in 2006. Ecological Footprint Standards 2006 addresses the use of source data, derivation of conversion factors, establishment of study boundaries and communication of findings. It focuses on applications that analyze the Footprint of sub-national populations. Development of the next edition of Ecological Footprint standards is currently underway. This work will expand the standards to more specifically address Footprint analysis of organizations, products, processes and services. Global Footprint Network partners agree to comply with the most recent Ecological Footprint Standards in their applications of the Footprint. Protocols and standards are reviewed on a regular basis, and revised as necessary. The goal is to establish continuous improvement in the quality and consistency with which Ecological Footprint applications are conducted and findings communicated.
C
ompleted government reviews of the Ecological Footprint methodology
Independent reviews of the Footprint by national governments and internal agencies are a fourth process that helps ensure the scientific robustness of the National Footprint Accounts. Global Footprint Network encourages any nation to seek a research collaboration with the Network to test and improve the accounts for the nation. The first of these was completed by the government of Switzerland. Four Swiss government agencies led the effort and the Swiss Statistical Offices published the review in 2006. The report (http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/ en/index/themen/21/03/blank/blank/01.html )exists in English, French, German and Italian. They also published a more technical background report found at http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/ en/index/themen/21/03/blank/blank/01.parsys.0001.downloadList.00011.DownloadFile.tmp/ ecologicalfootprinttechnicalreport.pdf (available only in English). Switzerland features the Ecological Footprint among its sustainability indicators (MONET) since 2009. The European Commission’s DG Environment recently concluded its review of the Ecological Footprint with a 350-page report which is highly supportive of the measure and confirms Global Footprint Network’s research agenda. The report can be downloaded at: http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/natres/studies.htm. Recently, the Service de l’Observation et des Statistiques (SOeS) of the French Ministry of Sustainable Development produced the study Une expertise de l’empreinte ecologique (May 2009, No 4), which examined the transparency and reproducibility of the National Footprint Accounts. The report documents that their research team was able to reproduce Ecological Footprint trends within 1-3 percent of the values published by Global Footprint Network. SOeS’ initial report is available at http://www.ifen.fr/uploads/media/etudes_documentsN4.pdf or see http://www.ifen.fr/publications/nospublications/etudes-documents/2009/une-expertise-de-l-empreinte-ecologique-version-provisoire. html.
Other reviews of the Ecological Footprint have been conducted by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-AU-06-001/EN/ KS-AU-06-001-EN.PDF), Germany (http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3489.pdf), Ireland (http://erc.epa.ie/safer/iso19115/displayISO19115.jsp?isoID=56#files), and Belgium (www. wwf.be/_media/04-lies-janssen-ecologische-voetafdrukrekeningen_236536.pdf). The United Arab Emirates is currently completing a review of the Ecological Footprint, and Ecuador is preparing to begin a research collaboration reviewing the Ecological Footprint in late 2009.
H
ow are countries using their national Footprint accounts?
Countries, especially but not only those that have engaged in research collaborations with Global Footprint Network, use their national Footprint accounts to better understand the demands they are placing on productive ecosystems, and the capacity they have internally or are accessing elsewhere to meet these demands. This can help them identify resource constraints and dependencies, as well as recognize resource opportunities. In addition, countries use their Ecological Footprint and biocapacity data for: • Exploring policy creation, to:
• Protect national interests and leverage existing opportunities;
• Bring their economies in line with global limits, including planning for a low-carbon future;
• Foster innovation that maintains or improves quality of life while reducing dependence on ecological capacity. • Leveraging trade opportunities, to: • Create a strong trade position for exports by better understanding who has ecological reserves and who does not;
• Minimize and prioritize external resource needs.
• Creating a baseline for setting goals and monitoring progress toward lasting and sustainable economic development; in particular, to guide investment in infrastructure that is both efficient in its use of resources, and resilient if supply disruptions materialize. • Providing a complementary metric to GDP that can help lead to a better way of gauging human progress and development. For more information, visit www.footprintnetwork.org/reviews.
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