Oil Gas Philippines Feb2021 Petroleum Energy Covid-19 Vaccines, Covovax, IATF, Sinovac, Moderna

FEBRUARY 2 0 2 1

NEWS

The Purified Terephthalic Acid Industry

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Huntsman Completes the Purchase of the Remaining 50% Interest in the Sasol-Huntsman Joint Venture

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ADNOC Offshore Selects Weatherford For Directional Drilling, Awards Three-Year Contract Worth $220 Million

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Informed Decisions Through Informed Decisions Through Integrity and Innovation Integrity and Innovation

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EDITOR‘S NOTE

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he oil and gas industry has been facing various challenges over the past year, no thanks to the emergence of the COVID-19 threat globally. With the advent of shale and excessive supply, revenues have been extremely low, and to top it off, prices are at their lowest in the past three decades.

With this in mind, it is not unlikely for the oil and gas industry to reconfigure itself, and the COVID-19 pandemic will only speed up this transformation.

Among the permanent shifts that are expected to result from the crisis include changes in upstream, downstream, midstream, petrochemicals, global gas and liquefied natural gas, and new businesses related to renewables and energy transition.

Although we cannot be sure how drastic the oil and gas industry ecosystem will change and when will the shift happen, it is certain that the pandemic will bring about a noticeable reconfiguration in the system in the following years. It is believed, though, that companies whose business models or asset bases are already distinctive will emerge as winners in the next normal. But for the majority of companies, a change in strategy, if not the business model, is a need.

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Oil and Gas After the Pandemic As a start, companies should learn from others and seek inspiration from other industries that have experienced a sector-wide change. See how the industry leaders thrived and emerged as value creators.

Some traditional and existing business models can also be put into use. After all, basin leadership has long been a source of value creation and distinctiveness among oil and gas players.

Similarly, those with low-cost commodity suppliers with firstquartile assets seemed to fare better than the rest.

Finally, players in the oil and gas industry should focus business models that create value through capability, scale, and operational efficiency in specific segments like Quantum Energy Partners in private equity and Vitol in trading.

* For any inquiries, please contact Mr. Rohan Suares Address: LG Electronics Gulf, P.O Box 61445, Dubai, U.A.E, Tel. # +971 52 710 0999, Email: rohan.suares@lge.com

CON TENTS

8 Electrical Support and Safety for Telecom Installations in the Philippines

20 Cost-Effective Solar Installation from NuPON Technologies

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62 ADNOC Offshore Selects Weatherford For Directional Drilling, Awards Three-Year Contract Worth $220 Million

66 COVID-19 Impact on the Transport Industry

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LG’S Becon Cloud Service Brings Greater Convenience to HVAC Management with reduced Equipment downtime and Operational Cost Savings

MIT & Harvard Strategy to Limit the Spread of COVID-19

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SIA Engineering to Invest in Pos Aviation Malaysia

Oil and Gas After the Pandemic

54 The Purified Terephthalic Acid Industry

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Huntsman Completes the Purchase of the Remaining 50% Interest in the Sasol-Huntsman Joint Venture 6

78 82 Ways for Truckers to Stay Safe on the Road During COVID-19

86 The Critical Role of Digital Infrastructure in Engineering

94 Top 7 Modern Car Inventions

F E AT U R E S T O RY

Electrical Support and Safety for Telecom Installations in the Philippines

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ith COVID-19 came the rising speed of technological adoption as many people and business operations were forced to embrace the new normal. But among the technologies that have grown in popularity during the pandemic, COVID-19 has significantly stressed the importance of internet connectivity as access to employment, learning, and information.

This came as no surprise as online classes and work-from-home arrangements are now becoming a trend.

Most Filipinos have also turned to online shopping and selling, especially in Metro Manila and other urban areas, to avoid contracting the deadly virus. With this, many are seeking to have a fast and reliable internet connection with the internet service provider of their choice.

To achieve this, operational safety is necessary for telecommunications installation. Many dedicated professionals in electrical and utility trust only RIDGID tools. As a US champion brand, Ridgid offers a wide array of products engineered to the same high standards of quality, strength, and endurance.

Electrical Tools RE-60 The RE-60 from RIDGID features a unique QuickChange System that allows you to quickly and easily switch between interchangeable heads for cutting, crimping, and punching.

Whether you’re cutting wire, crimping lugs, or punching boxes, this tool helps you maximize your productivity and efficiency on the jobsite, eliminating the need to go back and forth to the truck to search for different tools.

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Electrical Tools Test & Measurement The micro CM-100 is a True RMS & Auto-Ranging Digital Clamp Meter with a large capacity and measuring range of cables up to 30 mm O.D. and currents up to 1000A AC/DC. The RIDGID micro DM-100 Digital Multimeter is another trustworthy troubleshooting tool on the site that features a drop-proof double molded water-resistant (1m) IP67 housing, making it suitable for use in the harshest jobsite conditions.

The RIDGID micro IR-200 Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer, on the other hand, is ideal for diagnosing and troubleshooting systems without getting in contact with them as it provides simple, quick, and accurate surface temperature readings at the push of a button. For quick distance readings and advanced calculations, the Micro LM-400 Advanced Laser Distance Meter is the best option. Connect to a smartphone or tablet to overlay measurements on a photo or sketch to share with others.

Electrical Tools Dubbed as the world’s lightest and easiestto-use 130-kN Manual Hydraulic Crimp Tool with C-Frame and weighing only 5.3 kgs, the RE 130-M provides 130-kN of hydraulic force output to crimp copper lugs and connectors up to 400 mm2. The tool is specially designed for one-person operation and features an industry-exclusive Head Stand which allows users to position the cable and lug between dies more easily and crimp with greater stability.

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Saving lives every day

Part of Blue Ocean Robotics

F E AT U R E S T O RY

Hand Tools RIDGID’s Bolt Cutter is made out of hardened alloy steel jaws that are designed and manufactured to ensure the longest possible blade life.

Featuring a one-step internal cam mechanism, this bolt cutter provides the quickest and simplest way to keep the cutting blades precisely aligned.

Light-weight and compact for ergonomic use, RIDGID’s Manual Cable Cutter comes with special-curved and surface-grinded blades made of high-coated steel for extended durability and blade lifetime.

Bending and Forming Made of cast iron, RIDGID’s Thin-Wall Conduit Benders have exceptionally smooth side walls which grip conduit snugly to minimize distortion. The tool’s bending grooves conform to Standard Code Radii with marks indicating 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° bends.

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Diagnostics, Inspection and Locating Seektech SR-24 Line Locator with Bluetooth & GPS is a lightweight yet rugged receiver for locating underground cables and pipes. Featuring a mapping display that confirms a good locate signal and identifies distortion in congested areas, Seektech SR-24 also comes with Continual Depth, which increases productivity by showing depth changes in real time, and Omni-Seek, which increases accuracy and efficiency when searching passive power and radio bands to locate and avoid unknown metallic lines.

The Micro CA-300 Inspection Camera comes from RIDGID’s line of handheld visual inspection cameras that are equipped with a camera and light source attached to the end of a flexible 3’ cable The camera sends live images back to a high-visibility digital LCD display, allowing for detailed visual inspections in hard-to-reach spaces and reducing the amount of time required to detect and diagnose the unreachable.

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F E AT U R E S T O RY

General Purpose Hand Tools Featuring safe insulation, outstanding bearing capacity and lightweight material, the new multi-functional designed RIDGID’s Fiberglass Step Ladders with Protop is guaranteed to give you a sturdy and easily accessible work surface for electrical utility, heavy construction, and residential jobs. The RIDGID Fiberglass Extension Ladders are also great additions to your work truck as they are made of premium quality, non-conductive fiberglass rails and features ‘D’ shaped rungs directly connected to the rail for a slip resistance surface.

Where to Buy? For 100 years, Co Ban Kiat Hardware Inc. is the most trusted distributor of home improvement and hardware items in the Philippines.

Let’s shop wisely. #StayAtHome and order online at your convenience. Visit us in the following sites and enjoy deals, discounts, and more!

Website: https://www.cbkhardware. com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ cbkhardware/ Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/ cbkhardware Join our Fast Growing Viber Community http://%20https//bit. ly/3ebeCXU

Co Ban Kiat Hardware, Inc.

Having internet connectivity has become quite the trend as it becomes a means of communication, learning, and employment for most Filipinos. It is only, therefore, reasonable to have quality materials and equipment that we can rely on for smooth internet installation.

RIDGID products can easily get jobs done with fewer tools in the harsh demands of the professional’s worksite.

Together with Co Ban Kiat Hardware, RIDGID is committed to providing world-class hardware solutions to help internet service providers in the country grow and thrive.

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Ground Floor, Cobankiat Building II, 231 Juan Luna St. Binondo Manila, Philippines.

Phone +632 8243-1931 Phone +632 8243-5263 Phone +632 8894-6561 Email info@cobankiat.com.ph ; ind@cobankiat.com.ph

Coby's Designer Center

Unit 467 level 4 Shangri-La Plaza Edsa Corner Shaw Boulevard Mandaluyong City, Philippines Phone +632 86364895

About CBK Hardware For almost a hundred years, a family’s surname has become synonymous to the country’s biggest hardware supply company. Co Ban Kiat Hardware Incorporated, of the Cobankiat family has a regular client network of more than 1,500 industrial organizations; 1,600 traditional community hardware stores, and 584 home building specialty chain of stores across Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

This ever-growing conglomerate traces its humble roots to Manila Chinatown, as a pioneer enterprise started by family’s patriarch, Mr. Cobankiat in 1920. Despite the ruins of World War II, the business goes back to its feet in 1948, rebuilding a storefront from the very same spot where it was known for three decades.

This ever-growing conglomerate traces its humble roots to Manila Chinatown, as a pioneer enterprise started by family’s patriarch, Mr. Cobankiat in 1920. Despite the ruins of World War II, the business goes back to its feet in 1948, rebuilding a storefront from the very same spot where it was known for three decades.

While the Filipinos continue to rebuild their lives post war, CBK Hardware sees the opportunity to introduce the retail concept once unheard for in hardware industry. Cobankiat Hardware brought the first DIY business in the Asia. A do it on yourself concept that created Cobankiat hardware in the Philippines. The Hardware Workshop Store is the fruit if this endeavor. CBK Hardware further cemented its legendary distribution channel with the creation of Coby’ Design Center in Edsa Shangi La in 1996, a specialty store that caters to discriminating taste of modern Filipinos.

In 1997, Mr. Johnny Cobankiat, the 4th generation Cobankiat leader, set another milestone for the company when he brings a franchise of Ace Hardware USA to the Philippines, and signs up CBK Hardware as one of its major suppliers. This further expanded into delivering quality world class products nearer to families of Filipino overseas workers in the countryside.

A century’s excellence can quickly pass, and guided by the vision to be the largest network supplier of the biggest global brands in the hardware industry, CBK Hardware resolve to source the best products to supply its customers anytime and every time.

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S T O R I E S

Cost-Effective Solar Installation from NuPON Technologies

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he cost of renewable energy drops as the years pass by, so it is no longer surprising that more and more households are starting to switch to clean sources for their electricity needs. Among the most popular and affordable of these is the solar panels.

Solar panels are easily one of the best ways to offset high energy bills, especially during the summer season.

Depending on their efficiency, size, and orientation relative to the sun, these equipment are actually capable of generating more electricity than what your home consumes. This, in turn, reduces the energy that you use from the utility supplier, thus cutting the cost of your monthly electric bill to almost zero.

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But apart from saving on energy bill, installing solar panels has other significant benefits to the consumers and the environment.

• Helps in combatting greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuels, such as coal and

natural gas, produce harmful emissions that affect air quality and contribute to global warming. With reliance on clean, pure energy like solar power, more homes will consume less fossil fuels, subsequently helping Mother Earth heal. Solar power is also unlimited compared to fossil fuels, so there are no worries of it depleting in the near future.

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Defense and Mobility Systems

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23/03/2016 16:54 23/03/2016 16:54 23/03/2016 16:54

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S T O R I E S

• Qualification for tax credits and rebates. In the US,

consumers who install solar panels can avail of the federal solar tax credit that gives tax payers a dollar-for-dollar reduction against federal income tax. This means that homeowners can get around 30% of the total system costs back as a federal income tax credit when filing their taxes. Having solar panels installed also increases the resale value of the home.

• Improves grid security.

When there is a high penetration of solar energy in the grid, it is less vulnerable to blackouts, thus improving its security in case of overload or nature/human-caused disasters.

In the Philippines, NuPON Technology can help homeowners achieve a more environmentallyfriendly energy source for their houses through the installations of solar panel systems, solar inverters, uninterruptible power supplies, and LED lights. This solutions provider company offers Elite Mono monocrystalline solar panel modules featuring high conversion efficiency of roughly 17.78%, anti-reflective coating and reduced operational and maintenance costs, more power yields than expected, and excellent loading capacity of 2400PA wind loads and 5400Pa snow loads.

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CABLE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS

STRUTFAST supplies cable ladder and other mechanical support solutions across Africa for the extreme mining market. All of our products are designed, manufactured and tested for the most arduous applications and incountry conditions. Our products are compliant with all relevant local and International standards including NEMA 20B & 20C. STRUTFAST - leading the African continent in cable management solutions

www.strutfast.co.za A PROUD SOUTH AFRICAN COMPANY

sales@strutfast.co.za Tel: (+27) 11 473 1212

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S T O R I E S

NuPON Tech also provides installation of Solar DC inverter air conditioners with 180° sine wave driving technology. These type of air conditioners are known for their higher energy efficiency, smoother running and lower noise, and more reliable operation compared to the 120° square wave DC inverter.

There is also a rich product portfolio of UPS and inverters that the company offers, including the Tough Series with an MPPT efficiency of over 99.9% and the Trinergy Plus Series that can handle a maximum DC power input of 35kW. On top of these, a wide array of indoor lighting solutions are readily available for installation. These range from LED T8 tube series, LED strip lights, and LED neon lights to solar street lights, value solar street lights, and LED street lights.

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For more information about NuPON Technology, visit their website https:// www.nuponcorpphils.com/ or contact the following branches

NuPon Technology

Filsyn Corp Compound Brgy. Don Jose, Santa Rosa City, 4026 Laguna, Philippines.

Tel: (049) 530-1879 Tel: (049) 530-2329 / (049) 530-1879 Fax: (049) 541-0214 Email: ntpctmsg@gmail.com Whatsapp +639178675324

Biz One Venture Sdn Bhd

556-U, Taman Century, Jalan Batu Uban, 11700 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.

Tel: +6016-4197072 Fax: +604-6451241

Cavite Branch

For the past 20 years, NuPON Tech has been the leading integrated product development and supply chain specialist group in the country, supporting not only industrial safety and clean room but also PPE, metrology, AGV, and ergonomic lifting equipment. With its commitment to provide superior quality products, services, and total solutions which exceeds customer’s requirements and expectations consistently, the company has joined forces with global research and development teams and manufacturing facilities of top brands. It continues to develop products that mirror its clients’ missions in quality, cost, and yield profit management, earning the trust of Filipinos across the country.

The Arcade Bldg. Blk 5 Stl 9&10, Holiday Homes, Brgy. Biclatan, Gen. Trias Cavite 4107.

Tel: (046) 512-0982 Tel: (046) 512-0979

Subic Branch

83A 14th St., New Kalalake, OC. Tel: (047) 223-8894 Fax: (047) 223-8894

Clark Branch

Apartment#5 Jasmin St, Pineda Subd.

Dau, Mabalacat, Pampanga.

Tel: (045) 625-0162 Fax: (045) 625-0162

Cebu Branch

158 Sangi Road, Pajo. Lapu-lapu City Cebu, Philippines 6015.

Tel: (6332)520-3285 Fax: (6332)238-6085

Baguio Branch

#71 Sarok Road Camp 7 Baguio City.

Tel: (074) 246 2391 29

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+27 (0) 11 796-5162

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F E AT U R E S T O RY

LG’S Becon Cloud Service Brings Greater Convenience to HVAC Management with reduced Equipment downtime and Operational Cost Savings HVAC Systems Can Now Be Easily Monitored Anytime Through a Secure Cloud-based Remote Service

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G Electronics (LG) has announced the availability of its BECON cloud Digital HVAC Management Solution that enables business operators to remotely monitor and control their systems with reduced costs and shortened non-operating times.

BECON cloud offers a comprehensive service to monitor stored data in dedicated cloud servers, giving operators the capability to analyze results and ongoing reports so they are kept upto-date on the status of HVAC equipment. Systems can be checked anywhere so if and when problems arise, they can be quickly identified and resolved efficiently to minimize downtime.

It forms part of LG’s wider VRF System Maintenance service, which supports businesses in maintaining equipment performance and preventing unnecessary operating expenses. BECON cloud is able to manage every aspect of a HVAC system from remote management to control and maintenance.

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Operators receive real-time monitoring data anytime and anywhere making it easy to prevent malfunctions while at the same time providing excellent energy saving, differentiated service and consulting.

“Our BECON cloud offering is the latest example of LG’s innovative approach to HVAC management services. The system provides operators with real-time management data that empowers them to make improved system management decisions to

avoid problems before they arise. BECON cloud also complements our larger VRF System Maintenance service giving end-users a truly comprehensive approach to HVAC management,” said Mr. Jungtae Youm, General Manager Hi M Solutek, LG’s Service and Maintenance company.

BECON cloud’s Composition BECON cloud specializers are in total care of the LG HVAC from maintenance to

energy solution and it consists of two key functions. The Remote Control System (RCS) enables real-time monitoring via mobile, PC and tablet computers through an App and web control. The Facility Maintenance System (FMS) delivers proactive repairs based on real-time diagnosis with Remote Check-up, Group Management and Big Data Analysis.

Quick Repairs The power of the cloud is employed to give operators quick access to site control through a single security account to perform management of the system with hierarchical group management. Unlike traditional repairs services that require parts to be delivered, additional assessments and inspections, LG BECON cloud offers a more streamlined and efficient repair process.

A maintenance team can be quickly dispatched by the situation room once an error has been detected. An online check-up analysis and diagnosis repair guide can be used while parts are able to be prepared on the first visit with

the additional repair history reports also available.

User-friendly Main Functions LG BECON cloud provides operators with an easyto-use interface that gives users access to the most important and relevant information. A dashboard display summarizes data and highlights devices and equipment that are working correctly, have stopped or developed an error. Detailed status monitoring covers the site temperature, inflow/outflow temperature, error information and more. Devices can be switched on or off remotely with temperature, mode and other settings also able to be adjusted off-site. Users are given a complete upgrade, control and error history with reports that can guide optimal operating conditions.

Built Upon a Foundation of Network Security and Privacy LG has addressed security and data privacy concerns by ensuring BECON cloud

complies with stringent international security standards. It operates based on the cloud server provided

by Microsoft. In addition, it also uses LG and Microsoft’s security solutions to deliver an added layer of safety that ensures stable services without any security issues.

Proven Performance LG has a proven track record of delivering HVAC solutions in various air conditioning fields with optimized solutions based on the needs of facilities and the environment of the buildings and building type. BECON cloud further enhances LG’s HVAC management service with a digital solution that is convenient to use, saves operating costs and reduces downtime on equipment.

Business owners can also visit online to learn more about the products, service offerings and register a query. To learn more about LG’s Service Offering Modules visit: https://www.lg.com/ae/ business/service-maintenance 33

T

he oil and gas industry’s financial and structural health is noticeably worse than before. This is most likely due to the advent of shale, generous financial markets that overlooked the discipline of limited capital, and excessive supply, all leading to poor returns for firms. With prices almost nearing 30-year lows, it is inevitable that change will happen. COVID-19 will only accelerate this transformation.

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S T O R Y

Challenges for the Oil and Gas Industry Combining the demand disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic and a supply glut has created an unprecedented crisis for the oil and gas industry.

Short-term scenarios for supply, demand, and prices With most best-case scenarios in mind, oil prices could recover to pre-pandemic levels of $50/bbl to $60/bbl this year or in 2022. However, crude price differentials are likely to generate both challenges and opportunities to firms. In one case, there might be a modest temporary price spike as today’s significant decline in investments gives rise to tomorrow’s spot shortages.

However, there is also a chance that the said prices might not be possible until 2024. In fact, in a downside case, oil prices might not return to pre-pandemic levels at all. That said, the oil industry will face some challenging times in the next several years.

Long-term challenges Looking out toward the late 2030s, it is expected that the macro-environment will become even more challenging, starting with supply and demand. We will expect an increased demand for hydrocarbons, particularly oil, to skyrocket in the 2030s but will begin a slow decline.

On top of this, there will be an excess capacity in refining, putting a negative pressure on revenue driven by marginal pricing. The upstream cost curve, on the other hand, will likely remain flat. Although geopolitical risks will still be a major factor to the supply chain, new sources of shortcycle, low-cot supply will decrease the amplitude and duration of price fly-ups in the future.

Permanent Shifts Resulting from the Crisis The current crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic will most likely have a profound impact on the industry, both for the short term and long-term run. How drastic the change will be and when will the industry reconfigure will largely depend on potential supply, demand outcomes, and the response of other stakeholders like governments, investors, and regulators.

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ON THE BAKKEN’S DOORSTEP Daily direct WestJet flights to and from Calgary Highly diversified industrial and commercial business sectors A large, dedicated, and skilled labour force Full urban amenities and services Birdtail (135) Manson (125) Kirkella (120)

Daly Sinclair (125)

Distances from Brandon, MB

Oilfield Location (km)

Virden (80)

Souris Hartney (70) Regent (80)

Tilston (145)

Pierson (160)

Waskada (140)

Whitewater (95) Mountainside (100) Lulu Lake (105)

High-end oilfield safety certification via Assiniboine Community College Thousands of acres of industrial land Overall business cost competitiveness consistently ranked in Top 10

Combining the demand disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic and a supply glut has created an unprecedented crisis for the oil and gas industry.

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This unprecedented crisis will still be a catalytic moment that will likely accelerate permanent shifts in the oil and gas’ ecosystem.

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Dallas Transport Ltd

Flatdeck | Stepdeck | Lowbed Trucking

We offer Coast-to-Coast Service between Canada and the USA

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Phone: Fax:

1-204-239-5979 1-204-239-0150

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1-800-665-0473

www.dallastransport.com

C O V E R

S T O R Y

In any scenario, though, this unprecedented crisis will still be a catalytic moment that will likely accelerate permanent shifts in the oil and gas’ ecosystem.

Upstream An extensive restructuring of several upstream basins in the industry is expected to occur. We will see the US onshore industry, which presently consists of over 100 sizable companies, consolidate very significantly, with only large at-scale companies and smaller but flexible innovative players surviving.

Downstream When oil demand begins to decline, closing refineries and other high-cost or poor proximity assets will become necessary. In the medium term, though, value of retail networks and even access to end consumers could increase.

Midstream Midstream may likely remain as a value-creating component in the oil and gas ecosystem as demands rise in the 2030s. In fact, well-located midstream assets supported by contracts with counterparties that are creditworthy have proven to be a successful business model.

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Petrochemicals For leading players, petrochemicals has been and will most probably continue to be a bright asset in their portfolio. Disciplined investment in advanced assets, including at-scale integrated refining/petrochemical installations, which highlight distinctive technologies should generate value creation.

Global gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) With strong demand driven by the energy transition like shifting away from coal and switching from dispatchable backup to renewables, gas is becoming the fastest growing fossil fuel. However, there are still some ongoing calculations about the total extent of greenhouse-gas emissions for some LNG value chains.

Nonetheless, global gas demand is expected to peak in the last 2030s as a result of electrification of heating and renewables development.

New businesses related to the energy transition and renewables Even during the pandemic, new businesses that are related to energy transition and renewables continue to emerge. The returns for a handful of these opportunities are unclear, though, so the oil and gas industry have to prove whether they can be a natural and leading participant in these businesses. After all, ammonia, hydrogen, methanol, and new plastics can be interesting areas for players.

- End -

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The Purified Terephthalic Acid Industry

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urified Terephthalic Acid market worldwide is projected to grow by US$18.5 Billion, driven by a compounded growth of 4.9%. Polyester, one of the segments analyzed and sized in this study, displays the potential to grow at over 5.5%. The shifting dynamics supporting this growth makes it critical for businesses in this space to keep abreast of the changing pulse of the market. Poised to reach over US$32.4 Billion by the year 2025, Polyester will bring in healthy gains adding significant momentum to global growth.

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Representing the developed world, the United States will maintain a 3.7% growth momentum.

Within Europe, which continues to remain an important element in the world economy, Germany will add over US$644.4 Million to the region’s size and clout in the next 5 to 6 years.

Over US$526.4 Million worth of projected demand in the region will come from Rest of Europe markets. In Japan, Polyester will reach a market size of US$1.7 Billion by the close of the analysis period. As the world’s second largest economy and

the new game changer in global markets, China exhibits the potential to grow at 7.8% over the next couple of years and add approximately US$5.4 Billion in terms of addressable opportunity for the picking by aspiring businesses and their astute leaders.

Presented in visually rich graphics are these and many more need-to-know quantitative data important in ensuring quality of strategy decisions, be it entry into new markets or allocation of resources within a portfolio. Several macroeconomic factors and internal market forces will shape growth and development of demand patterns in emerging countries in Asia-Pacific, Latin America and the Middle East. All research viewpoints presented are based on validated engagements from influencers in the market, whose opinions supersede all other research methodologies.

- Competitors identified in this market include among others, Alpek S.A.B. de C.V.; BP PLC; China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC); China Prosperity (Jiangyin) Petrochemical Co., Ltd.; Eastman Chemical Company; Hanwha Corporation; Hengli Petrochemical Co; Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.; Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited; LOTTE Chemical Corporation; MCPI Private Limited; Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation; Oman International Petrochemical Industries Company L.L.C (OMPET); Oriental Petrochemical (Shanghai) Corporation; Petkim Petrokimya Holding A.S.; PKN ORLEN SA; PT Energi Mega Persada Tbk; Reliance Industries Ltd.; SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation); Shahid Tondgooyan Petrochemical Company (STPC); Taekwang Industrial Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Hengyi Group Co., Ltd.

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Huntsman Completes the Purchase of the Remaining 50% Interest in the SasolHuntsman Joint Venture

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untsman Corporation (NYSE: HUN) announced today that it has completed the previously announced acquisition of the remaining 50% interest in the Sasol-Huntsman maleic anhydride joint venture from Sasol. Huntsman now owns 100% of the entity with manufacturing assets located in Moers, Germany, and the capacity to produce 230 million pounds annually of maleic anhydride. Huntsman paid Sasol approximately $100 million, which includes acquired cash net of any debt and is subject to customary post-closing adjustments.

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Peter Huntsman, Chairman, President and CEO, commented: “Closing on the acquisition of the remaining interest in our maleic German joint venture provides us with the flexibility to fully integrate our European business into our worldwide footprint, thereby better servicing our global customer base in key markets such as construction and coatings. This fits well into our core strategy to expand our portfolio of businesses with higher, more stable margins and strong free cash flow.”

Monte Edlund, President of Huntsman’s Performance Products division, added: “We are very pleased and excited to assume full control of this excellent business and asset.

By fully integrating the Moers, Germany, plant with our existing maleic anhydride business, we will be able to improve our service and

offering into key markets such as resins in construction, watercraft, transportation vehicles, and sporting goods, as well as into applications such as food acidulants, oilfield chemicals, and engine oil additives.”

About Huntsman: Huntsman Corporation is a publicly traded global manufacturer and marketer of differentiated and specialty chemicals with 2018 revenues more than $9 billion. Our chemical products number in the thousands and are sold worldwide to manufacturers serving a broad and diverse range of consumer and industrial end markets. We operate more than 75 manufacturing, R&D and operations facilities in approximately 30 countries and employ approximately 10,000 associates within our four distinct business divisions.

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ADNOC Offshore Selects Weatherford For Directional Drilling, Awards Three-Year Contract Worth $220 Million Magnus® Rotary Steerable System Chosen To Help Increase Offshore Production

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eatherford International plc (OTCPINK: WFTIQ) announced it has signed a $220 million, three-year contract with the Abu Dhabi Company for Offshore Petroleum Operations Limited (“ADNOC Offshore”) to provide directional drilling services for the stated goal of increasing offshore production for ADNOC Offshore in the UAE. The agreement entails using the Weatherford Magnus® rotary steerable system in both re-entry wells and new wells.

“Magnus is demonstrating consistent reliability, a critical element of this contract award,” said Tony Azizi, Vice President of the Arabian Sea Geozone for Weatherford. “Operations in some of the world’s most challenging geophysical environments are proving Magnus’ ability to 62

deliver very accurate wellbore placement and wellbore quality, in conditions requiring vertical, lateral or curved directional drilling. Magnus’ independently controllable and addressable steering pads, in tandem with its unique modular design, allow for increased reliability, improved utilization, efficient turn-around time of idle assets and local repair, all of which will drive greater benefits for ADNOC Offshore.”

Using a push-the-bit design, Magnus addresses operators’ need for speed without sacrificing directional control. Unique design elements, including a true inclination hold, make Magnus the best-in-market rotary steerable system for maximizing reservoir exposure and monetizing the value of the well.

Azizi added, “This contract aligns with the ADNOC In-Country Value strategy and its commitment to engaging with, and supporting, the local private sector.”

About Weatherford Weatherford is one of the largest multinational oilfield service companies providing innovative solutions, technology and services to the oil and gas industry. The Company operates in more than 80 countries and has a network of 620 locations, including manufacturing, service, research and development, and training facilities and employs more than 24,500 people.

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COVID-19 Impact on the Transport Industry

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OVID-19 has presented unparalleled challenges to all businesses across the globe, but perhaps one of the most affected are those within the transport industry.

No longer can we freely move people across cities, countries and continents due to the travel restrictions put in place to combat the virus. The result is a dramatic decrease in transportation revenue that is causing a range of issues in both the short and long term, from pay decreases and redundancies to closures of long-standing businesses that can’t maintain liquidity through an extended period of inoperability.

Private companies and regional governments have aligned their strategies in this critical time to deliver an unprecedented response to the global medical emergency including a record number of infection tests, screenings, temporary quarantine centres and medical facilities as well as limitation of travel whilst providing support to those unable to return home. This same level of commitment in response must continue in the thought processes and proactive development of operational initiatives and solutions that will help shape land, sea and air travel after the impact of the pandemic begins to subside.

Transport Industry operators must at the very minimum consider the following initial changes to their operating and commercial models in order to support their clients to adapt quickly and efficiently to a new, infection-conscious way of providing a positive and efficient journey to customers.

Fixed-cost pricing models Fixed-cost pricing models need to transform into variable cost contracts with suppliers in order to support a relatively unquantifiable phased return to a ‘normal’ number of passenger traffic. Liquidity is one of the key issues around finances for Transport Industry organisations. Suppliers, providers and internal costs will need to be adjusted from a commercial and payment terms perspective.

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Communicate your safety with GineersNow The new world will require a build-up of confidence in customer’s safety as well as new ways of travelling during the re-opening stages and after the crisis. This will require companies to invest in understanding their customer’s journeys. Back-burner programmes and delayed projects will need to be accelerated, cancelled or re-evaluated against the new state of play globally.

In order to be proactive in restoring a level of normality to domestic and international travel, there are a range of new challenges that Transport Industry providers and operators must overcome. It is important to develop a suite of solutions to meet challenges such as social distancing requirements and an overall increase in travel duration.

Social distancing Social distancing measures will lead to lower holding capacity on planes and trains as well as within the land, sea and air hubs and in addition, queueing will have to be reconfigured to accommodate lateral distances as well as infrastructure limitations.

In order to reduce waiting times and enforce these measures, manpower requirements from suppliers will rise and passenger processing will have to be adjusted according to distance as well as lags in time to process.

Longer travel time Travel duration will increase due to increased checks of information, medical tests and social distancing measures will increase passenger processing times as well as a decreased throughput resulting in longer lead times.

Delayed onboarding and offboarding will reduce turnaround times for planes, coupled with increased time taken for luggage processing.

Limited passengers for bus services and

limited passengers on skybridges will further increase the overall travel duration, in conjunction to new onboarding procedures.

Long recovery As one of the hardest-hit sectors by the pandemic, Transport Industry will also be one of the sectors that takes the longest time and requires the most impact to recover.

Every single aspect of travel must be redesigned to achieve renewed passenger confidence in the safety of the system whilst counterbalancing the impact of increased wait times and reduced passenger carrying capacity.

Above all, a return to normal levels of passenger travel will only be achieved through the same unprecedented commitment levels shown in the initial steps taken to combat the virus. This is a time where businesses must support each other, forgoing a chase for profit and instead providing innovative, transformative and proactive solutions that will renew passenger confidence and in turn, repair the damage that coronavirus has dealt to the industry. 67

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MIT & Harvard Strategy to Limit the Spread of COVID-19

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ven as the death toll from COVID-19 continues to rise around the world, many cities and states in the U.S. and other countries are beginning to ease restrictions and develop policies to re-open economies and communities. The question is, which policy will best facilitate people’s safe return to work and limit the spread of the virus?

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Researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School and Engineering and Applied Sciences, in collaboration with Harvard Medical School and MIT, have developed a model to simulate the impact of different physical distancing strategies on the spread of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

The researchers found that age-specific shelter in place policies may be just as effective as populationwide shelter in place policies — as long as everyone not sheltering in place also practices safe physical distancing.

“We found that rather than put the burden of sheltering in place on society as a whole, if some percentage of a specific age group were to stay home and everyone else practice physical distancing, the epidemic could be mitigated until a vaccine is developed,” said Milind Tambe, the Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at SEAS and co-senior author of the study.

“We’re cognizant of the fact that the kinds of populationwide sheltering orders that are currently in place in many countries around the world can’t proceed indefinitely,” said Maimuna Majumder, a faculty member of the Computational Health Informatics Programs based out of Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School and co-senior author of the study. “Part of what we wanted to demonstrate through this work is what might happen if we only enforce sheltering for one segment of the population and let others engage in a partial return to normalcy – while simultaneously doing their part to “flatten the curve” by physically distancing in offices, restaurants, and so on.”

The researchers developed an individual-level model for SARS-CoV2 transmission based on demographic data including age and household structure and, using that information, created population simulations for COVID-19 hotspots Hubei, China and Lombardy, Italy.

Using these simulations, the researchers were able to play out different policy scenarios and observe the impact on the virus.

“We’ve seen a range of different policies instituted, from staggering the lockdown of entire cities, provinces or even countries, to milder physical distancing policies,” said Bryan Wilder, a graduate student at SEAS and first author of the paper. “Within these lie a range of possible alternatives. Our goal was to simulate existing policies and try to come up with new, creative policies to slow the spread of the virus.”

The researchers played out their simulations in Lombardy, which was in the midst of the outbreak during the research. The researchers modeled the 71

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effect of either 50 percent or 100 percent of single age group sheltering in place while the rest of the population went about business as usual, with no physical distancing.

They found that even sheltering in place by everyone within a single age group left at least 60 percent of the population infected. If only 50 percent of that age group sheltered, nearly 70 to 80 percent of the population would be infected.

However, combining a single age group shelter-in-place policy with physical distancing by the rest of the population led to an infection rate below 50 percent and a substantial decrease in the total number of deaths. In this scenario, there was little difference between 100 percent of an age group sheltering and 50 percent of an age group sheltering.

The researchers also found that the most at-risk age groups, people age 70 or older, don’t necessarily need to be the ones sheltering. In fact, the researchers found that in Lombardy, the most effective policy would have 50 percent of people 30 to 49 shelter in place and everyone else practice physical distancing.

“If you think about it, people in the 30-to49-year-old-demographic have some of the largest social circles and those circles tend to be intergenerational,” said Wilder. “They have kids, go to work, take care of their parents, go out with friends and colleagues. So, targeted salutary sheltering of this age group combined with physical distancing of the general population may be enough to thwart a substantial number of cases and deaths.”

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The researchers proposed that physical distancing from the rest of the population include policies such as staggered work schedules, increased spacing in restaurants, and prescribed times to use the gym or grocery store.

The researchers have run the model to simulate reopening policies in other countries, including India and U.S. In collaboration with the Daily Beast, the researchers simulated the impact of lifting lockdown measures in Georgia, Florida and Mississippi. In all three states, the team found that lifting lockdowns and returning to 50 to 100 percent business-as-usual would result in a major increase in fatalities.

However, the researchers found that if physical distancing could be kept to 25 percent of pre-lockdown levels, it would allow the states to flatten the curve before June 15.

In India, the researchers found that after the initial lockdown, even policies that enforce physical distancing while otherwise returning to normal activity could lead to widespread outbreak.

However, middle ground policies that alternate weekly between total lockdown and physical distancing may lead to much lower rates of infection while simultaneously permitting some return to normalcy.

“Simulation models like ours allow us to explore the possible effects of various interventions – which will be enormously important moving forward as countries around the world and states here in the US consider how to safely relax shelter-in-place orders,” said Majumder. “Our work shows that embracing a new normal – in which those members of a given population who for example are permitted to go back to work but still engage in physical distancing – might help keep COVID-19 at bay until pharmaceutical interventions become available.”

“The global pandemic is the most salient threat we are facing right now,” said Dr. Purush Iyer, program manager in the Army Research Office, an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s Army Research Laboratory, which supported the research. “Being able to strategize how to appropriately respond to the disease spread, misinformation, and urban operations are questions that are important not only to policy makers, but to Army operations as well. This model lays the groundwork for addressing questions that will arise in the future while simulating scenarios in cyber and multi-domain operations.”

“While preliminary, this research highlights potential policy implications for non-pharmaceutical interventions to slow the spread of SARS-CoV2 and may provide alternative strategies for national and regional governments moving forward,” said Tambe.

This paper was co-authored by Marie Charpignon, Jackson A. Killian, Han-Ching Ou, Aditya Mate, Shahin Jabbari, Andrew Perrault and Angel Desai.

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SIA Engineering to Invest in Pos Aviation Malaysia

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IA Engineering Company Limited (“SIAEC”) wishes to announce that it has entered into an agreement with Pos Aviation Sdn Bhd (“Pos Aviation”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Pos Malaysia Berhad (“Pos Malaysia”), to acquire a 49% stake in Pos Aviation Engineering Services Sdn Bhd (“PAES”).

Under the agreement, Pos Aviation will retain the remaining 51% stake.

The indicative consideration for the acquisition of Pos Aviation’s 49% stake is MYR10.087 million in cash. This was arrived at after arm’s length negotiations on a willing-buyer, willing-seller basis, and after considering, inter alia, the net asset value and financial performance of PAES. Based on PAES’s adjusted net assets as at 31 July 2019, the indicative net asset value of the PAES shares acquired by SIAEC is MYR10.087 million.

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PAES has operations in Kuala Lumpur International Airport and 9 other stations in Malaysia. These stations will complement SIAEC’s existing network of Line Maintenance International stations, which will grow to 46 airports in 9 countries including Singapore.

Mr Png Kim Chiang, Chief Executive Officer of SIAEC, said: “We are delighted to establish this partnership with Pos Aviation. With the combined strength of both parties’ capabilities and experience, we are confident that this strategic partnership will deliver a high level of despatch reliability and quality engineering services to international airline customers in Malaysia.”

Syed Md Najib Syed Md Noor, Group Chief Executive Officer of Pos Malaysia Berhad, said: “This strategic partnership marks the entry of a Malaysian brand

into the global MRO market, an important milestone for Pos Malaysia. We foresee an increase in our customer base and expansion of our market segments through enhanced product offerings, and this will contribute to the future growth of our revenue stream. SIAEC’s expertise in maintenance and fleet management, along with our experience in serving various commercial airlines in Malaysia allows the strategic partnership to offer a complete MRO solution to customers across the region.”

“We are undoubtedly excited about the future prospects and very confident that this strategic partnership shall exceed all expectations,” Syed Md Najib added.

The investment in PAES is not expected to have a material impact on the earnings per share or the net tangible assets per share of SIAEC for the financial year ending 31 March 2020. None of the Directors of SIAEC has any interest, direct or indirect, in the transaction.

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Ways for Truckers to Stay Safe on the Road During COVID-19

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he threat presented by the novel coronavirus has had a multi-tiered impact on supply chains. Product shortages, communication problems and scheduling difficulties have ensured that nearly everyone working in chain management has been consistently put through their paces. However, few members of the supply chain are in more immediate danger than truckers. Since they perform an essential service, telecommuting isn’t an option for them, and many of them routinely travel to areas with rising infection rates.

Supply chain managers looking for effective ways to keep truck drivers safe throughout the current pandemic should consider the following measures.

Wearing Face Masks During InPerson Interactions Although in-person interactions should be avoided whenever possible, wearing a face mask can help decrease the threat of infection. However, for maximum effectiveness, both parties should be donning masks. With this in mind, confirm that any clients with whom your drivers are expected to interact will be wearing masks.

Furthermore, make sure to educate your drivers on the importance of mask-wearing.

There’s a disturbing amount of misinformation regarding their necessity and effectiveness floating around, and it’s important for your drivers to know the facts.

Not only can the simple act of wearing a face mask help keep your drivers safe, it can protect the health of the people with whom 82

they interact on the road. In addition to ensuring that your drivers have plenty of masks at their disposal, confirm that they’re familiar with the proper manner in which to wear them – i.e., over the nose and the mouth.

Keeping Their Hands Clean Keeping your hands clean has always been conducive to good health, but with COVID-19 infection rates becoming worse by the day, hand-washing has never been more important.

Although there’s no true substitute for a thorough soap-and-water wash, high-quality hand sanitizer is the next best thing. That being the case, make sure your drivers have an ample supply of sanitizer and hand wipes, as well as an abundance of disinfecting wipes. Additionally, advise against face-touching – especially with unwashed hands.

Exploring Alternatives to Dining Out For many truckers, dining out is an essential part of being on the road. While trying out new eateries and enjoying meals at regular haunts are among the best aspects of the trucking experience, dine-in restaurants carry quite a few risks during pandemics. To prevent your drivers from taking unnecessary dining risks, encourage them to explore alternatives to sit-down establishments. If a driver isn’t keen on the idea of preparing their own meals, urge them to opt for takeout over dine-in. Restaurants that offer minimalcontact pickup options can be particularly helpful to health-conscious truckers. In the interest of minimizing person-to-person contact, drivers should seek out restaurants that allow online bill payment.

Minimizing Client Contact Minimizing your drivers’ in-person interactions with clients can be beneficial to both parties. If a client insists on checking in with drivers once they arrive, make sure these interactions take place over the phone or a virtual meeting app. While some drivers and clients may regard this as an abundance of caution, limiting nonessential person-toperson interactions is a vital part of flattening the curve.

Investing in high-quality cargo-monitoring tools can also prove helpful to your efforts.

As the name suggests, these tools are designed to detect and monitor any potential damage that occurs while cargo is in transit.

Vibration monitoring tools, in particular, are a worthwhile investment for any business that regularly works with fragile cargo.

These devices provide clients with an accurate accounting of any and all hardships cargo endures throughout its journey. So, instead of receiving in-person rundowns from drivers, clients can simply consult the aforementioned tools.

It’s been over a century since the world faced a pandemic like the one created by the novel coronavirus. With countless individuals and industries impacted by the ever-worsening threat of COVID-19, you’d be hard-pressed to come across a person who hasn’t felt the sting to some degree. As essential workers and vital players in virtually any supply chain, truckers have consistently gone above and beyond the call of duty throughout this ordeal. In light of their hard work and bravery, the least their employers can do is take measures to keep them safe.

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The Critical Role of Digital Infrastructure in Engineering

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he Asian region is one of the most diversified telecoms markets in the world. Stretching from China to Philippines and ASEAN region to India, it spans regions with highly advanced connectivity where 5G rollouts are happening at pace, as well as isolated rural areas with some of the most limited connectivity on the planet.

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The market is therefore a microcosm of the wider world; and at a time when half of the global population has been under confinement, the challenges faced by its telecoms networks are representative of those currently being faced across the globe.

Over just a couple of weeks, we have seen approximately 30% traffic growth in Asian networks – the same kind of growth that we would usually expect in a year. It is not just the scale of the increase that is testing operators, but also the significant behavioral changes as whole populations move abruptly to a new digital way of working and living, leaving city centers deserted and placing unprecedented pressure on residential networks.

Across several countries in Asia we have noticed a massive increase of the usage of certain applications, for example Zoom traffic has increased by 1000%, Webex by 500%, and Netflix by 50% - whilst YouTube usage is up 5-10% and social networking apps like Instagram and Facebook have seen spikes in traffic of 5-15%.

Combined, this presents a stark challenge to networks across a varied range of markets; it is a challenge our industry has risen to admirably, but one we can expect to endure.

We have now passed the initial surge in network use. We are seeing demand peaks stabilize as citizens across the world adjust to a new normal, completely reliant on connectivity. But the restrictions we are facing have fundamentally redefined the world’s expectations of networks. Operators should prepare for significantly elevated levels of demand – and crucially, uncertainty around usage patterns – for some time to come.

At Nokia, we have worked closely with operators to help them responding swiftly to the first phase by reducing congestion through network optimization and upgrades; and together, we are now looking to the next phase. We see two key priorities for operators as we adjust to the changes this pandemic has brought:

Scale: The Covid-19 lockdown restrictions will continue to place extreme demands on new areas of the network, particularly indoor and residential locations. Adding capacity in these new “hot zones” through spectrum expansion and additional sites will help prepare for the uncertainty we face moving forward, where in-built scalability and flexibility will be key in both access and transport networks.

In Asia, temporary spectrum allocations been granted by local regulatory in many countries to support operators to cope with traffic surge and better serve the local community.

The Covid-19 restrictions have also highlighted the challenges faced by populations across the world unserved or underserved by broadband. Fixed Wireless Access solutions, built over LTE or 5G Digital Infrastructure, are providing an effective way to expand broadband access to reach these communities in the short term.

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Stimulate: The priority so far in this crisis has been to respond quickly and decisively to urgent challenges.

However, the steps we take today will help pave the way towards our 5G Digital Infrastructure future, and towards eventual economic recovery. In the coming months, operators must ensure they are evolving networks in a progressive way, making the most of network automation to create more flexible network architectures that can be run with minimal human intervention.

Telecoms will play a key role in accelerating the global digital transformation and the advance of 5G, providing a catalyst for the world’s fourth industrial revolution and enabling advanced e-health, e-commerce, e-learning, cloud robotics and more. If we invest now, we can further strengthen our infrastructure, economies and societies to cope in the best way possible with whatever challenges future decades may bring.

Despite the uncertainty ahead, there is one thing we can be sure of – as we move towards a 5G world, our networks will become even more critical to everyday life. 5G Digital Infrastructure networks are likely to underpin practically all critical functions of government and industry.

Ensuring resilience will be of the utmost importance; it could quite literally be a matter of life and death.

To support and enable this, we will need to draw on the skills and efforts of the extraordinary teams who have helped us weather the current crisis – field engineers and operations teams who have worked 24/7 to secure and strengthen our vital infrastructure. We must thank our people and invest in them; because as advanced as our technology gets, it will only ever be as good as the people creating and supporting it.

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Top 7 Modern Car Inventions

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ince the internal combustion engine was brought into being more than a hundred years ago, motor cars have evolved considerably. Sometimes this evolution has taken place in gradual increments; sometimes it is bounded forward in great leaps. Some developments, in hindsight, stand out as especially significant. We’re only including physical inventions that go into your car, here – the financial instruments that allow you to actually afford a car, like credit schemes for motorists with poor credit histories, aren’t included.

The Starter Motor The earliest kinds of personal motor vehicle had to be started by hand using a crank. This was not only inconvenient, but it created a significant safety problem. When the engine kicked back, the shaft would suddenly fly backwards with enough force to break an arm – or worse. The introduction of the electric starter motor addressed this problem – it turned the engine enough to get it started, without the risk to life and limb.

GPS The ability to successfully navigate to an unfamiliar location is fantastically useful.

Nowadays, you don’t need a passenger wielding an ordinance survey map; the global positioning system will determine where in the world you are and where you’d like to be, and it’ll present you with directions accordingly.

Indicators

Airbags

It wasn’t until just before the second world war that Buick began fitting flashing indicators to the sides of their vehicles. Before that, motorists had to deploy special mechanical ones which actually protruded from the sides of the vehicle. Before that, they had to rely on their arms!

The concept behind the airbag is simple.

When your car is involved in a heavy collision, the dashboard opens out into a huge cushion, preventing your face from slamming into a hard surface. It’s another safety innovation responsible for saving thousands of lives.

ABS Brakes Antilock brakes prevent your car from skidding when you apply the brakes. They are not perfect, but they have saved countless lives and prevented countless more prangs.

The antilock braking system can trace its origins further back than you might think. Not long after the turn of the 20th century, the technology began to be introduced into trains.

In the 1950s, it was brought into aeroplanes, and then into cars and motorcycles.

Automatic Transmission Having to change gears all the time makes driving far more complicated than it otherwise might be. This isn’t just a matter of convenience; it also opens up the driving experience to disabled people who otherwise might not have access to a vehicle.

Internal Combustion Engine Finally, it’s worth mentioning the ICE itself.

Without this invention, the personal vehicle might never have gotten off the ground.

Internal combustion is set to be replaced over the coming decades, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t contributed enormously to the world of motoring, and to civilisation in general!