects [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 12: Glass Mountain House, Walkway (2014) Glass House Mountains House/Bark Design Architects | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/497380/glasshouse-mountains-house-bark-design-architects [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 13: Glass Mountain House, Interior (2014) Glass House Mountains House/Bark Design Architects | ArchDaily [online], available: http://www.archdaily.com/497380/glasshouse-mountains-house-bark-design-architects [accessed 18 November 2015].

Image 14: Child Abuse (2013) Child Abuse By Any Other Name Is STILL Child Abuse, Unless it is Sanctioned By the State | The Liberty Beacon [online], available: http://www.thelibertybeacon.com/2013/10/27/child-abuse-by-any-other-nameis-still-child-abuse-unless-it-is-sanctioned-by-the-state [accessed 03 October 2015].

Image 15: Child Welfare Facility (2014) Marjan Hessamfar & Joe Verons Associates completes child welfare facility in Paris | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/06/marjan-hessamfar-joe-verons-associates-completeschild-welfare-facility-paris [accessed 27 September 2015].

Image 16: Child Welfare Facility, Exterior (2014) Marjan Hessamfar & Joe Verons Associates completes child welfare facility in Paris | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/06/marjan-hessamfar-joe-verons-associates-completeschild-welfare-facility-paris [accessed 27 September 2015].

Image 17: Women’s Shelter (2015) Hollmén Reuter Sandman uses local materials and motifs for Kilimanjaro women’s refuge | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reuter-sandman-kilimanjaro-womensrefuge-moshi-tanzania-yellow-buildings-courtyard [accessed 27 September 2015].

Image 18: Women’s Shelter, Courtyard (2015) Hollmén Reuter Sandman uses local materials and motifs for Kilimanjaro women’s refuge | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reuter-sandman-kilimanjaro-womensrefuge-moshi-tanzania-yellow-buildings-courtyard [accessed 27 September 2015].

Image 19: Domestic Shelter, Layout (2015) Work starts on purpose-built shelter for victims of domestic abuse in Israel | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/13/israel-first-purpose-built-shelter-victims-domesticabuse-amos-goldreich-jacobs-yaniv [accessed 27 September 2015].

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Image 20: Domestic Shelter, Courtyard (2015) Work starts on purpose-built shelter for victims of domestic abuse in Israel | Dezeen [online], available: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/13/israel-first-purpose-built-shelter-victims-domesticabuse-amos-goldreich-jacobs-yaniv [accessed 27 September 2015].

Image 21: DFWAC, Exterior Compound (2015) DFWAC launches new initiative to educate about child abuse UAE - The Official Web Site - News [online], available: http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/DFWAC_launches_new_initiative_to_educate about_child_abuse/67899.htm. [accessed 18 October 2015].

Image 22: DFWAC, Gazebo (2015) Dubai Foundation Women Children | U+A Architects [online], available: http://ua-architects.com/portfolio-item/dubai-foundation-womenchildren [accessed 18 October 2015].

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APPENDIX

Interview with a management staff at Dubai Foundation for Women And Children (DFWAC).

 When and by whom was the Dubai Foundation for Women and Children established?

The Dubai Foundation started in the year 2007, almost 9 years back. It was established by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, our Ruler of Dubai. The foundation helps victims and supports them with their human rights. We have close tie-ups with the government and work along with them in these cases.

 Why is it located so far away in an industrial area with barely any amenities around?

We wanted to respect the privacy of our clients and ensure that they feel comfortable to come to this foundation seeking help and assistance. This is why this place is located in Al Awir, which is away from the main cities and not well-known by the public and most of the necessary amenities are there inside the compound for those who stay here and need something.

 What does the foundation aim at achieving?

Our foundation aims at bringing a change in the society – a place that is free of violence and abuse. We hold workshops and awareness programs to educate the public and make them understand the importance of this issue and its effects on our society. Violence damages our society and culture, which we try to bring about a change.

 What types of cases are accepted at the foundation?

We accept most type of cases at the Dubai Foundation, mainly domestic violence, child abuse and human trafficking. Verbal cases have also increased in the recent years like physical abuse cases. Other cases related to economical or financial abuse cases have also been registered in the foundation.

 What are the most frequent issues faced in the country?

We see violence and bullying cases rising in the country. Human trafficking of women is also increasing which we are trying to work on with the government and help as many victims as we can and also to reduce the situation. Bullying among teenagers and youths can be seen now of which parents being made aware of so that they can help their kids. Personally I think the changes in lifestyle and our fastmoving routines have brought so many issues.

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 Do patients feel comfortable to approach and talk about their situation?

That depends from one client to another because it is different for each one of them. The situations and issues they have faced vary between them. We have professional experts and counselors in the foundation who know how to tackle such problems and help our patients. Everyone takes some time to open up, talk and discuss about their problems because at times they may feel that the other person would not understand what they are going through and after all, it is a personal matter and trauma that they are going through. But we here at the foundation try our very best to share their pain and support them through the course.

 What are the various facilities and services offered here?

We offer a lot of service to our clients here. Shelter services are provided in the foundation for those who require a place to stay; care and rehabilitation services are given to our users as well. There are people who come do not stay here but come on a regular basis for sessions of rehabilitation and counseling talks. Other workshops and events are held for awareness purposes as well. Helpline services are also always open for reports or queries.

 How do they respond within spaces during that time period?

Initially they mostly tend to be quite and isolate themselves from people. The slowly within a few sessions they start to open up. They spend time outside in the environment with kids which seem to have a positive effect. The foundation being far away from the crowd makes them feel more comfortable and a bit free.

 Do you think the design of the building and environment has an influence on the victim?

Yes I think the environment plays an important part as well because if they are treated within closed walls and enclosed areas, they would naturally tend to become more depressed, lonely and isolated. By opening areas and making the environment friendlier, it would encourage them and have an optimistic effect on their lives. Also they would talk and mingle with others staying here which can be helpful for them.

 According to you, what is lacking here in the UAE and what can be done to bring about a change?

Personally I think people should be made more aware about such foundations and institutions because a lot of them do not know whom they can go to for such issues as such matters are very much confidential here in our country since we want to protect these people and give them their privacy.

[Note: Name withheld upon request due to confidentiality purposes]

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