FAO Statistical Yearbook 2012

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FAO Statistical

Yearbook

2012 World food and agriculture

FAO STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2012 World Food and Agriculture

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2012

i

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO.

ISBN 978-92-5-107084-0

All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to copyright@fao.org or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.

Š FAO 2012

CONTENTS

Introduction:

1

Preface Foreword How to use this book

Part 1

The setting:

People and demography Women in agriculture Land and water resources Labour Capital and investment Inputs Infrastructure Macroeconomy Tables Definitions and sources

Part 2

Hunger dimensions:

Risks, hazards and shocks Undernourishment Diets The spectrum of malnutrition Trade, food stability and food security Food prices and food price volatility Poverty and inequality Good governance Education, health and sanitation Food aid Tables Definitions and sources

Part 3

Feeding the world:

Aggregate agriculture Sources of growth in crop production Trends in the crop sector Trends in the livestock sector Trends in the fisheries sector Trends in agricultural trade Urban and peri-urban agriculture Food losses Tables Definitions and sources

Part 4

Sustainability dimensions:

Land Water Pollution from agriculture Climate change Biodiversity and conservation Organic farming Genetically modified crops Agriculture and the bio-based economy Tables Definitions and sources

Part 5

Metadata:

Concepts and methods Bibliography

iii

1 2 3

5 8 12 14 18 22 26 28 32 36 72

81 84 88 92 96 100 104 110 114 116 122 124 163

171 174 178 182 198 202 208 214 216 218 270

281 284 290 294 300 306 308 312 316 320 344

353

357 361

iv

Introduction Preface There is currently a wealth of statistics on food and agriculture being provided both by FAO and other global data suppliers. Not only are the volume and coverage of data vast, but so is the diversity. This is a reflection of the fact that agriculture is now increasingly intertwined with many other sectors, the environment, the wider economy and with society. However, we noticed a clear gap in the knowledge arena in terms of a missing platform that brings together all of the data in a coherent and systematic way, so that readers can easily access and absorb the depth and breadth of agriculture’s role in the world today. We hope this FAO statistical year book fills such gap. In presenting this publication, the FAO Statistics Division would like to acknowledge the combined efforts of statisticians around the world, in particular staff in ministries of agriculture and statistical offices, in international institutions and in nongovernmental organizations, whose efforts have made this publication possible. This book has been prepared by a team from the FAO Statistics Division led by Adam Prakash and Matthieu Stigler, with substantial technical assistance from Filippo Gheri. We acknowledge the comments and suggestions from within FAO’s Economic and Social Department, including Denis Drechsler, Concepción Calpe, Piero Conforti, Jelle Bruinsma, Josef Schmidhuber, Seth Meyer, Amy Heyman, Carlo Cafiero, Nathalie Troubat, Chiara Brunelli, Eve Crowley and Elisenda Estruch. Valuable comments from colleagues in other FAO departments are also acknowledged, especially Tsuji Sachiko, Karen Frenken, Eugenia Serova, Lorraine Williams, John Ruane, Andrea Sonnino and Modibo Traore. We would also like to thank Natalia Ermolaev for editorial assistance. The contribution of Boris Veytsman in designing and producing book via a dedicated LATEX package is acknowledged and that of Giancarlo de Pol for the graphical concept. Finally, Emmanuel Blondel and Professor Roger Bivand provided precious assistance on the presentation of geo-referenced data, and Guido Barbaglia for the data download API. We would also like to take this opportunity to say a few words about how the FAO Statistical Yearbook was produced. This book has been created with innovative opensource tools, employing a combination of R and LATEX to generate the entire publication: from data retrieval to data processing to indicator construction to a blueprint-ready PDF file for distribution. Our innovation circumvented the traditional route of manual production, involving costly software licenses, significant labour costs and inefficiencies associated with a lack of cycle integration. The R–LATEX solution also empowered FAO statisticians in managing how their data were to be presented. Adam Prakash, Matthieu Stigler

Foreword Achieving food security for all is at the heart of FAO’s mission, by making sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. Our mission is premised on the need to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and ensure that agriculture can be a sustainable platform for economic growth. Beyond its essential role in food security, sustainable agricultural development is now regarded as pivotal in strategies towards poverty alleviation. In addition, policy makers agree that agriculture will be key to effectively address challenging issues of our time, including climate change, water scarcity, environmental pollution and land degradation. Agriculture has a clear role in providing ecosystem services to protect the environment and preserve our planet’s natural resource base. With the sector now intertwined with almost every topic in the development agenda, a major challenge is to capture and monitor the multiple roles of agriculture. Providing reliable and timely information on the status of food and agricultural sectors in multiple contexts is an important part of the FAO mandate and in particular of the FAO Statistics Division. In response to the demands for a more comprehensive set of statistics and indicators that are amenable to an ever-widening audience, we have attempted to meet the challenge through radically overhauling the usual FAO Statistical Yearbook format. The revised publication will continue the long tradition of the FAO Statistical Yearbook series as the foremost collection and reference point of statistical data on food and agriculture, but the new publication marks a transition. In rising to the call for a broader and more in-depth examination of the many roles of agriculture, this edition leans towards a thematically-driven, statistical snapshot of the major trends and issues related to world food and agriculture. Divided into four parts and encompassing 34 dimensions of food and agrciulture, the new FAO Statistical Yearbook employs over 350 indicators drawn from data sources within FAO, sister UN agencies, the World Bank and other international organizations. The new Yearbook approach makes us all keenly aware of the need to improve the quality, quantity and scope of agricultural and development statistics. Concerted efforts are, however, being made by FAO and our partners to enhance country capacities in providing better and more statistical information. Though presenting an accessible statistical synthesis of the key issues affecting world food and agriculture, it is our desire that the book raises awareness about the multiple challenges confronting the sector, thereby strengthening FAO’s resolve towards fighting hunger and improving the livelihoods of the rural poor.

Pietro Gennari Director, FAO Statistics Division

How to use this book The 2012 edition of the FAO Statistical Yearbook represents a break away from FAO tradition. Through employing data from global statistical providers, including FAO, the publication presents a visual synthesis of the major trends and factors shaping the global food and agricultural landscape and their interplay with broader environmental, social and economic dimensions. In doing so, it strives to serve as a unique reference point on the state of world food and agriculture for policy-makers, donor agencies, researchers and analysts as well as the general public. The book is subdivided into four thematic parts, where an attempt is made to exhaustively present the spectrum of issues relevant to the subject matter: Part 1 The setting measures the state of the agricultural resource base, by assessing the supply of land, labour, capital, inputs and the adequacy of infrastructure, and also examines the pressure on the world food system stemming from demographic and macroeconomic change Part 2 Hunger dimensions gauges the state of food insecurity and malnutrition, measuring the multitude of dimensions that give rise to hunger and those that shape undernourishment Part 3 Feeding the world evaluates the past and present productive capacity of world agriculture together with the role of trade in meeting changing food, feed and other demands Part 4 Sustainability dimensions examines the sustainability of agriculture in the context of the pressure it exerts on the environment, including the interaction of agriculture with climate change, and how it can provide ecosystem services in relation to the bio-based economy Multiple page spreads are used to present each thematic issue. Each spread contains a visualization of the data by way of maps and charts and is accompanied by text that provides a background to the salient issues as well as an assessment of current trends. Data are made available for virtually all countries in the world, excluding principalities and minor territories. We follow the M49 convention of the United Nations Statistics Division in reporting “geographical regions for statistical use”. See (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/ m49/m49regin.htm). The most recent data are given, but when country data have not been reported for the reference year, an asterisk (*) is placed on the year label to indicate “closest to” that year.

How to retrieve Yearbook data The data used in this book are presented via charts and maps that form the basis of key indicators. A more detailed overview of the data is provided by way of tables located at the end of each thematic part. Documentation about the data, their methodology and sources can be found through the MetaLink key below each indicator. For the web version, the user can simply click on the MetaLink key, and will be directed to information about the data. Furthermore, a small icon allows the user to directly download the data presented in each indicator.

The Webservice API Underlying the direct download is a new Webservice system that gives direct access to the datasets employed by the Yearbook. While most users will simply use the iconbased direct link, those users who regularly use the data will undoubtedly benefit from the Webservice facility. The Webservice relies on REST API technology, which offers different ways to access the data, as well as alternative formats for retrieving them. Base link: The base link is http://ldvapp07.fao.org:8030/wds/api?db=faosyb Output format: Users can either visualise the data in the web browser with out=hmtl or download data in csv, Excel xls or xml by specifying the argument: out=csv (or excel, or xml). The content: The Webservice offers different ways to specify the data to download:

• By object key as provided in the book: download all the data used in the given chart/map/table, and is executed by using the argument: object=chart5. For example: http://ldvapp07.fao.org:8030/wds/api?db=faosyb&out=html&object= chart5

• By dataset name: download all the data contained in a given dataset (often more than what is provided by the indicator). Executed by using the argument: dataset=x. For example: http://ldvapp07.fao.org:8030/wds/api?db=faosyb&out=html&dataset= P1.DEM.UN.WPP.FER.TOT Finally, a few specific requests are provided that allow users to retrieve:

• The list of dataset keys used and their label. Use: http://ldvapp07.fao.org:8030/wds/api?db=faosyb&out=html&dataset=list

• The list of country codes, with their equivalent in ISO2, ISO3, UN and GAUL code. Use: http://ldvapp07.fao.org:8030/wds/api?db=faosyb&out=html&findcode=list

Yearbook data directly accessible from within the statistical software R To further facilitate the download and use of the data contained in the Yearbook, the Webservice API will be callable from within R – a free and open-source software platform popular worldwide. To keep abreast of updates, readers and users are encouraged to visit the Yearbook’s website: www.fao.org/economic/ess/syb

PART

1

The setting

Introduction Well over half of the developing world’s population – 3.1 billion people, or 45 percent of all humanity – live in rural areas. Of them, roughly 2.5 billion derive their livelihoods from agriculture. For many economies, especially those of developing countries, agriculture can be an engine of economic growth. Approximately two-thirds of the world’s agricultural value added is generated in developing countries, and in many of them the agricultural sector contributes as much as 30 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is a source of employment for two-thirds of the labour force. According to the World Bank, growth in the agricultural sector can be up to 3.2 times more effective at reducing US$1/day poverty than growth in other sectors. Importantly, agriculture can provide a haven of resilience against global economic and financial turmoil, often more effectively than other sectors. A look back through history reveals that growth in agriculture has tended to be the antecedent of wider economic development. From the Industrial Revolution that began in England in the 18th century and spread to other now-developed countries, through to more recent examples of China or Viet Nam, agriculture has always been the precursor to the rise of industry and services. In many poor developing countries, primary activities such as agriculture still constitute the backbone of the economy. Inadequate infrastructure, incomplete markets and a large presence of subsistence producers are

frequent characteristics of these economies. Strategies to promote economic growth must be firmly anchored in agriculture. Increasing productivity in the sector is a necessary condition for resources to migrate towards non-agricultural activities, thus gradually diversifying the economy. Yet, a profound and prolonged lack of investment in agriculture is evident in many countries. Notably, infrastructure is missing or weak in rural areas, agricultural productivity is stagnant and the lack of opportunities for income diversification combines with poor functioning markets to undermine economic growth. These conditions, however, can be changed. There is now a growing recognition among governments and donor agencies that agriculture must be the mainstay of any development agenda and of policies towards economic growth. The reaffirmation of the sector’s role in this context provides fresh impetus for fostering investment and raising productivity in agriculture.

Key Resources The State of Food and Agriculture The State of Food and Agriculture, FAO’s major annual flagship publication, aims at bringing to a wider audience balanced science-based assessments of important issues in the field of food and agriculture. Each edition of the report contains a comprehensive, yet easily accessible, overview of a selected topic of major relevance for rural and agricultural development and for global food security. This is supplemented by a synthetic overview of the current global agricultural situation. 2009: Livestock in the balance 2010-11: Women in Agriculture: Closing the gender gap for development Publication cycle: Annual Webpage: www.fao.org/publications/sofa Looking Ahead in World Food and Agriculture How will the world feed itself in 2050? This volume, which is a compilation of papers authored by world-class experts, addresses this very question. Agricultural and food demand is expected to slow over the next decades, following slowing population growth and rising incomes. However, population will still grow considerably in the coming decades, and require world agricultural production to increase substantially by 2050. Other areas explored in the volume are natural resources – notably land and water – as well as capital, investment and technology. Webpage: http: //www.fao.org/economic/esa/esag/en/

PART 1

People and demography

Map 1:

Even though growth rates have been slowing since the late 1970s, the world’s population has nevertheless doubled since that time to 6.9 billion, and is projected to increase considerably over the next decades. In many developing countries, a combination of declining mortality rates, prolonged life expectancy, youthful age structures and high fertility warrant considerable population increases that are likely to continue until the end of the twenty-first century. Of concern is that where population growth is the highest, income levels are the lowest. For poor population groups, consumption tends to be heavily influenced by local production. This may lead to the emergence of “Malthusian Islands”, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where population growth is outstripping the current productive capacity of the land. According to the most recent revision of the UN’s World Population Prospects, countries with low fertility rates – that is, most developed countries and much of East Asia – currently account for around 40 percent of the world’s population. In these countries, each woman does not have enough children to ensure that, on average, she will be replaced by a daughter who survives to the age of procreation. Another 40 percent is situated in intermediate-fertility countries, where each woman has, on average, between 1 and 1.5 female offspring. The remaining 18 percent – in much of sub-Saharan Africa, parts of the Near East and South Asia – is located in highfertility countries where the average woman has more than 1.5 daughters. These countries provide the highest potential for future population growth. The trajectory of the world’s future population rests heavily on assumptions about fertility rates. If rates in high-fertility countries continue to grow unabated, an additional two billion people will need to be fed by the turn of the century. This underscores the importance of empowering women and couples through education and promoting family planning, especially in the poorest countries where population growth rates are currently the fastest. Indeed, though most people would like to and do have smaller families than they did in the past, many in fact have more children than they desire. According to the United Nations Population Fund, approximately 215 million women who would use contraceptives lack access to them. At the same time, there are contexts in which poverty can be a reason for high fertility, given the role of children in providing a labour force for the household and support for the elderly. Worldwide, people can expect to live longer than ever before. In the past two decades alone, global life expectancy has risen approximately five years to nearly 69 years. In all countries, the wealthy live longer than the poor, and in most populations women usually outlive men. In 2011, people in those least-developed countries characterized by high fertility rates are expected to live on average 58 years, some 20 years less than their counterparts in developed countries. Nevertheless, this average marks a significant increase when compared to life expectancy in 1990, which stood at only 50 years.

8

No Data

<0

Source: World Population Prospects - the 2010 Revision (UNESA) Metalink: P1.DEM.UN.WPP.POP.TOT, p. 73

→ 6896 million people living in the world in 2010

→ Virtually all global population growth centred in developing countries

→ However, world population growth today is half of what it was in the 1960s

0−1

PEOPLE AND DEMOGRAPHY

World population growth (% p.a., 1990−2010) 1−2

2 − 3.5

> 3.5

Chart 1: Very high fertility rates behind faster population growth in developing regions Fertility rate (2009) 5 4

Births per woman

0−1

3 2 1 0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: World Population Prospects - the 2010 Revision (UNESA) Metalink: P1.DEM.UN.WPP.FER.TOT, p. 72

9

PART 1

Improved access to clean water, better nutrition, living and working conditions, and greater access to health services can account for the increase in life expectancy. These factors, in tandem with higher life expectancy, have led to the decline in infant mortality rates.

Chart 2: Virtually all population growth centred in developing countries Population (1960-2010)

The world’s population is aging. Today, roughly 27 percent is below the age of 15 and approximately 8 percent is 65 years or older. In the past two decades these statistics stood at 33 and 6 percent, respectively. This aging profile is being shaped by rising longevity twinned with low fertility rates in the more developed countries.

5 4 3 2 1 0

1960

1970

1980

1990

Chart 3: ... and in cities

Urban population (1960-2010) Developed

Developing

3.0

Billions

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

1960

1970

1980

1990

Source: World Urbanization Prospects (UNESA)

• World Population Prospects: the 2010 revision (www.

Metalink: P1.DEM.UN.WUP.POP.URB, p. 73

• UN Population Fund (www.unfpa.org/) • FAO Food and Nutrition Security in Urban Environments (www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/urban_security_ en.stm)

10

2010

Metalink: P1.DEM.UN.WPP.POP.TOT, p. 73

Further reading un.org/esa/population/)

2000

Source: World Population Prospects - the 2010 Revision (UNESA)

Allied to rising urbanization is an increase in population densities. At the world level, there are on average 50 people living in every square kilometre. At 68 persons per km2 , densities in developing countries are three times as high as those in developed countries. In south East Asia, for instance, population density stands at 132 per km2 . Beside birth and death rates, international migration is the only other factor that directly accounts for a country’s population growth. Immigration from developing to developed countries over the period 1990 to 2010 amounted to 45 million people. Presently, around 214 million people (over 3 percent of the world population) officially live outside their home country.

Developing

6

Billions

Unprecedented change has also occurred in where people reside. During 2008, the world’s urban population turned, for the first time, larger than the rural population. But only part of this trend was caused by increased rural-urban migration. Other reasons include the transformation of rural settlements into urban areas and, most importantly, natural urban population growth. Essentially, much of the global population growth has taken place in less developed countries (LDCs), predominately in poor urban areas and slums. Urbanization rates in LDCs reached 4 percent per annum in the last decade. The three fundamental dimensions of food security: availability, access and utilization differ in urban and rural contexts and across urban socio-economic groups. A greater diversity of both local and imported food products is available in cities although, most of the food is not produced within city boundaries. Access to food in urban areas is dependent on cash exchange, with some exceptions, where urban food production contributes directly to household intake. Reliance on purchased food is a leading factor in household food insecurity of poor urban populations, who lack a fixed income.

Developed

2000

2010

PEOPLE AND DEMOGRAPHY

Map 2: Population density highest in Asia and Europe but rising in coastal Africa

Population density (people per km2, 2010) No Data < 40 40 − 60

60 − 100

100 − 250

> 250

Source: World Population Prospects - the 2010 Revision (UNESA) Metalink: P1.DEM.UN.WPP.POP.DEN, p. 72

Chart 4: Rural to urban population shift more prevalent in developing countries

Chart 5: Populations in developing regions getting younger, but aging in developed regions

Rural/urban population growth (2000-10) Developed country

Population ages 0-14 and 65 +, share of total (2010)

Developing country

Old

Young

40 5 30

20

%

Rural (%)

0

-5

10 -10 0

0

2

4 Urban (%)

6

8

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: World Urbanization Prospects (UNESA)

Source: World Population Prospects - the 2010 Revision (UNESA)

Metalink: P1.DEM.UN.WUP.POP.URB, p. 73

Metalink: P1.DEM.UN.WPP.POP.AGE, p. 72

11

PART 1

Women in agriculture

Map 3:

Women make significant contributions to the rural economy in all developing country regions. Roles differ across regions, yet they consistently have less access than men to the resources and opportunities they need to be more productive. Closing the gender gap in agricultural inputs alone could lift 100–150 million people out of hunger. Women comprise, on average, 43 percent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries, ranging from 20 percent in Latin America to 50 percent in Eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Their contribution to agricultural work varies even more widely depending on the specific crop and activity. But a gender gap is found for many assets, inputs and services – land, livestock, labour, education, extension and financial services, and technology – and it imposes costs on the agriculture sector, the broader economy and society as well as on women themselves. Closing the gender gap in agriculture would generate significant gains for the agriculture sector and for society. If women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20–30 percent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5–4 percent, which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12–17 percent. The potential gains would vary by region depending on how many women are currently engaged in agriculture, how much production or land they control, and how wide a gender gap they face. No blueprint exists for closing the gender gap, but some basic principles are universal: governments, the international community and civil society should work together to eliminate discrimination under the law, to promote equal access to resources and opportunities, to ensure that agricultural policies and programmes are genderaware, and to make women’s voices heard as equal partners for sustainable development. Achieving gender equality and empowering women in agriculture is not only the right thing to do – it is also crucial for agricultural development and food security.

No Data

< 10

Source: KILM (ILO) Metalink: P1.RES.ILO.LAB.GEND, p. 77

→ Increasing women’s access to land, livestock, education, financial services, extension, technology and rural employment would boost agricultural productivity

→ Closing the gender gap in agricultural inputs alone could lift 100-150 million people out of hunger

Further reading • FAO The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11: Women in Agriculture - closing the gender gap for development (www.fao.org/publications/en/)

• FAO Gender (www.fao.org/gender) en/)

12

20

WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE

Female share of the agricultural labour force (%, 2010*) 30

40

> 40

Chart 6: Stark gender disparities in land holdings are apparent in all regions Share of male and female agricultural holders in developing regions (2005) Female

Male

100% 80% 60%

%

20

40% 20% 0%

L.Amer. & Carib.

N.Africa

S.Asia & SE.Asia

Sub-S Africa

W.Asia

Source: FAO, Gender and Land Rights Database Metalink: P1.RES.ILO.GEND.HLD, p. 77

13

PART 1

Land and water resources

Map 4:

At present, more than 1.5 billion hectares of the globe’s land surface (about 12 percent) is used for crop production (arable land and land under permanent crops). According to FAO, there is little scope for further expansion of agricultural land. Despite the presence of considerable amounts of land potentially suitable for agriculture, much of it is covered by forests, protected for environmental reasons, or employed for urban settlements. Potentially accessible agricultural land is very unevenly distributed between regions and countries. Some 90 percent is situated in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, and half is concentrated in just seven countries (Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Sudan, Argentina, Colombia and the Plurinational State of Bolivia). At the other extreme, there is virtually no spare land available for agricultural expansion in South Asia, the Near East and North Africa. So far, land and water management systems have been able to meet the rapidly rising demands placed on them. This was made possible through gains in yields thanks to increased use of inputs, technology and irrigation. World agricultural production has grown between 2.5 and 3 times over the last 50 years while the cultivated area (permanent cropland and arable land) has grown by only 12 percent. More than 40 percent of the increase in food production came from irrigated areas, which have doubled in surface. These outcomes underscore the steady trend toward precision agriculture and commercialization of all types of food and industrial crops. In the same period, global cultivated land per person gradually declined from 0.44 hectares to less than 0.25 hectares - a clear measure of successful agricultural intensification. But, the distribution of land suitable for cropping is skewed against those countries which have most need to raise production. In low-income countries, cultivated land area per person is less than half of that in high-income countries, and its suitability for agriculture is generally lower. Availability of land for cultivation does not necessarily equate to equitable access in reality, as women, indigenous people and ethnic minorities often lack access to land for farming enterprise. The concentration of high-input irrigated agriculture on prime land has relieved pressure on land expansion to some extent. However, many irrigation systems are performing well below their potential, and there is considerable scope for improving the productivity and the efficiency of land and water use in agriculture. While much of the prime agricultural land suitable for irrigation has been developed, the global expansion of irrigated area has virtually stalled to 0.6 percent per year after growing twice as much in the 1990s. Growth remains fractional, even when the stagnation of irrigation-intensive rice cultivation in Asia is taken into account.

14

No Data

< 0.07

Source: FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.ESS.LDAQ.ARL, p. 75

→ 0.2 hectares of arable land available per person in 2009, less than half the amount 50 years ago

→ Arable land availability per person low-

est in Near East and many parts of Asia, but higher availability in developed regions and in South America

→ In many low income countries, cropland per person is far more scarce, therefore bridging yield gaps will be needed to sustain production with high population growth

0.0

LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

Arable land (hectares per person, 2009) 0.15 − 0.3

0.3 − 0.5

> 0.5

Chart 7: Arable land per person declining in all regions, and at very low levels in developing regions Arable land (1992-2009) Developed

East Asia

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

L. Amer. & Carib.

0.5

hectares per person

0.07 − 0.15

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

1995

2000

2005

Source: FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.ESS.LDAQ.ARL, p. 75

15

PART 1

Water availability is a growing constraint in areas where a high proportion of renewable water resources is already used, or where transboundary water resource management cannot be developed because agreements on cooperative use are not in place. Overall, increasing water scarcity constrains irrigated production, particularly in the most highly stressed countries and areas. Because many important food production zones are dependent on groundwater, declining aquifer levels and abstraction of non-renewable groundwater present a growing risk to food production systems. In the coming decades, climate change may bring further risks and unpredictability to harvests, whether from warming and related aridity, shifts in rainfall patterns, or the frequency and duration of extreme weather events. Water availability and its distribution may also be profoundly affected. While warming may extend the frontier of agriculture in higher-latitude areas (both northern and southern hemispheres), it is anticipated that key agricultural systems will have to cope with new temperature, humidity and water stress. This makes the need to increase the efficiency of land and water use even more urgent.

Chart 8: Agricultural land availability low in foodinsecure regions Agricultural land area (2009) Cropland

Pasture Land

600 500 400

Million ha

Although rainfed agriculture is the world’s predominant agricultural production system, increasing climate variability is bringing greater uncertainty in production levels. Current productivity in rainfed systems is, on average, reaching little more than half of its potential. In the poorest countries, only one-fifth of productivity potential is obtainable under conditions where the required agricultural inputs are available and appropriate management is applied.

300 200 100 0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & South Carib. Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.ESS.LDAQ.ARPCL, p. 75

Chart 9: But large potential for arable land expansion in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa Arable land potential (2009*) 800

Million ha

600

400

200

0

Developed

Further reading • FAO The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture (SOLAW): managing systems at risk 2011 (www.fao.org/nr/solaw/solaw-home/en/)

• Bruinsma (2011) • FAO Natural Resources and Environment Department (http://www.fao.org/nr/)

16

East Asia

L.Amer. & South Carib. Asia

Source: FAO, Statistics Division Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.LAN.ALP, p. 76

Sub-S Africa

LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

Map 5: Per capita renewable water resources lowest in North Africa and the Near East

Water resources, renewable per capita (per capita m3 yr, 2009) No Data < 500 500 − 1000 1000 − 1700

1700 − 5000

> 5000

Source: FAO, Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT) Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.NRL.WTRpc, p. 76

Chart 10: Greater abundance of water resources on a per capita basis in Oceania and the Americas

Chart 11: Africa lags behind other regions in the share of land equipped for irrigation

Water resources, renewable per capita (1992 and 2009) 1992

Total area equipped for irrigation (2008*)

2009

Area equiped for irrigation

Cropland

500 400

Million ha

Per capita m3 /yr

30000

20000

10000

300 200 100

0

0

as Asia a Afric Americ

ia d pe Euro Ocean Worl

a Afric

as

ic Amer

Asia

Source: FAO, Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT)

Source: FAO, Land and Water Division (AQUASTAT)

Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.NRL.WTRpc, p. 76

Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.NRL.TAEI, p. 76

pe

Euro

17

PART 1

Labour

Map 6:

In developing regions, especially those least developed and those experiencing rapidly rising populations, employment growth is driven mostly by demographic changes. The majority of workers of these regions do not enter into formal wage employment, but instead are engaged in self-employment or unpaid family work, such as in agriculture, and especially subsistence farming. Consequently, economic downturns tend to have only a limited impact on overall employment growth in these economies, in contrast to industrialized economies where employment growth is closely linked to the business cycle. Considering that the large share of the working poor are engaged in agriculture, developments in that sector have a major impact on welfare throughout much of the world. Until 2000, agriculture was the mainstay of employment around the world. Since then, the services sector has assumed this mantle and the gap between the two has widened. Although employment growth in agriculture has slowed, the number of workers in this sector reached over one billion in 2009. In sub-Saharan Africa, growth in agricultural employment accounted for half of all employment growth between 1999 and 2009. In South Asia, nearly 33 per cent of all employment growth since 1999 was in agriculture. By contrast, agricultural employment is falling in the developed economies, East Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean regions. At the global level, women are more active in the agricultural sector than men – some 38 per cent versus 33 per cent. Labour force participation rates are usually highest in the poorest countries. More people are employed out of necessity than by choice, as only a fraction of the working-age population can afford not to work. In these countries, low unemployment figures in conjunction with high labour participation rates result in large swathes engaged in vulnerable employment and many in working poverty. This holds for many economies in sub-Saharan Africa, where female participation rates feature among the highest in the world. Poverty is the principal driver of the high rate of child labour in agriculture. Around 60 percent of all child labourers – 129 million girls and boys – work in agriculture. More than two-thirds of them are unpaid family members. The agricultural sector has the highest incidence of both unpaid child labour and early entry into the workforce, which often occurs between the ages of five and seven.

18

No Data

<5

Source: KILM (ILO) Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.LAB.EAT, p. 78

→ Over 1 billion people are employed in world agriculture, representing 1 in 3 of all workers

→ In sub-Saharan Africa over 60 percent of the entire workforce are involved in agriculture

5 − 20

LABOUR

Employment in agriculture, share of total employment (%, 2010*) 20 − 40

40 − 60

> 60

Chart 12: Employment in agriculture falling worldwide, but the sector still accounts for more than half of total employment in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Employment in agriculture, share of total employment (1990-2010) Developed

East Asia

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

L. Amer. & Carib.

60 50 40

%

5 − 20

30 20 10

1995

2000

2005

2010

Source: KILM (ILO) Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.LAB.EATx, p. 78

19

PART 1

In the overall labour market, world unemployment in 2010 stood at 205 million (a rate of 6.2 percent), which was virtually unchanged from the previous year, but over 15 percent higher than the pre-recession level of 2007. Well over half of the increase in global unemployment between 2007 and 2010 arose in the developed economies, even though this group comprises only oneseventh of the world labour force. The employment-to-population ratio, which indicates the employment-generating capacity of an economy, globally stood at 61 per cent in 2010, around a percentage point lower than at the onset of global economic turmoil. Put simply, this means that economies around the world are not generating sufficient employment opportunities to absorb additions to the working-age population.

Chart 13: Wide variation in the depth of women’s participation in agriculture, but their role more prominent in developing countries Women in agriculture, % of female employment (2010*) Female

Male

60 50 40

%

High rates of child labour are also caused by lack of access to education, poor quality of education, limited supplies of affordable agricultural technology and adult labour, hazardous practices, and the dominance of traditional attitudes towards children’s participation in agricultural activities. However, in the context of family farming not all participation of children in productive activities is considered child labour. For instance, ageappropriate tasks that do not interfere with a child’s compulsory schooling and that are not hazardous can be important contributions to the household food security and can provide children with agricultural and other skills for their future.

30 20 10 0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: KILM (ILO) Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.LAB.GENDAG, p. 79

Chart 14: The need for paid employment is much higher in developing countries and among women Gender employment to gender population ratio (2010*) Developed country

Developing country

Female (%)

80

70

60

50

20

Further reading

30

40

50 Male (%)

• Global Employment Trends 2011 (www.ilo.org/

Source: KILM (ILO)

empelm/what/WCMS_114243)

Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.LAB.EPRF, p. 78

• Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) (www.ilo. org/kilm)

• FAO Gender, Equity and Rural Employment Division (www.fao.org/economic/esw/)

• Food, Agriculture & Decent Work (www.fao-ilo.org)

20

60

70

80

LABOUR

Map 7: High rates of unemployment afflict many regions, except Asia

Unemployment rates (%, 2009*) No Data <5

5−8

8 − 12

12 − 25

> 25

Source: KILM (ILO) Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.LAB.UNFT, p. 79

Chart 15: Agriculture forms the bedrock of employment in the poorest regions

Chart 16: Considerably less women participate in income generating activities than men

Employment type (2010) Agriculture

Industry

Labour force participation rate by gender, ages 15+ (2009) Services

Female

100%

Male

80

80% 60 60%

%

%

40 40%

20

20%

0%

0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & South Carib. Asia

Sub-S Africa

E.Asia L.Amer. & & Pac. Carib.

South Asia

Source: KILM (ILO)

Source: KILM (ILO)

Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.LAB.EATx, p. 78

Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.LAB.PTRF, p. 79

Sub-S Africa

World

21

PART 1

Capital and investment

Map 8:

Investment drives growth and development. Additional net investment in capital goods (capital formation) such as expenditure on new machinery, infrastructure and technology enables an economy to produce more, and more efficiently in the future. Investment is vital to promoting long-run economic growth by improving productivity and productive capacity. Given its strong impact on welfare, investment is particularly important in agriculture: countries that performed best in terms of reducing poverty and hunger are also those that achieved higher net investment rates per agricultural worker. However, there has been a global slowdown in the rate of capital formation in primary agriculture. While the rate grew annually at 1.1 percent in the period 1975–1990, the rate of capital formation was only 0.5 percent during 1991–2007. This reduction was recorded in both developed and developing countries. As a consequence, in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia – that is, regions where many countries experience the highest prevalence and greatest depth of hunger – the growth of the population active in agriculture has outstripped growth of agricultural capital stock. Government expenditure on agriculture is positively and highly correlated with capital formation, confirming the decisive role of such expenditure in creating an enabling environment for infrastructure and sustainable access to natural resources. It also has a significant positive impact on productivity: research has shown that increasing public spending on agriculture by 10 percent leads to a 0.34 percent increase in a country’s agricultural total factor productivity. Poorer developing countries have less capacity to fill the investment gap. The share of public spending on agriculture has fallen to an average of approximately 7 percent in developing countries and even less in Africa. Agricultural Official Development Assistance (ODA) decreased by some 58 percent in real terms between 1980 and 2005, even though total ODA increased significantly – by 112 percent – over the same period. This means that the share of ODA going to the agricultural sector fell from 17 percent in 1980 to between 5 and 6 percent in 2009, with the same downward trend observed in national budgets. In the absence of national funding channels, financing for the rural agenda has been bolstered by increased donor funding. Such assistance represents a large part of the agricultural budget in most rural-based economies. For 24 sub-Saharan countries, ODA averages 28 percent of total agricultural spending, and for Mozambique, Niger, and Rwanda, ODA averages more than 80 percent.

22

No Data

<0

Source: FAO & World Bank Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.ESS.CAP.STK, p. 75

→ Around USD 100 billion dollars of invest-

ment was put into agriculture globally in 2007

→ But this is a fraction of the 5 trillion dollars added to world GDP in that year

→ Growth in investment also lags behind population growth in many developing countries

0 − 0.

CAPITAL AND INVESTMENT

Annual change in agricultural capital stock (% of GDP, 2006 − 2007) 0.5 − 1

1−2

>2

Chart 17: Investment in agriculture as a share of GDP extremely low Change in agricultural capital stock (1987 - 2007) Developed

% of GDP

0 − 0.5

East Asia

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

L. Amer. & Carib.

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5

1990

1995

2000

2005

Source: FAO & World Bank Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.ESS.CAP.STK, p. 75

23

PART 1

Commercial bank lending to agriculture in developing countries is also low; it is less than 10 percent, for example, in sub-Saharan Africa. While the growth in private investment funds targeting African agriculture is an interesting recent development, these current investments remain minor. Given the limitations of alternative sources of investment finance, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in developing country agriculture could make a significant contribution to bridging the investment gap. FDI is also found to positively impact productivity growth, but only when governance is sound. Given the limitations of alternative sources of investment finance, many developing countries are making strenuous efforts to attract and facilitate foreign investment into their agriculture sectors. For them, FDI is seen as a potentially important contributor to filling the investment gap and providing developmental benefits, for example through technology transfer, employment creation and infrastructure development. Whether these potential developmental benefits are actually likely to be realized is a key concern, as FDI has also the potential to harm host countries. Care must be taken in the selection and formulation of business models that are capable of meeting the needs of both host countries and investors. In addition, appropriate policy and regulatory frameworks need to be in place to ensure that development benefits are maximized and the risks minimized. FAO promotes responsible investment in agriculture, including building international consensus on Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment (RAI Principles).

Further reading • FAO Investment Centre (www.fao.org/tc/tci) • FAO How to Feed the World in 2050: Investment Brief (www.fao.org/wsfs/forum2050/)

• FAO Foreign Invetment in Agriculture (www.fao.org/economic/est/investments/)

• von Cramon-Taubadel et al. (2011) • Schmidhuber et al. (2011)

24

Gross capital formation (2009) 40

30

% of GDP

Even though the benefits of public research initiatives such as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and affiliated organizations (which have contributed enormously to the global pool of available agricultural technology and knowledge) have been recognized, the question of how to increase and sustain the financing of such bodies is not straightforward. Governments are often hesitant to make substantial contributions towards entities whose benefits will be spread well beyond the scope of their constituents or borders.

Chart 18: Investment relative to GDP highest in Asia among developing regions

20

10

0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.GCF.GDP, p. 77

Chart 19: Developed economies attract the lion’s share of foreign investment Foreign direct investment, Balance of Payment net inflows (2009) 1989

2009

700 600

Current US$ (billion)

Investments in agricultural research and development (R&D) have shown to have very high rates of return, and thus can play an important role in alleviating hunger and poverty. While global private funding is commonplace in high-income countries, it is limited in most developing countries owing to a lack of financing opportunities and incentives for private research, and to uncertain returns.

500 400 300 200 100 0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & South Carib. Asia

Source: UNCTAD Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.FDI.INF, p. 77

Sub-S Africa

CAPITAL AND INVESTMENT

Chart 20: Investments in mechanization low in food-insecure regions

Share of components in capital stock (2007) Land development

Livestock

Machinery

Plantation

100%

80%

%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: FAO, Statistics Division Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.ESS.CAP.STK, p. 75

Map 9: Sub-Saharan Africa beneficiary to highest rates of official development assistance

Net ODA received per capita (current US$, 2009) No Data −1.13 0−1

1 − 50

50 − 250

> 250

Source: UNCTAD Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.ODA.PCP, p. 80

25

PART 1

Inputs

Map 10:

Throughout Asia and in parts of Latin America, expanding seed and fertilizer use has been accompanied by corresponding investments in irrigation, rural roads, marketing infrastructure and financial services that have subsequently paved the way for dynamic commercial input markets. Developing such markets is vital for agricultural productivity growth. This is the case for subSaharan Africa, where large commercial input enterprises have yet to emerge. High transaction costs, risks, and the major economies of scale involved in producing, importing, and transporting inputs, such as fertilizer, are to blame; but a key factor for the region’s low input uptake is that it is generally cheaper to expand cropland to achieve production targets. As a consequence, chemical fertilizer usage is much lower in sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere. Today, Asian farmers are the major users of fertilizer. Indeed, one-third of the increase in cereal production worldwide and half of the increase in India’s grain production during the 1970s and 1980s has been attributed to increased fertilizer consumption. The increased use of fertilizer is becoming even more crucial in light of other factors, such as the impact of more intensive cultivation practices and shorter fallow periods on soil fertility. Pesticides can increase agricultural productivity, but when handled improperly, they are toxic to humans and other species. Usage can be reduced through Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which uses information on pest populations to estimate losses and adjust pesticide doses accordingly. IPM has brought about tremendous benefits to farm profitability, the environment, and human health. Adoption has often been limited because of its complexity, but results can be extraordinarily successful. For instance, the successful control of the cassava mealybug in East Africa, which hitherto caused significant losses, was achieved by introducing a parasitoid wasp that is the mealybug’s natural enemy. Plant breeding also plays an important role in bolstering productivity by adapting cultivated varieties to local conditions and making them more resilient to biotic (e.g. insects, diseases, viruses) and abiotic stresses (e.g. droughts, floods). Studies estimate that the global yield loss due to biotic stresses averages over 23 percent of the estimated attainable yield across major cereals.

Further reading • Schmidhuber & Bruinsma (2011) • FAO Agriculture Department (www.fao.org/ag/)

26

No Data

< 100

Source: FAO, Statistics Division Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.FER.HA, p. 77

→ 119 kg of fertilizer applied on average to every hectare of cropland in the world

→ Fertilizer use lowest in sub-Saharan Africa but exploiting land potential holds the key to higher production in the region

100

INPUTS

Fertilizer use (kg per ha of arable land, 2008) 300 − 500

500 − 1000

> 1000

Chart 21: Herbicides - to control unwanted plants - are the most widely used form of pesticide in the world Global pesticide usage (2007) 800

thousand tonnes

100 − 300

600 400 200 0

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Other

Source: United States EPA Metalink: P1.RES.FAO.ESS.PES.TYPE, p. 80

27

PART 1

Infrastructure

Map 11:

One of the key factors holding back agricultural development is the absence of adequate rural infrastructure. Improvements to basic rural infrastructure, particularly roads, electrification and storage are a prerequisite for agricultural sectors to thrive. Considerable synergies can enhance infrastructure. Investments in cold storage, for instance, are only viable with reliable and sufficient rural electrification. Likewise, investments in milling facilities must be planned with adequate dry storage, electrification and feeder roads. Roads, storage and processing facilities together foster the creation of value chains that increase efficiency and minimize losses. Rural roads and transportation link farmers to markets and reduce transactions costs. By lowering transportation costs to urban areas, farmers will earn higher returns for their produce and consumers benefit through potentially lower prices. Shorter transportation times also help in preserving product quality and in reducing losses. At the same time, better transport infrastructure reduces prices for inputs, such as seeds and fertilizer, and allows farmers to step up production intensity and use their resources more fully and efficiently. High transaction costs matter enormously in many developing countries. For instance, while it costs only USD 40 to ship a tonne of fertilizer 9 000 km from the United States of America to coastal Mombasa (Kenya), it costs another USD 120 to take it from there to Kampala, a distance of 1 000 km. High shipping costs have the same effect as a high import tariff. High transaction costs make inputs expensive for farmers, and is part of the reason for the very low rates of input usage and ultimately the very low yields in sub-Saharan Africa. On the output side, high transaction costs work like an export tax, squeezing profit margins for farmers and lowering their competitiveness relative to overseas famers. In developing countries, there has been little investment in rural infrastructure that leads to improvements in roads, electricity and post-harvest technologies. Those who have invested, however, have reaped considerable rewards. This holds for several countries in East Asia, where China, for instance, increased expenditures on roads by almost fourfold at the beginning of the last decade, with the result that by 2006, 62 percent of villages were connected to their towns by paved roads.

28

No Data

<2

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.INF.IX, p. 77

→ Poor infrastructure hampers economic development

→ Roads and electrification are of special importance

→ Much of Africa lags behind other regions in terms of quality of infrastructure

2 − 2.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Quality of infrastructure (score (1 = lowest to 5 = highest), 2010) 2.5 − 3

3 − 3.5

> 3.5

Chart 22: Among developing regions quality of infrastructure highest in East Asia and in Latin America Quality of infrastructure (2010) Score (1 = lowest to 5 = highest)

2 − 2.5

5 4 3 2 1 0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.INF.IX, p. 77

29

PART 1

Not only rural roads but also rural electricity grids are unavailable and unreliable in many poor developing countries. For example, only 5 percent of Africa’s rural population has access to electricity, while in South Asia electricity consumption per person is the lowest of all regions.

Chart 23: Access to electricity considerably lagging behind in poorer regions Electricity access (2008) Electrification Rate

In developing countries, post-harvest losses alone account for an estimated 25-40 percent of total agricultural production. Losses can even be higher when bumper harvests overwhelm limited storage capacities.

Although improved export capacity in delivering surpluses to deficit countries has been a positive development, it is particularly important to improve productivity and resilience of production systems in countries with limited import capacity and poor physical market integration. In addition to investment in physical infrastructure, efforts are needed to design and build new rural institutions, enhance rural markets for inputs, outputs and capital, equip small-scale farmers with appropriate technologies and facilitate non-agricultural enterprises in rural areas.

60

40

20

0

China & Latin East Asia America

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

World

Source: WEO Metalink: P1.RES.IEA.WEO.ELEC.AC, p. 76

Chart 24: Large agricultural labour force and small holdings negate the need for mechanized agriculture in poorer regions Agricultural tractors per 100 sq. km of arable land (2009) 400

300

Number

The returns to society from rural investments are high, but because of the public good nature of most of the investments needed, funding is likely required from the public sector, including governments of poor countries themselves, regional development banks and international development institutions.

Urban

80

% access

Reducing losses ultimately means reducing pressure to raise output, and leads to less input usage and reduced pressure on scarce natural resources. Better storage also buffers against production shortfalls and thus helps reduce price swings. And finally, when marketing is subject to delay, adequate storage improves the quality of farm produce and allows farmers to fetch a higher price.

Rural

200

100

0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & South Carib. Asia

Source: FAO, Statistics Division Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.TRA.SKMr, p. 80

Further reading • Schmidhuber & Bruinsma (2011) • FAO Rural Infrastructure and Agro-industries Division (www.fao.org/ag/ags/rural-infrastructure/en/)

30

Sub-S Africa

INFRASTRUCTURE

Map 12: A lack of paved roads reduces supply chain efficiency

Roads, paved (% of total roads, 2009*) No Data < 15 15 − 40

40 − 60

60 − 80

> 80

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.RD.PV, p. 80

Chart 25: More than twice the number of days needed to trade in sub-Saharan Africa than in developed countries

Lead time to trade (2009*) Exports

Imports

6

Days (median)

5 4 3 2 1 0

Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.RES.WBK.WDI.EXP.DAY, p. 77

31

PART 1

Macroeconomy

Map 13:

Changes in the wider economy and macroeconomic policies affect the performance of the agricultural economy. Higher economic growth raises incomes and hence demand. Changing interest rates influence capital investments, land values and storage, while inflation affects real interest rates, as well as input, commodity and land prices. Exchange rate fluctuations have an important bearing on international competitiveness and trade flows. Given the growing integration of the global economy, macroeconomic policies are playing an increasingly important role in determining the performance of agricultural sectors. Around four years have elapsed since the onset of the fastest and deepest slowdown in global economic activity since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The seeds of turmoil were sown when the seemingly containable sub-prime mortgage-linked banking crisis in the United States of America escalated into a full-scale global economic crisis. Sharp contractions in output, employment, investment and trade prompted governments and central banks around the world to respond swiftly with an unprecedented array of monetary and fiscal stimulus measures. Such depth of intervention was required that budget deficits and government debt levels in the economies of many developed countries (particularly in the Euro area), which were already high before the crisis, are now regarded as unsustainable. With rising sovereign risks, the price of ensuring against sovereign debt default has increased alarmingly, and these economies are facing pressures from financial markets to quickly enact farreaching fiscal austerity measures. As a result, these economies face the prospect of prolonged downgraded growth, while deterioration in market confidence in the Euro could impair funding conditions for banks and corporations and thus thwart capital flows to developing economies. Moreover, the scale of budget deficits in many important donor countries may negatively impact future aid flows. After expanding by just over 5 percent in 2010, global GDP growth in real terms is expected to slow to around 4 percent in 2011. With real growth in developed economies foreseen to rise by 1.6 percent in that year, global prospects are underpinned by an expected 6 percent rise in the economies of developing countries. The recovery is mostly complete in all developing regions, with the pace of growth increasingly dictated by rapidly improving global trade, robust domestic demand and increasingly binding capacity constraints.

32

No Data

<5

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.MAC.WBK.WDI.AGV.GDP, p. 74

→ Agriculture merely contributes 3 percent to global GDP

→ This is one third of the contribution a few decades ago

→ However, more than 25 percent of GDP is derived from agriculture in many least developed countries

5 − 10

MACROECONOMY

Share of agriculture in GDP (%, 2009*) 10 − 15

15 − 20

20 − 30

> 30

Chart 26: Farmers in Latin America generate more agriculture value added than in other developing regions Agriculture value added per worker (1990 - 2009) E.Asia & Pac.

Constant 2000 US$ thousand

5 − 10

L. Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

Sub-S Africa

World

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

1990

1995

2000

2005

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.MAC.WBK.WDI.AGV.PWK, p. 74

33

PART 1

Rising commodity prices, especially for food and fuel, combined with the rapid closing of output gaps and strong capital inflows have contributed to an acceleration of inflation in many developing countries. Although the extent of increase and its underlying factors differ across countries, headline inflation approached 7 percent on average in 2011, representing a year-on-year increase of round 1 percentage point. By contrast in developed countries, inflation rose to almost 3 percent in 2011, allaying the fears of deflation that had begun to surface during the peak of the crisis. However, monetary authorities in many developing countries are responding to inflation pressures and the narrowing of output gaps by tightening monetary policy through increasing interest rates. After strongly rebounding in 2010, world merchandise trade grew at a more modest pace in 2011. International purchases by developing countries are expected to account for over half of the increase in the volume of world imports, with developed countries as the main beneficiaries of an expanding global marketplace. Exporters in developing countries have also recorded an overall strong performance, as exemplified by Asia’s ability to meet regional demand. Depending on trade profile and exposure, commodity price upswings have differential terms-of-trade impacts on economies. Sustained rises in food and fuel prices have profoundly changed the terms-of-trade of many developing countries. Wide gains have been registered among oil exporters – often exceeding 8 percent of GDP – and losses of resource- and food-insecure oilimporting countries as much as 6 percent of GDP.

Further reading • World Bank:

Global Economic Prospects (wwwr. worldbank.org/prospects/)

• International Monetary Fund: World Economic Outlook (www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/)

34

Monthly USD trade weighted index (Sep-08 - Sep 11) 92 90 88

2000 = 100

The economic recovery in developing countries has also been facilitated by a large influx of capital flows from developed economies. Growth prospects have diverged in the two regions, as higher relative returns can be found in developing countries, especially in emerging economies. At the same time, many developed economies have experienced downward pressure on their exchange rates vis-à-vis developing countries, particularly the United States Dollar, thus reinforcing the trend of capital flight.

Chart 27: US Dollar exchange rate volatility has brought uncertainty to international commodity markets

86 84 82 80 78

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: US Federal Reserve Metalink: P1.MAC.USA.FR.EXR.MAJ, p. 74

Chart 28: Trade plays an increasingly important role in most economies, particularly in East Asia, but has taken a downturn in 2009 Merchandise trade (1960-2009) Developed

East Asia

L.Amer. & Carib.

South Asia

70 60 50

% of GDP

The agriculture sector, buoyed by very high commodity prices, has demonstrated astonishing resilience during the global economic turmoil. In 2009, the most recent year for which data are available, agricultural value added at the world level rose by 4 percent, which can be contrasted to a 5 percent fall in global sector-wide GDP. In developing countries, the increase in agricultural GDP over this period was far more pronounced at 8 percent.

40 30 20 10

1960

1970

1980

1990

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.MAC.WBK.WDI.MCH.GDP, p. 74

2000

Sub-S Africa

MACROECONOMY

Map 14: Economic growth in many developing countries outperforming growth in developed countries

Real GDP growth, annual (%, 2010) No Data <0 0−3

4−6

7 − 10

6−9

10 − 17

> 10

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.MAC.IMF.WEO.GDP.RGR, p. 73

Map 15: ... but often accompanied by high inflation

Inflation, consumer prices, annual (%, 2010) No Data <2 2−5

> 17

Source: World Bank Metalink: P1.MAC.IMF.WEO.INF.PER, p. 74

35

TABLE 1: Population and structure Population total

Age composition growth

between 0-14

Agricultural population total

share

growth

65 +

millions

millions

% p.a.

% p.a.

%

%

years

millions

%

% p.a.

2000

2010

1990-99

2000-10

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

1990-2000

WORLD

6 121.8

6 894.8

1.5

1.2

26.5

12.3

29.4

2 619.0

32.3

0.5

DEVELOPING REGIONS

4 927.0

5 651.5

1.7

1.4

28.8

9.5

26.9

2 565.7

40.5

0.6

AFRICA

811.1

1 022.2

2.5

2.3

40.1

5.9

19.2

513.4

50.2

2.1

North Africa

142.0

165.9

1.7

1.6

29.1

8.5

25.0

40.8

24.6

−0.4

Algeria

30.5

35.5

1.9

1.5

26.9

7.5

26.1

7.4

20.9

0.5

Egypt

67.6

81.1

1.8

1.8

31.3

8.6

23.6

22.7

27.9

−0.4

Libya

5.2

6.4

1.9

2.0

30.2

7.1

25.8

0.2

3.0

−4.1

28.8

32.0

1.5

1.0

27.8

8.9

26.2

8.3

25.9

−1.1

9.5

10.5

1.5

1.0

23.2

11.0

28.4

2.2

20.6

−0.1

669.1

856.3

2.7

2.5

42.2

5.4

18.1

472.6

55.2

2.4

13.9

19.1

3.0

3.2

46.5

4.2

16.3

13.2

69.2

2.7

Benin

6.5

8.8

3.2

3.1

43.5

5.0

17.4

3.9

44.3

1.3

Botswana

1.8

2.0

2.5

1.3

32.4

6.6

22.4

0.8

42.1

1.6

12.3

16.5

2.8

3.0

45.3

3.9

16.7

15.2

92.1

2.9

6.4

8.4

1.3

2.8

37.7

4.9

20.2

7.5

89.2

1.9

15.7

19.6

2.6

2.3

40.4

5.8

18.5

8.0

40.9

0.1

Cape Verde

0.4

0.5

2.4

1.3

31.5

8.2

22.4

0.1

16.9

−1.2

Central African Republic

3.7

4.4

2.4

1.7

40.2

6.4

18.7

2.8

63.2

0.9

Chad

8.2

11.2

3.2

3.2

45.3

4.8

16.8

7.4

65.7

2.0

Comoros

0.6

0.7

2.5

2.7

42.5

4.6

18.2

0.5

69.4

2.1

Congo

3.1

4.0

2.8

2.6

40.4

6.0

18.8

1.3

31.9

0.6

Côte d’Ivoire

16.6

19.7

2.9

1.8

40.8

6.3

18.4

7.5

37.9

0.0

Congo, Dem. Rep.

49.6

66.0

3.2

2.9

46.2

4.5

16.4

37.7

57.2

2.2

Djibouti

0.7

0.9

2.7

2.0

35.7

5.8

21.2

0.7

74.0

1.8

Equatorial Guinea

0.5

0.7

3.4

3.0

39.1

4.8

20.3

0.5

64.3

2.5

Eritrea

3.7

5.3

1.3

3.7

41.5

4.3

18.3

3.9

73.8

Morocco Tunisia Sub-Saharan Africa Angola

Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon

Ethiopia

65.6

83.0

3.1

2.4

41.3

5.6

18.0

64.2

77.3

Gabon

1.2

1.5

3.0

2.0

35.2

7.2

21.5

0.4

25.7

−1.1

Gambia

1.3

1.7

3.0

2.9

43.9

3.6

17.2

1.3

76.0

2.6

Ghana

19.2

24.4

2.6

2.4

38.4

6.4

20.5

13.1

53.8

2.1

Guinea

8.3

10.0

4.0

1.8

42.7

5.4

17.7

8.0

79.8

2.3

Guinea-Bissau

1.2

1.5

2.0

2.0

41.1

5.6

18.3

1.2

79.3

1.6

31.3

40.5

3.0

2.6

42.3

4.5

17.9

28.6

70.6

2.2

Lesotho

2.0

2.2

1.9

1.0

37.1

7.0

20.3

0.8

38.9

0.8

Liberia

2.8

4.0

2.7

3.4

43.4

4.6

17.6

2.5

62.0

2.4

Madagascar

15.4

20.7

3.1

3.0

42.9

5.1

17.6

14.5

70.1

2.5

Malawi

11.2

14.9

1.7

2.9

45.7

5.3

16.5

10.9

72.9

1.7

Mali

11.3

15.4

2.6

3.1

47.1

3.7

16.1

11.5

74.9

2.3

Mauritania

2.6

3.5

2.8

2.7

39.8

4.6

18.8

1.7

50.3

2.3

Mauritius

1.2

1.3

1.2

0.8

21.6

12.2

32.2

0.1

8.0

−2.5

18.2

23.4

3.0

2.5

43.9

5.5

17.3

17.8

76.0

2.5

1.9

2.3

3.0

1.9

36.2

6.2

21.1

0.9

41.0

0.7

10.9

15.5

3.4

3.6

48.9

4.0

15.4

12.9

82.9

3.2

Nigeria

123.7

158.4

2.4

2.5

42.7

5.6

17.9

39.4

24.9

−0.3

Rwanda

8.1

10.6

0.7

2.8

42.5

4.7

18.0

9.5

89.4

1.9

Senegal

9.5

12.4

2.8

2.7

43.6

4.1

17.3

8.7

70.2

2.3

Seychelles

0.1

0.1

1.1

1.0

0.1

73.6

0.4

Sierra Leone

4.1

5.9

0.1

3.5

43.0

3.6

17.7

3.5

60.0

1.1

Somalia

7.4

9.3

1.0

2.3

44.8

4.6

17.1

6.1

65.6

1.1

Sudan

34.2

43.6

2.6

2.5

39.9

6.0

18.8

22.4

51.5

1.0

South Africa

44.8

50.1

2.0

1.1

30.0

7.9

25.0

4.9

9.8

−1.8

Kenya

Mozambique Namibia Niger

Swaziland

1.1

1.2

2.2

1.1

38.2

5.5

18.6

0.3

28.8

−0.4

34.0

44.8

3.0

2.8

44.5

5.2

17.1

32.9

73.3

2.3

4.8

6.0

2.7

2.3

39.5

5.6

18.8

3.2

53.4

1.5

Uganda

24.2

33.4

3.2

3.3

48.3

4.2

15.6

24.6

73.5

2.6

Zambia

10.2

13.1

2.6

2.5

46.2

5.0

16.4

8.3

63.2

1.8

Zimbabwe

12.5

12.6

1.9

0.0

38.6

6.6

18.6

7.1

56.3

−0.1

Tanzania, Utd. Rep. Togo

36

Median age

TABLE 1: Population and structure (continued) Population total

Age composition growth

Median age

between 0-14

Agricultural population total

share

growth

65 +

millions

millions

% p.a.

% p.a.

%

%

years

millions

%

% p.a.

2000

2010

1990-99

2000-10

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

1990-2000

0.3

3 586.4

4 029.2

1.6

1.2

26.1

10.1

28.8

1 953.1

42.1

Central Asia

55.4

60.7

1.0

0.9

28.7

7.9

24.5

12.9

21.2

Kazakhstan

15.0

16.0

−1.0

0.7

24.2

11.0

28.5

2.5

15.6

Kyrgyzstan

5.0

5.3

1.2

0.7

29.8

7.2

23.2

1.1

20.8

Tajikistan

6.2

6.9

1.6

1.1

36.7

5.5

20.4

1.9

27.4

Turkmenistan

4.5

5.0

2.2

1.1

29.0

6.8

23.7

1.5

29.7

24.8

27.4

2.0

1.0

29.1

7.0

23.5

5.9

21.4

1 893.4

2 040.8

1.2

0.8

21.4

12.4

32.8

1 098.0

39.4

−0.0

0.3

0.4

2.7

2.0

25.9

6.7

28.4

0.0

0.3

−7.7

12.4

14.1

2.8

1.3

31.8

6.6

22.4

9.3

65.9

1 298.3

1 372.1

1.1

0.6

19.1

13.6

35.1

834.5

ASIA

Uzbekistan East Asia Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Indonesia

1.4 −0.0

213.4

239.9

1.5

1.2

26.8

8.8

27.4

89.6

37.3

−0.2

Korea, DPR

22.9

24.3

1.3

0.6

22.6

14.7

32.7

5.7

23.3

−1.5

Korea, Republic of

46.0

48.2

0.7

0.5

16.1

17.4

37.8

2.2

4.6

−5.6

Lao, PDR

5.3

6.2

2.5

1.5

34.3

6.4

21.3

4.6

74.9

1.8

Malaysia

23.4

28.4

2.6

1.9

30.2

8.2

26.0

3.4

12.0

−1.6

Mongolia

2.4

2.8

1.0

1.3

27.4

6.5

25.5

0.5

17.9

−1.7

Myanmar

45.0

48.0

1.4

0.6

25.4

8.6

27.8

32.2

67.1

0.6

Philippines

77.3

93.3

2.3

1.9

35.3

6.1

21.8

31.3

33.5

0.5

3.9

5.1

2.7

2.6

17.1

15.5

37.6

0.0

0.1

−6.3

Thailand

63.2

69.1

1.0

0.9

20.2

14.3

33.7

28.4

41.1

−0.7

Viet Nam

78.8

87.8

1.7

1.1

23.3

9.5

27.8

55.5

63.2

0.7

1 460.2

1 704.1

2.0

1.6

30.9

7.9

24.6

806.2

47.3

0.8

Afghanistan

22.9

31.4

6.1

3.2

46.4

3.9

16.3

18.8

59.7

3.8

Bangladesh

129.6

148.7

2.1

1.4

31.1

7.3

23.5

67.4

45.4

−0.1 1.3

Singapore

South Asia

Bhutan India Iran (Islamic Rep.) Maldives

0.6

0.7

−0.1

2.4

29.4

7.5

23.7

0.7

92.8

1 053.9

1 224.6

1.9

1.5

30.4

8.2

25.3

592.3

48.4

0.8

65.3

74.0

1.8

1.2

22.7

8.4

26.9

15.9

21.5

−0.5

0.3

0.3

2.3

1.5

26.5

6.9

23.6

0.1

18.4

−2.0

24.4

30.0

2.5

2.1

36.0

6.7

21.2

27.8

93.0

2.3

144.5

173.6

2.6

1.8

35.2

7.0

21.5

74.2

42.7

1.2

Sri Lanka

18.7

20.9

0.8

1.1

24.5

13.6

30.9

9.0

43.3

0.3

West Asia

177.4

223.5

2.2

2.3

31.6

7.3

24.4

36.0

16.1

−0.2

Armenia

3.1

3.1

−1.5

0.1

19.7

16.8

32.4

0.3

9.4

Azerbaijan

8.1

9.2

1.2

1.3

20.7

9.8

28.9

2.1

22.8

Bahrain

0.6

1.3

2.7

7.1

20.0

3.7

30.2

0.0

0.6

−1.1

Cyprus

0.9

1.1

2.1

1.6

17.4

18.3

33.9

0.1

5.3

−2.8

Georgia

4.7

4.4

−1.4

−0.9

16.1

21.6

37.8

0.7

15.1

Nepal Pakistan

Iraq

23.9

31.7

3.2

2.9

43.0

5.1

17.7

1.7

5.5

−2.1

Jordan

4.8

6.2

3.7

2.5

37.3

6.3

20.7

0.4

6.3

−0.9

Kuwait

1.9

2.7

−1.3

3.5

26.6

4.4

27.6

0.0

1.0

0.8

Lebanon

3.7

4.2

2.5

1.2

24.5

11.4

28.6

0.1

1.8

−4.9

Occupied Palestinian Territory

3.2

4.0

4.5

2.4

42.4

4.7

17.5

0.3

8.0

−0.9

Saudi Arabia

20.0

27.4

2.2

3.2

30.2

5.0

25.9

1.4

5.1

−3.9

Syrian Arab Republic

16.0

20.4

2.6

2.5

36.7

6.5

21.0

4.1

20.0

0.4

Turkey

63.6

72.8

1.6

1.3

26.1

9.8

27.8

14.5

19.9

−1.4 2.5

United Arab Emirates Yemen LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Argentina

3.0

7.5

5.4

9.5

17.0

1.1

30.1

0.2

3.1

17.7

24.1

4.1

3.1

44.1

4.4

17.0

9.3

38.8

1.6

521.4

590.1

1.7

1.2

27.5

11.2

27.4

93.2

15.8

−1.1

36.9

40.4

1.3

0.9

24.3

16.7

30.9

3.1

7.7

−1.4

Bahamas

0.3

0.3

1.5

1.4

22.5

11.2

30.9

0.0

2.3

−2.4

Barbados

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

17.0

18.8

37.7

0.0

2.6

−4.3

Belize

0.3

0.3

2.8

2.2

35.0

6.4

21.5

0.1

23.7

0.8

Bolivia (Plur. State)

8.3

9.9

2.3

1.8

35.8

7.7

21.5

4.0

39.9

1.3

Brazil

174.4

194.9

1.6

1.1

25.1

11.6

28.6

21.1

10.8

−2.5

Chile

15.4

17.1

1.6

1.0

21.7

14.9

32.3

2.3

13.3

−0.4

Colombia

39.8

46.3

1.8

1.5

28.4

9.6

26.7

7.0

15.1

−1.2

3.9

4.7

2.5

1.7

24.6

10.8

28.1

0.7

15.8

−0.5

Costa Rica

37

TABLE 1: Population and structure (continued) Population total

Age composition growth

between 0-14

Cuba

share

growth

millions

% p.a.

% p.a.

%

%

years

millions

%

% p.a.

2000

2010

1990-99

2000-10

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

1990-2000

16.8

19.2

38.4

1.5

12.9

−2.2

0.0

20.6

−1.8

25.4

1.1

11.2

−2.7

10.1

25.7

2.9

19.8

−1.0

31.5

11.0

22.9

1.6

26.2

−0.9

3.4

33.2

7.3

23.6

0.0

13.0

0.7

0.6

0.2

27.6

10.5

25.2

0.0

20.2

−1.2

11.3

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

−0.2

−0.3

Dominican Republic

8.6

9.9

1.8

1.5

30.6

10.2

12.3

14.5

1.9

1.6

29.9

El Salvador

5.9

6.2

1.1

0.4

French Guiana

0.2

0.2

3.5

Grenada

0.1

0.1

11.2

14.4

2.3

2.5

41.2

7.1

18.2

6.1

42.1

1.0

Guyana

0.7

0.8

0.1

0.3

33.4

7.0

23.2

0.1

14.6

−1.8

Haiti

8.6

10.0

2.0

1.5

35.8

7.0

21.3

5.9

58.8

0.9

Honduras

6.2

7.6

2.5

2.0

36.5

7.0

20.9

2.0

26.5

−0.3

Jamaica

2.6

2.7

0.9

0.6

28.5

12.3

27.2

0.5

17.5

−1.0

Mexico

100.0

113.4

1.7

1.3

28.7

10.2

26.6

20.3

17.9

−1.1

Netherlands Antilles

0.2

0.2

−0.6

1.1

20.6

17.2

37.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

Nicaragua

5.1

5.8

2.2

1.3

34.2

7.1

21.8

0.9

15.4

−1.5

Panama

3.0

3.5

2.0

1.8

28.6

10.8

27.2

0.6

17.8

−0.7

Paraguay

5.3

6.5

2.4

1.9

33.2

8.5

22.7

1.9

29.9

0.6

25.9

29.1

1.8

1.2

29.6

9.8

25.7

7.0

24.0

−0.2

St. Kitts & Nevis

0.0

0.1

1.0

1.2

0.0

21.2

−0.4

St. Lucia

0.2

0.2

1.3

1.0

25.4

11.3

27.4

0.0

20.1

−0.4

St. Vincent & Grenadines

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

25.9

10.2

27.2

0.0

20.2

−1.5

Suriname

0.5

0.5

1.4

1.2

28.1

10.5

27.4

0.1

16.8

0.2

Trinidad & Tobago

1.3

1.3

0.6

0.4

20.3

11.7

30.9

0.1

6.6

−2.1

Peru

Uruguay

3.3

3.4

0.7

0.1

21.7

21.1

34.0

0.3

9.9

−0.7

24.3

29.0

2.2

1.8

29.2

9.5

26.1

1.8

6.2

−2.3

8.1

10.0

2.3

2.1

37.0

5.9

21.5

6.1

61.4

1.6

Fiji

0.8

0.9

1.2

0.6

28.9

8.3

26.2

0.3

35.9

−0.3

French Polynesia

0.2

0.3

2.0

1.3

25.1

10.5

28.5

0.1

26.9

−0.6

New Caledonia

0.2

0.3

2.3

1.7

25.1

12.9

30.5

0.1

30.3

0.2

Papua New Guinea

5.4

6.9

2.6

2.5

38.9

4.9

20.4

5.0

72.7

1.9

Samoa

0.2

0.2

0.9

0.3

37.3

8.1

21.0

0.1

27.3

−1.6

Solomon Islands

0.4

0.5

2.8

2.8

39.6

5.4

19.0

0.4

67.7

2.2

Tonga

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.6

37.1

8.6

21.2

0.0

26.9

−1.9

Venezuela (Boliv. Rep. of) OCEANIA

Vanuatu

0.2

0.2

2.3

2.6

38.1

5.9

20.6

0.1

30.4

0.7

1 194.8

1 243.3

0.4

0.4

15.9

24.9

40.6

53.3

4.3

−0.8

313.3

344.5

1.1

1.0

19.0

21.6

38.0

5.8

1.7

−2.0

0.1

0.1

0.5

0.3

0.0

1.5

−3.4

30.7

34.0

1.0

1.0

15.8

23.0

41.0

0.6

1.9

−2.3

282.5

310.4

1.1

0.9

19.3

21.4

37.6

5.1

1.7

−1.9

154.8

160.6

0.5

0.4

14.2

31.7

44.5

4.0

2.5

−4.5

19.2

22.3

1.1

1.5

18.3

21.9

37.6

0.9

3.9

−0.4

Israel

6.0

7.4

3.0

2.1

26.5

17.2

30.9

0.1

1.7

−1.8

Japan

125.7

126.5

0.3

0.1

12.6

34.6

46.7

2.7

2.1

−5.6

3.9

4.4

1.3

1.2

19.8

21.0

37.3

0.3

7.7

−0.1

EUROPE

726.8

738.2

0.1

0.2

14.8

24.9

40.9

43.5

5.9

−0.1

Albania

3.1

3.2

−0.8

0.4

22.3

14.6

30.5

1.3

41.8

−1.5

Belarus

10.1

9.6

−0.2

−0.5

14.5

20.9

38.5

0.9

8.9

Bosnia & Herzegovina

3.7

3.8

−2.0

0.2

14.7

21.3

40.2

0.1

2.4

Croatia

4.5

4.4

0.1

−0.2

14.4

26.1

42.3

0.2

4.4

481.6

500.6

0.2

0.4

14.8

26.7

42.0

21.7

4.3

−3.2

Iceland

0.3

0.3

1.0

1.3

20.3

19.7

35.7

0.0

6.2

−1.7

Macedonia, FYR

2.0

2.1

0.5

0.3

17.3

18.4

36.3

0.2

7.5

Montenegro

0.6

0.6

0.5

−0.0

18.8

19.6

36.4

0.1

12.8

Norway

4.5

4.9

0.6

0.8

17.9

24.6

40.2

0.2

3.7

Republic of Moldova

4.1

3.6

−0.5

−1.4

16.3

17.7

35.8

0.5

14.9

146.8

143.0

−0.1

−0.3

14.6

20.1

38.1

11.5

8.1

10.1

9.9

0.7

−0.3

17.1

22.1

37.9

1.3

12.8

DEVELOPED REGIONS NORTH AMERICA Bermuda Canada United States of America ASIA & OCEANIA Australia

New Zealand

European Union

Russian Federation Serbia Switzerland Ukraine

38

total

millions

11.1

Guatemala

Agricultural population

65 +

Dominica Ecuador

Median age

7.2

7.7

0.7

0.7

14.5

26.3

42.3

0.4

5.0

48.9

45.4

−0.5

−0.7

13.7

23.3

40.4

5.2

11.5

−2.4

−1.9

TABLE 2: Demographic change and indicators Population rural

Mortality and fertility

urban

share

growth

share

growth

%

% p.a.

%

% p.a.

density

life expectancy

mortality

infant mortality

per

per

per km2

years

1000 people

Net migration fertility

contraceptive use

1000 live births

births per woman

women %

thousands 2010

2010

2000-10

2010

2000-10

2010

2010

2010

2010

2009

2009*

WORLD

49.6

0.4

50.4

2.1

199.8

68.9

8

35

2.5

61.1

DEVELOPING REGIONS

55.0

0.5

45.0

2.7

217.2

67.0

8

42

2.8

−13 658

AFRICA

60.0

1.7

40.0

3.4

78.9

56.2

12

73

4.7

−2 706

North Africa

45.9

1.0

54.1

2.2

60.8

72.3

5

27

2.6

Algeria

33.5

−0.3

66.5

2.6

14.9

72.3

5

25

2.3

61.4

−140

Egypt

56.6

1.8

43.4

2.0

81.0

72.3

5

26

2.8

60.3

−340

Libya

22.1

1.4

77.9

2.2

3.6

74.0

4

15

2.6

45.2

20

Morocco

41.8

0.1

58.2

2.1

71.6

71.2

6

34

2.3

63.0

−425

Tunisia

32.7

−0.2

67.3

1.5

64.1

73.9

6

21

2.0

60.2

62.7

1.8

37.3

3.8

82.4

53.1

13

82

5.1

Angola

41.5

0.8

58.5

4.7

15.3

49.6

15

104

5.6

6.2

80

Benin

58.0

2.7

42.0

4.3

78.6

54.6

12

85

5.4

17.0

50

Botswana

38.9

−0.5

61.1

2.8

3.5

53.3

13

41

2.8

52.8

15

Burkina Faso

74.3

2.4

25.7

7.2

60.1

53.9

13

79

5.8

17.4

−65

Burundi

89.0

2.5

11.0

5.7

301.2

48.8

15

101

4.5

9.1

323

Cameroon

41.6

0.4

58.4

4.0

41.2

50.0

15

94

4.5

29.2

−19

Cape Verde

38.9

−0.2

61.1

2.9

123.0

73.5

5

21

2.7

61.3

−12

Central African Republic

61.1

1.6

38.9

2.2

7.1

45.9

18

105

4.7

19.0

5

Chad

72.4

2.6

27.6

4.9

8.7

48.5

17

131

6.1

2.8

−75

Comoros

71.8

2.3

28.2

2.3

394.8

59.6

9

72

3.9

25.7

−10

Congo

37.9

1.2

62.1

2.8

11.8

56.0

12

72

4.3

44.3

−50

Côte d’Ivoire

49.4

0.9

50.6

3.8

61.2

53.0

13

77

4.5

12.9

−145

Congo, Dem. Rep.

64.8

2.1

35.2

4.6

28.1

47.4

17

116

5.9

20.6

−100

Djibouti

23.8

1.8

76.2

1.9

38.3

56.6

10

82

3.8

22.5

Equatorial Guinea

60.3

2.6

39.7

3.0

25.0

50.1

15

102

5.3

Eritrea

78.4

3.1

21.6

5.7

44.7

60.0

8

54

4.5

8.0

55

Ethiopia

83.3

2.4

16.7

3.8

75.1

57.2

10

72

5.2

14.7

−300

Gabon

14.0

−1.5

86.0

2.7

5.6

61.3

9

51

3.2

32.7

5

Gambia

41.9

1.0

58.1

4.8

153.0

57.3

10

74

5.0

17.5

15

Ghana

48.5

0.8

51.5

3.8

102.3

62.7

8

50

3.9

23.5

−51

Guinea

64.6

1.4

35.4

3.4

40.6

52.4

14

93

5.3

9.1

−300

Guinea-Bissau

70.0

2.3

30.0

2.5

41.9

46.8

17

119

5.7

10.3

−12

Kenya

77.8

2.3

22.2

3.9

69.8

55.0

11

65

4.9

45.5

−189

Lesotho

73.1

0.1

26.9

4.0

71.5

46.0

17

77

3.3

47.0

−36

Liberia

52.2

3.1

47.8

4.6

35.9

54.4

12

89

5.8

11.4

248

Madagascar

69.8

2.4

30.2

3.9

35.3

65.8

7

45

4.6

39.9

−5

Malawi

80.2

2.3

19.8

5.6

125.8

51.5

14

95

5.5

41.0

−20

Mali

64.1

1.3

35.9

4.8

12.4

50.0

15

101

6.5

8.2

−202

Mauritania

58.6

2.3

41.4

3.0

3.4

57.5

10

77

4.4

9.3

10

Mauritius

58.2

1.0

41.8

0.6

636.8

72.8

7

13

1.5

75.9

0

Mozambique

61.6

1.3

38.4

4.9

29.2

48.8

15

88

5.0

16.2

−20

Namibia

62.0

1.1

38.0

3.6

2.8

61.1

9

38

3.3

55.1

−1

Niger

82.9

3.6

17.1

4.3

12.2

53.1

14

96

7.1

11.2

−28

Nigeria

50.2

1.0

49.8

4.0

171.5

50.3

15

96

5.6

14.6

−300

Rwanda

81.1

2.0

18.9

5.9

403.4

53.9

12

100

5.3

36.4

15

Senegal

57.6

2.3

42.4

3.2

63.2

58.2

10

55

4.7

11.8

−100

Seychelles

44.7

−0.5

55.3

1.4

190.1

Sierra Leone

61.6

2.8

38.4

4.1

81.8

46.3

17

114

5.2

8.2

60

Somalia

62.5

1.7

37.5

3.6

14.6

50.2

15

107

6.3

14.6

−250

Sudan

59.9

1.1

40.1

4.0

17.4

60.3

9

64

4.1

7.6

135

South Africa

38.3

−0.0

61.7

2.0

41.1

51.2

15

55

2.5

59.9

700

Swaziland

78.6

1.2

21.4

0.5

68.3

47.4

15

76

3.5

50.6

−6

Tanzania, Utd. Rep.

73.6

2.3

26.4

4.6

47.4

55.4

11

64

5.5

26.4

−300

Togo

56.6

1.4

43.4

4.4

106.2

55.7

11

74

4.2

16.8

−5

Uganda

86.7

3.2

13.3

4.3

138.7

52.2

13

79

6.2

23.7

−135

Zambia

64.3

2.2

35.7

2.7

17.4

46.9

17

95

5.7

40.8

−85

Zimbabwe

61.7

−0.6

38.3

1.4

32.2

46.6

15

59

3.4

64.9

−700

Sub-Saharan Africa

−79

−905

−20 −1 801

0 10

2.3

39

TABLE 2: Demographic change and indicators (continued) Population rural

urban

share

growth

share

growth

%

% p.a.

%

% p.a.

density

life expectancy

mortality

infant mortality

per

per

per km2

years

1000 people

Net migration fertility

contraceptive use

1000 live births

births per woman

women % 2009*

thousands

2010

2000-10

2010

2000-10

2010

2010

2010

2010

2009

ASIA

58.8

0.3

41.2

2.7

276.7

68.8

7

37

2.3

Central Asia

58.1

1.0

41.9

1.0

37.9

66.6

8

43

2.7

Kazakhstan

41.5

−0.0

58.5

0.9

5.9

65.8

11

27

2.6

50.7

Kyrgyzstan

65.4

1.2

34.6

1.0

26.7

66.7

8

36

2.8

47.8

−75

Tajikistan

73.7

1.4

26.3

1.3

48.1

66.4

6

56

3.4

37.1

−200

Turkmenistan

50.5

0.7

49.5

2.2

10.3

64.7

8

50

2.4

48.0

−25

Uzbekistan

63.8

1.3

36.2

0.8

61.3

67.4

7

49

2.6

64.9

−400

2010

−5 642 −800 −100

53.6

−0.7

46.4

2.9

207.8

71.9

7

23

1.9

Brunei Darussalam

24.3

0.3

75.7

2.7

69.2

77.5

3

5

2.0

Cambodia

79.9

1.3

20.1

3.4

78.1

61.5

8

62

2.9

China

53.0

−1.2

47.0

3.4

188.8

72.9

7

22

1.8

Indonesia

55.7

0.8

44.3

1.8

125.9

67.9

7

29

2.1

56.6

Korea, DPR

39.8

0.3

60.2

0.6

202.0

68.4

10

27

1.9

68.6

0

Korea, Republic of

17.0

−1.3

83.0

0.9

484.1

80.0

5

4

1.3

79.6

−30

Lao, PDR

66.8

0.2

33.2

6.1

26.2

66.1

7

44

3.4

38.4

−75

Malaysia

27.8

−1.3

72.2

3.4

86.1

73.4

5

8

2.5

54.5

130

Mongolia

38.0

−0.0

62.0

2.1

1.8

67.3

7

36

2.0

55.2

−10

Myanmar

66.4

−0.0

33.6

2.7

70.9

63.5

9

55

2.3

41.0

−500

Philippines

51.1

1.7

48.9

2.1

310.9

67.8

6

23

3.0

50.7

−900

1.9

7 447.2

80.6

5

2

1.2

62.0

500

East Asia

Singapore

−3 084 4 40.0

−5 −1 567 −730

Thailand

66.0

0.5

34.0

1.8

134.7

73.6

7

12

1.8

76.7

300

Viet Nam

69.6

0.4

30.4

3.5

264.9

74.3

5

20

2.0

79.5

−200

South Asia

−2 880

68.3

1.2

31.7

2.5

390.5

64.8

8

54

2.8

Afghanistan

77.4

3.2

22.6

4.7

48.2

47.3

17

136

6.5

15.0

1 000

Bangladesh

71.9

1.0

28.1

3.3

1 032.6

67.8

6

49

2.3

52.6

−570

Bhutan

65.3

1.0

34.7

5.6

15.4

65.8

7

44

2.6

35.4

10

India

70.0

1.2

30.0

2.4

372.5

64.2

8

53

2.7

54.0

−1 000

Iran (Islamic Rep.)

29.2

−0.9

70.8

2.1

44.9

72.1

5

27

1.8

78.9

−500

Maldives

59.9

−0.5

40.1

5.3

1 060.0

75.5

4

10

2.0

34.7

0

Nepal

81.4

1.4

18.6

5.4

203.6

67.4

6

39

2.8

48.0

−100

Pakistan

64.1

1.8

35.9

3.1

218.1

64.6

8

71

3.9

29.6

−1 420

Sri Lanka

85.7

1.0

14.3

−0.2

317.9

74.2

7

12

2.3

68.4

−300

West Asia

33.9

1.2

66.1

2.5

102.3

71.4

5

27

2.9

Armenia

35.8

0.2

64.2

−0.0

103.8

73.7

9

26

1.8

53.1

−75

Azerbaijan

48.1

0.8

51.9

1.1

106.1

70.1

7

41

2.3

51.1

−50

Bahrain

11.4

1.9

88.6

2.2

1 818.2

74.6

3

7

2.2

61.8

20

Cyprus

29.7

0.6

70.3

1.4

119.3

78.9

7

5

1.5

Georgia

47.3

−1.2

52.7

−1.2

62.4

73.0

11

29

1.6

47.3

−250

Iraq

33.8

3.0

66.2

2.2

72.3

67.3

6

35

3.9

49.8

−577

Jordan

21.5

2.8

78.5

3.0

69.3

72.9

4

21

3.4

59.3

250

Kuwait

1.6

2.1

98.4

3.2

153.6

74.2

3

8

2.1

50.2

120

Lebanon

12.8

0.3

87.2

1.4

406.5

72.0

7

23

1.8

58.0

−12

Occupied Palestinian Territory

25.9

2.6

74.1

3.7

671.0

72.2

4

22

Saudi Arabia

17.9

1.2

82.1

2.6

12.8

73.1

4

19

3.0

23.8

150

Syrian Arab Republic

44.3

2.3

55.7

3.9

110.2

75.3

4

15

3.1

58.3

800

Turkey

30.4

−0.2

69.6

2.1

92.8

73.0

5

24

2.1

73.0

−44

United Arab Emirates

16.0

1.6

84.0

4.3

89.9

75.9

1

7

1.9

27.5

343

Yemen

68.2

2.1

31.8

4.9

45.6

63.9

7

53

5.1

27.7

−135

20.4

−0.6

79.6

1.8

53.8

73.5

6

21

2.2

LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Argentina

40

Mortality and fertility

1 121

25

−5 246

7.6

−1.6

92.4

1.2

14.5

75.3

8

13

2.2

78.3

Bahamas

15.9

0.0

84.1

1.5

24.7

74.8

5

16

2.0

44.6

2

Barbados

55.5

−0.9

44.5

1.6

635.7

76.2

9

14

1.5

55.0

−1

Belize

47.6

1.3

52.4

3.2

13.6

75.3

4

17

2.8

34.3

−1

Bolivia (Plur. State)

33.5

0.6

66.5

2.6

9.0

65.6

7

46

3.4

60.6

−100

Brazil

13.5

−2.2

86.5

1.8

22.9

72.2

6

23

1.8

80.6

−229

Chile

11.0

−1.4

89.0

1.4

22.6

78.7

5

7

1.9

58.4

30

Colombia

24.9

0.4

75.1

1.9

40.6

72.9

5

19

2.4

78.2

−120

Costa Rica

35.6

0.3

64.4

2.6

91.2

78.9

4

10

1.9

80.0

30

30

TABLE 2: Demographic change and indicators (continued) Population rural

Mortality and fertility

urban

share

growth

share

growth

%

% p.a.

%

% p.a.

density

life expectancy

mortality

infant mortality

per

per

per km2

years

1000 people

2010

2010

2010

101.6

78.5

7

Net migration fertility

contraceptive use

1000 live births

births per woman

women %

2010

2009

2009*

2010

5

1.5

77.8

−194

thousands

2010

2000-10

2010

2000-10

Cuba

24.8

0.3

75.2

0.1

Dominica

32.8

0.0

67.2

−0.2

90.2

Dominican Republic

30.8

−0.7

69.2

2.6

204.6

72.5

6

30

2.6

72.9

−140

Ecuador

33.1

−0.7

66.9

2.2

51.0

75.0

5

21

2.5

72.7

−350

El Salvador

35.7

−1.0

64.3

1.3

294.3

71.4

7

22

2.3

72.5

−280

French Guiana

23.7

3.0

76.3

3.6

2.6

75.9

4

14

Grenada

60.6

−0.3

39.4

1.0

303.7

75.3

6

15

2.3

54.0

−5

Guatemala

50.5

1.7

49.5

3.4

132.1

70.3

6

30

4.0

54.1

−200

Guyana

71.4

0.1

28.6

0.0

3.5

68.7

6

42

2.3

42.5

−40

Haiti

47.9

−1.3

52.1

5.6

360.1

61.0

9

63

3.4

32.0

−140

Honduras

48.4

0.8

51.6

3.3

67.8

72.1

5

28

3.2

65.0

−100

Jamaica

48.0

0.6

52.0

0.7

249.4

72.2

7

24

2.4

69.1

−100

Mexico

22.2

−0.3

77.8

1.5

57.9

76.2

5

17

2.1

72.9

−2 430 −200

Netherlands Antilles

50.0

7.0

−2.5

93.0

1.4

250.9

76.1

7

13

2.0

Nicaragua

42.7

0.7

57.3

1.8

44.5

73.0

5

21

2.7

72.4

Panama

25.2

−1.3

74.8

3.1

46.6

75.5

5

18

2.5

58.2

11

Paraguay

38.5

0.4

61.5

3.0

15.9

71.7

6

32

3.0

79.4

−40

Peru

23.1

−0.3

76.9

1.8

22.6

73.2

5

21

2.5

73.2

−625

St. Kitts & Nevis

67.3

1.2

32.7

1.3

200.8

St. Lucia

71.8

1.0

28.2

1.1

323.3

73.9

6

13

2.0

47.0

−1

St. Vincent & Grenadines

50.5

−0.7

49.5

1.0

281.8

71.6

7

24

2.1

48.0

−5

Suriname

30.7

−0.2

69.3

1.9

3.2

69.7

7

22

2.4

45.6

−5

Trinidad & Tobago

86.2

0.0

13.8

2.9

261.5

69.4

8

27

1.6

42.5

−20

Uruguay

7.5

−1.2

92.5

0.3

19.2

76.4

9

13

2.0

78.0

−50

Venezuela (Boliv. Rep. of)

6.6

−2.4

93.4

2.1

31.8

73.7

5

17

2.5

76.8

77.4

2.2

22.6

1.8

35.9

64.0

7

42

3.7

Fiji

48.1

−0.2

51.9

1.4

47.1

68.8

7

18

2.7

French Polynesia

48.5

1.7

51.5

1.2

67.7

74.5

5

8

2.2

New Caledonia

42.5

2.1

57.5

1.4

13.5

75.3

6

5

2.2

Papua New Guinea

87.5

2.6

12.5

2.0

14.8

61.5

8

50

4.0

32.4

0

Samoa

79.9

0.4

20.1

−0.8

64.7

71.5

5

22

3.9

42.6

−16

Solomon Islands

81.5

2.2

18.5

4.3

18.6

66.4

6

43

3.8

27.0

0

Tonga

76.9

0.5

23.1

0.4

160.1

71.8

6

22

3.9

23.9

−9

Vanuatu

38.4

OCEANIA

8

54.0

40 −64

43.1

−35 0 6

74.4

2.1

25.6

4.4

19.7

70.0

5

29

3.9

DEVELOPED REGIONS

24.8

−0.6

75.2

0.7

120.5

77.4

10

6

1.7

13 579

NORTH AMERICA

17.9

−0.6

82.1

1.4

29.6

78.2

8

7

2.0

6 100

0.3

1 225.3

Bermuda

0

1.8

Canada

19.4

0.4

80.6

1.1

3.4

80.5

7

5

1.6

74.0

1 050

United States of America

17.7

−0.7

82.3

1.4

32.2

78.0

8

7

2.0

72.9

5 050

28.4

−0.4

71.6

0.6

280.2

82.4

9

3

1.5

10.9

−0.5

89.1

1.4

2.9

81.4

7

5

1.9

70.8

Israel

8.2

1.3

91.8

1.9

335.0

80.7

6

4

3.0

68.0

85

Japan

33.2

−0.5

66.8

0.3

334.9

82.7

9

3

1.4

54.3

150

New Zealand

74.9

ASIA & OCEANIA Australia

785 500

13.8

0.7

86.2

1.1

16.1

80.1

7

5

2.1

EUROPE

27.2

−0.6

72.8

0.4

128.2

75.9

11

7

1.6

Albania

48.1

−1.6

51.9

2.5

111.5

76.4

6

18

1.9

69.3

Belarus

25.3

−2.2

74.7

0.2

46.2

69.4

14

7

1.5

72.6

0

Bosnia & Herzegovina

51.4

−0.8

48.6

1.4

73.4

75.1

9

13

1.2

35.7

−10

Croatia

42.3

−0.7

57.7

0.2

77.9

76.0

12

6

1.5

69.0

European Union

26.1

−0.6

73.9

0.7

168.8

79.1

10

5

1.6

Iceland

50 6 694 −75

10 6 560

6.7

0.5

93.3

1.7

3.1

81.3

6

2

2.2

Macedonia, FYR

40.7

0.2

59.3

0.1

80.1

74.2

9

15

1.4

13.5

20

Montenegro

38.6

−1.3

61.4

−0.1

45.7

74.0

10

9

1.6

39.4

−5

Norway

20.6

−0.7

79.4

1.2

12.7

80.5

9

3

2.0

88.4

135

Republic of Moldova

53.0

−1.8

47.0

−0.8

105.5

68.2

13

16

1.5

67.8

−172

Russian Federation

26.8

−0.4

73.2

−0.5

8.4

67.7

14

11

1.6

79.5

250

Serbia

43.9

−1.0

56.1

0.3

111.5

74.0

12

12

1.4

41.2

0

Switzerland

26.4

0.4

73.6

0.6

185.6

81.8

8

4

1.5

82.0

100

Ukraine

31.2

−1.2

68.8

−0.5

75.3

67.5

17

13

1.5

66.7

−80

−10

41

TABLE 3: Land availability Total land area

thousand ha 2009

Arable land per person

agricultural

permanent crops

arable

pasture

%

%

%

%

ha

growth % p.a. 1970-2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

13 003 468

37.6

1.2

10.6

25.8

0.2

−1.5

DEVELOPING REGIONS

8 096 847

43.5

1.6

10.4

31.5

0.2

−1.3

AFRICA

2 964 679

39.2

1.0

7.6

30.6

0.2

−1.8

600 439

17.6

0.9

3.8

12.9

0.1

−1.9

238 174

17.4

0.4

3.1

13.8

0.2

−1.9

Egypt

99 545

3.7

0.8

2.9

0.0

−1.9

Libya

175 954

8.8

0.2

1.0

7.7

0.3

−2.9

Morocco

44 630

67.3

2.2

18.0

47.1

0.3

−1.5

Tunisia

15 536

63.0

14.3

17.4

31.2

0.3

−2.2

2 364 240

44.7

1.0

8.5

35.1

0.2

−1.6

124 670

46.8

0.2

3.2

43.3

0.2

−2.1

Benin

11 062

29.8

2.7

22.1

5.0

0.3

−1.0

Botswana

56 673

45.6

0.0

0.4

45.2

0.1

−3.8

Burkina Faso

27 360

43.7

0.2

21.6

21.9

0.4

−0.1

2 568

83.7

13.6

35.0

35.0

0.1

−2.3

47 271

19.8

3.0

12.6

4.2

0.3

−2.4

403

21.8

0.7

14.9

6.2

0.1

−0.3

62 298

8.4

0.1

3.1

5.1

0.5

−1.9

125 920

39.2

0.0

3.4

35.7

0.4

−1.8

186

83.3

32.2

43.0

8.1

0.1

−2.6

Congo

34 150

30.9

0.2

1.5

29.3

0.1

−2.8

Côte d’Ivoire

31 800

63.8

13.5

8.8

41.5

0.1

−2.0

226 705

9.9

0.3

3.0

6.6

0.1

−2.8

Djibouti

2 318

73.4

0.1

73.3

0.0

−2.5

Equatorial Guinea

2 805

10.9

2.5

4.7

3.7

0.2

−2.0

10 100

75.2

0.0

6.8

68.3

0.1

100 000

35.0

1.0

13.9

20.0

0.2

25 767

19.9

0.6

1.3

18.1

0.2

−1.1

1 000

66.5

0.5

40.0

26.0

0.2

−0.4

Ghana

22 754

68.1

12.3

19.3

36.5

0.2

−0.1

Guinea

24 572

58.0

2.8

11.6

43.5

0.3

−2.6

2 812

58.0

8.9

10.7

38.4

0.2

−1.8

56 914

48.1

1.1

9.5

37.4

0.1

−2.1

Lesotho

3 036

77.0

0.1

11.0

65.9

0.2

−2.1

Liberia

9 632

27.1

2.2

4.2

20.8

0.1

−2.3

58 154

70.2

1.0

5.1

64.1

0.1

−1.9

9 428

59.1

1.3

38.2

19.6

0.2

−1.2

Mali

122 019

33.7

0.1

5.2

28.4

0.4

1.0

Mauritania

103 070

38.5

0.0

0.4

38.1

0.1

−1.9

WORLD

North Africa Algeria

Sub-Saharan Africa Angola

Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia

Guinea-Bissau Kenya

Madagascar Malawi

Mauritius

203

48.3

2.0

42.9

3.4

0.1

−1.5

Mozambique

78 638

62.7

0.3

6.4

56.0

0.2

−0.7

Namibia

82 329

47.1

0.0

1.0

46.2

0.4

−2.2

126 670

34.6

0.0

11.8

22.7

1.0

−2.4

Nigeria

91 077

81.8

3.3

37.3

41.2

0.2

−2.0

Rwanda

2 467

81.1

11.3

52.7

17.0

0.1

−0.3

Senegal

19 253

49.4

0.3

20.0

29.1

0.3

−2.2

46

6.5

4.3

2.2

0.0

−1.3

7 162

47.7

1.8

15.1

30.7

0.2

0.5

62 734

70.2

0.0

1.6

68.5

0.1

−2.2

Sudan

237 600

57.5

0.1

8.5

49.0

0.5

−1.3

South Africa

121 447

81.7

0.8

11.8

69.1

0.3

−1.6

1 720

71.0

0.9

10.2

60.0

0.1

−2.0

88 580

40.1

1.7

11.3

27.1

0.2

−2.0

5 439

62.1

3.3

40.4

18.4

0.4

−2.1

Uganda

19 981

69.9

11.3

33.0

25.6

0.2

−1.7

Zambia

74 339

31.5

0.0

4.5

26.9

0.3

−2.4

Zimbabwe

38 685

42.4

0.3

10.8

31.3

0.3

−0.7

Niger

Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia

Swaziland Tanzania, Utd. Rep. Togo

42

Share of land area

TABLE 3: Land availability (continued) Total land area

thousand ha

Share of land area

Arable land per person

agricultural

permanent crops

arable

pasture

%

%

%

%

ha

growth % p.a. 1970-2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

3 054 019

53.5

2.5

15.3

35.7

0.1

Central Asia

392 679

72.1

0.2

8.0

63.9

0.5

Kazakhstan

269 970

77.2

0.0

8.7

68.5

1.5

Kyrgyzstan

19 180

55.4

0.4

6.7

48.3

0.2

Tajikistan

13 996

33.9

1.0

5.3

27.7

0.1

Turkmenistan

46 993

69.4

0.1

3.9

65.3

0.4

Uzbekistan

42 540

62.6

0.8

10.1

51.7

0.2

1 543 949

49.8

3.4

11.9

34.5

0.1

−1.1

527

2.2

0.9

0.6

0.6

0.0

−4.6

17 652

31.5

0.9

22.1

8.5

0.3

−0.8

China

932 749

56.2

1.5

11.8

42.9

0.1

−1.0

Indonesia

181 157

29.6

10.5

13.0

6.1

0.1

−1.1

12 041

24.1

1.7

22.0

0.4

0.1

−0.8

9 710

19.1

2.1

16.4

0.6

0.0

−1.8

Lao, PDR

23 080

10.2

0.5

5.9

3.8

0.2

−0.3

Malaysia

32 855

24.0

17.6

5.5

0.9

0.1

−0.7

Mongolia

155 356

74.5

0.0

0.6

73.9

0.4

−1.3

Myanmar

65 352

19.0

1.7

16.9

0.5

0.2

−1.3

Philippines

29 817

40.1

16.9

18.1

5.0

0.1

−2.0

70

1.0

0.3

0.7

0.0

−7.3

Thailand

51 089

38.7

7.2

29.9

1.6

0.2

−1.0

Viet Nam

31 007

33.1

10.8

20.3

2.1

0.1

−1.4

639 977

48.3

2.6

33.5

12.2

0.1

−2.1

Afghanistan

65 223

58.1

0.2

11.9

46.0

0.3

−2.4

Bangladesh

13 017

70.3

7.5

58.1

4.6

0.1

−2.4

3 839

13.2

0.7

2.0

10.6

0.1

−3.1

India

297 319

60.5

3.9

53.1

3.5

0.1

−2.0

Iran (Islamic Rep.)

162 855

29.8

1.1

10.6

18.1

0.2

−2.1

30

26.7

10.0

13.3

3.3

0.0

−0.8

Nepal

14 335

29.6

0.8

16.7

12.1

0.1

−1.8

Pakistan

77 088

34.1

1.1

26.5

6.5

0.1

−2.5

Sri Lanka

6 271

41.6

15.5

19.1

7.0

0.1

−0.3

West Asia

477 413

57.0

1.2

8.0

47.8

0.2

−2.5

Armenia

2 848

61.6

1.9

16.1

43.6

0.1

Azerbaijan

8 262

57.6

2.7

22.7

32.1

0.2

76

10.3

3.3

1.7

5.3

0.0

−3.6

924

13.5

3.7

9.4

0.5

0.1

−1.8

6 949

36.1

1.7

6.4

27.9

0.1

ASIA

East Asia Brunei Darussalam Cambodia

Korea, DPR Korea, Republic of

Singapore

South Asia

Bhutan

Maldives

Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iraq

−1.4

43 432

20.1

0.6

10.4

9.2

0.1

−3.0

Jordan

8 878

11.5

0.9

2.3

8.4

0.0

−4.1

Kuwait

1 782

8.5

0.2

0.6

7.6

0.0

3.0

Lebanon

1 023

67.3

14.0

14.2

39.1

0.0

−2.6

602

61.0

19.4

16.6

24.9

0.0

−3.2

Occupied Palestinian Territory Saudi Arabia

214 969

80.7

0.1

1.5

79.1

0.1

−1.7

Syrian Arab Republic

18 363

75.7

5.4

25.4

44.9

0.2

−3.4

Turkey

76 963

50.6

3.8

27.7

19.0

0.3

−2.2

8 360

6.8

2.4

0.8

3.6

0.0

−3.0

52 797

44.4

0.5

2.2

41.7

0.1

−3.7

2 024 065

35.7

1.0

7.4

27.3

0.3

−1.0

United Arab Emirates Yemen LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Argentina

273 669

51.3

0.4

11.3

39.6

0.8

−0.9

Bahamas

1 001

1.4

0.4

0.8

0.2

0.0

−1.4

Barbados

43

44.2

2.3

37.2

4.7

0.1

−0.3

2 281

6.7

1.4

3.1

2.2

0.2

−0.8

Bolivia (Plur. State)

108 330

34.1

0.2

3.4

30.5

0.4

0.1

Brazil

845 942

31.3

0.9

7.2

23.2

0.3

−0.4

Belize

Chile Colombia Costa Rica

74 353

21.2

0.6

1.7

18.8

0.1

−4.2

110 950

38.3

1.4

1.6

35.3

0.0

−3.7

5 106

35.3

5.9

3.9

25.5

0.0

−3.2

43

TABLE 3: Land availability (continued) Total land area

Dominica Dominican Republic

permanent crops

arable

pasture

%

%

%

%

ha

growth % p.a.

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

1970-2009

10 644

62.5

3.5

34.3

24.7

0.3

0.5

75

32.7

22.0

8.0

2.7

0.1

−0.3

4 832

51.1

9.7

16.6

24.8

0.1

−2.0

24 836

30.3

5.4

4.8

20.1

0.1

−3.1

El Salvador

2 072

74.5

11.1

32.7

30.7

0.1

−0.2

French Guiana

8 220

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.1

2.4

34

36.8

26.5

7.4

2.9

0.0

−2.0

Guatemala

10 716

41.0

8.8

14.0

18.2

0.1

−1.6

Guyana

19 685

8.5

0.1

2.1

6.2

0.6

0.3

2 756

66.8

10.9

38.1

17.8

0.1

−1.5

Ecuador

Grenada

Haiti Honduras

11 189

28.5

3.7

9.1

15.7

0.1

−3.2

Jamaica

1 083

41.5

9.2

11.1

21.1

0.0

−1.4

Mexico

194 395

52.9

1.4

12.9

38.6

0.2

−1.6

80

10.0

0.0

−0.6

12 034

42.8

1.9

15.8

25.1

0.3

−0.7

7 434

30.0

2.0

7.4

20.6

0.2

−1.5

39 730

52.6

0.3

9.6

42.8

0.6

1.6

128 000

16.8

0.6

2.9

13.3

0.1

−1.1

St. Kitts & Nevis

26

21.2

0.8

15.4

5.0

0.1

−2.1

St. Lucia

61

18.0

11.5

4.9

1.6

0.0

−2.6

St. Vincent & Grenadines

39

25.6

7.7

12.8

5.1

0.0

−1.0

15 600

0.5

0.0

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.8

513

10.5

4.3

4.9

1.4

0.0

−2.9

Uruguay

17 502

84.6

0.2

10.7

73.7

0.6

0.3

Venezuela (Boliv. Rep. of)

88 205

24.3

0.7

3.1

20.4

0.1

−2.6

54 085

4.3

2.1

1.0

1.3

0.1

−0.5

1 827

22.9

4.5

8.8

9.6

0.2

1.0

366

12.2

6.0

0.7

5.5

0.0

−1.7

Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru

Suriname Trinidad & Tobago

OCEANIA Fiji French Polynesia New Caledonia

10.0

1 828

13.7

0.3

0.4

13.1

0.0

−2.2

45 286

2.5

1.5

0.6

0.4

0.0

−0.2

283

23.7

13.8

8.8

1.1

0.1

−0.7

2 799

3.0

2.1

0.6

0.3

0.0

−1.8

72

43.1

15.3

22.2

5.6

0.2

−0.7

1 219

15.3

10.3

1.6

3.4

0.1

−1.8

DEVELOPED REGIONS

4 905 673

27.9

0.5

11.0

16.4

0.4

0.2

NORTH AMERICA

1 865 166

25.3

0.5

11.1

13.6

0.6

−1.3

Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu

Bermuda

5

14.8

0.0

−1.3

Canada

909 351

7.4

0.8

5.0

1.7

1.3

−1.0

United States of America

914 742

44.1

0.3

17.8

26.0

0.5

−1.4

833 175

51.1

0.1

6.3

44.7

0.3

−0.6

768 230

53.2

0.0

6.1

47.1

2.2

−1.1

Israel

2 164

24.1

3.6

14.1

6.5

0.0

−2.5

Japan

36 450

12.6

0.9

11.8

0.0

−1.0

New Zealand

26 331

43.6

0.3

1.8

41.6

0.1

−5.6

EUROPE

2 207 347

21.4

0.7

12.6

8.1

0.4

−1.0

Albania

2 740

44.0

3.2

22.3

18.4

0.2

−0.6

Belarus

20 282

44.0

0.6

27.3

16.1

0.6

Bosnia & Herzegovina

5 100

41.7

2.0

19.5

20.2

0.3

Croatia

5 596

23.2

1.6

15.5

6.1

0.2

418 174

45.1

2.9

26.0

16.2

0.2

−0.5

10 025

22.8

0.1

22.7

0.0

−1.1

2 522

40.2

1.4

16.7

22.1

0.2

ASIA & OCEANIA Australia

European Union Iceland Macedonia, FYR Montenegro Norway Republic of Moldova Russian Federation

14.8

1 345

38.2

1.2

12.9

24.2

0.3

30 547

3.3

0.0

2.7

0.6

0.2

3 289

75.2

9.2

55.2

10.8

0.5

1 637 687

13.2

0.1

7.4

5.6

0.9

Serbia

8 746

57.8

3.4

37.7

16.7

0.3

Switzerland

4 000

38.1

0.6

10.2

27.4

0.1

57 932

71.2

1.6

56.1

13.6

0.7

Ukraine

44

Arable land per person

agricultural thousand ha Cuba

Share of land area

−0.5

−0.3

TABLE 4: Water resources and irrigation Water resources

Irrigation total area equipped for irrigation thousand ha

%

% 2008*

per capita m3 /yr

per capita m3 /yr

thousand ha

1992

2009

2008*

7 878

6 242

Algeria

439

334

Egypt

971

719

WORLD

irrigation potential

% of equip. area irrigated by groundwater

% of equip. area actually irrigated

2008*

2008*

304 398

38

510

569

64

80

4 420

3 422

10

100 67

DEVELOPING REGIONS AFRICA North Africa

Libya Morocco Tunisia

133

96

40

470

99

1 129

917

1 664

1 485

46

98

539

443

560

394

59

100 29

Sub-Saharan Africa Angola

13 451

7 976

3 700

80

20

Benin

5 166

3 068

322

12

18

10

Botswana

8 355

6 176

13

1

46

100

Burkina Faso

1 270

782

165

25

12

100

Burundi

2 149

1 535

215

21

0

22 161

14 889

290

26

4

822

610

3

3

14

66

46 807

33 441

1 900

0

0

51

Chad

6 731

3 932

335

30

20

87

Comoros

2 609

1 676

0

0

4

65

330 159

211 114

340

2

0

11

6 063

4 193

475

73

0

92

32 527

19 983

7 000

11

0

76

505

344

2

1

100

38

65 000

38 179

30 62

Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic

Congo Côte d’Ivoire Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea

1 236

188

22

24

Ethiopia

1 503

2 700

290

1 0

Gabon

165 489

110 961

440

4

Gambia

7 737

4 756

80

2

1

Ghana

3 398

2 233

1 900

31

20

90

Guinea

34 952

23 153

520

95

0

100

Guinea-Bissau

65

29 273

20 889

281

23

22

100

Kenya

1 226

778

539

103

1

94

Lesotho

1 779

1 406

13

3

2

3

112 950

60 480

600

2

1

28 142

16 746

1 517

1 086

0

100

1 785

1 197

162

56

0

96

11 018

6 707

566

236

0

75

Mauritania

5 408

3 375

250

45

11

51

Mauritius

2 526

2 129

33

21

25

98

Mozambique

15 163

9 497

3 072

118

1

34

Namibia

11 712

7 904

47

8

22

100

Niger

4 054

2 248

270

74

2

89

Nigeria

2 794

1 853

2 331

293

23

75

Rwanda

1 472

921

165

9

1

Senegal

5 047

3 205

409

120

9

97

1

0

0

77

807

29

1

Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali

Seychelles Sierra Leone

40 201

27 879

Somalia

2 247

1 612

240

200

5

Sudan

2 315

1 518

2 784

1 863

4

43

South Africa

1 294

1 005

1 500

1 498

9

100

Swaziland

4 967

3 861

93

50

2

90

Tanzania, Utd. Rep.

3 535

2 212

2 132

184

9

Togo

3 845

2 491

180

7

1

Uganda

3 485

2 039

90

9

1

64

Zambia

12 718

8 268

523

156

4

100

1 817

1 603

366

174

12

71

Zimbabwe

86

45

TABLE 4: Water resources and irrigation (continued) Water resources

Irrigation irrigation potential

total area equipped for irrigation

% of equip. area irrigated by groundwater

% of equip. area actually irrigated

per capita m3 /yr

per capita m3 /yr

thousand ha

thousand ha

%

%

1992

2009

2008*

2008*

2008*

2008*

ASIA Central Asia Kazakhstan

6 670

6 919

3 768

3 556

5

65

Kyrgyzstan

5 156

4 379

2 247

1 077

1

100

Tajikistan

2 895

2 356

755

719

9

100

Turkmenistan

6 368

4 964

2 353

1 744

3

100

Uzbekistan

2 345

1 858

4 915

4 223

6

100

Brunei Darussalam

31 835

21 684

1

0

100

Cambodia

46 649

34 061

354

0

90

2 362

2 080

70 000

62 938

30

86

10 598

8 504

10 886

6 722

1

Korea, DPR

3 708

3 183

1 460

14

Korea, Republic of

1 594

1 453

1 782

880

6

Lao, PDR

75 197

54 565

600

310

0

87

Malaysia

30 202

20 752

414

363

8

100

Mongolia

15 453

12 832

518

84

43

75

Myanmar

28 893

24 537

10 500

2 110

5

100

7 408

5 223

3 126

1 879

14

95

188

121

East Asia

China Indonesia

Philippines Singapore Thailand

7 533

6 384

12 245

6 415

9

79

Viet Nam

12 632

10 174

9 400

4 585

1

100

Afghanistan

4 201

2 126

3 199

18

Bangladesh

11 132

8 345

5 050

74

88

173 993

133 053

28

0

100

India

2 100

1 582

139 500

66 334

64

94

Iran (Islamic Rep.)

2 409

1 880

15 000

8 132

62

100 0

South Asia

Bhutan

Maldives

6 933

129

96

0

0

10 487

7 142

2 178

1 168

20

Pakistan

2 091

1 448

21 300

19 990

31

Sri Lanka

2 976

2 555

570

570

1

84

Armenia

2 252

2 518

666

274

19

64

Azerbaijan

4 658

3 825

3 200

1 426

7

Nepal

West Asia

Bahrain

223

99

4

4

90

100

Cyprus

974

716

37

46

58

68

11 846

14 479

725

433

0

63

4 105

2 461

5 554

3 525

6

55

246

155

85

79

53

Georgia Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Occupied Palestinian Territory Saudi Arabia

10

8

25

9

61

1 438

1 073

178

90

52

370

213

80

20

100

82

140

90

1 731

97

Syrian Arab Republic

1 286

838

1 439

68

Turkey

3 813

2 973

4 983

33

87

74

22

227

100

82

159

90

680

64

24 270

20 319

6 128

1 550

22

75

59 4

5

90

3

22

United Arab Emirates Yemen

8 500

69

LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Argentina Bahamas Barbados

46

307

293

Belize

91 832

60 820

Bolivia (Plur. State)

89 260

63 696

2 000

128

7

100

Brazil

53 260

42 604

29 350

2 878

19

100

Chile

67 408

54 376

2 500

1 900

3

Colombia

61 802

46 699

6 589

900

5

Costa Rica

34 853

24 483

430

103

17

100

TABLE 4: Water resources and irrigation (continued) Water resources

Cuba

Irrigation irrigation potential

total area equipped for irrigation

% of equip. area irrigated by groundwater

% of equip. area actually irrigated

per capita m3 /yr

per capita m3 /yr

thousand ha

thousand ha

%

%

1992

2009

2008*

2008*

2008*

2008*

3 385

2 700

870

45

85

3 554

Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana

2 805

2 144

710

270

22

100

39 571

29 757

3 136

863

12

71

4 589

4 096

200

45

7

1 063 492

595 556

6

5

Grenada Guatemala

0

0

130

22

100

11 910

7 931

332 873

320 053

150

0

1 890

1 422

143

92

15

18 573

12 877

500

73

8

75

Jamaica

3 922

3 443

188

25

90

100

Mexico

5 224

4 081

9 766

6 320

39

88

Nicaragua

45 478

34 431

700

61

70

83

Panama

58 800

42 750

187

35

4

81

Paraguay

75 252

52 980

67

10

Peru

84 822

66 504

1 196

28

585

462

0

50

St. Lucia

3

0

St. Vincent & Grenadines

1

Guyana Haiti Honduras

2 620

0

72

Netherlands Antilles

St. Kitts & Nevis

Suriname

6 411

291 169

234 615

51

0

3 112

2 874

30

4

10

85

Uruguay

44 071

41 406

1 760

181

8

100

Venezuela (Boliv. Rep. of)

59 753

43 233

1 700

570

2

54

38 374

33 509

3

10

183 337

119 499

136 280

85 305

102 233

86 177

784

7

11 883

9 974

24 722

59

Trinidad & Tobago

100

OCEANIA Fiji French Polynesia New Caledonia Papua New Guinea

36

0

Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu DEVELOPED REGIONS NORTH AMERICA Bermuda Canada United States of America

87

ASIA & OCEANIA Australia

28 068

22 464

2 545

23

Israel

370

245

225

49

Japan

3 491

3 398

3 128

9

93 349

75 642

285

32

Albania

12 764

13 060

340

1

Belarus

5 632

6 019

131

15

New Zealand

100

EUROPE

Bosnia & Herzegovina Croatia

9 540

9 952

3

30

22 995

23 917

3

37

653 846

537 975

3 309

3 111

European Union Iceland Macedonia, FYR

128

Montenegro Norway Republic of Moldova Russian Federation

4 100

89 127

79 024

115

6

2 660

3 233

1 500

312

0

30 276

31 510

29 000

4 346

20

Serbia

38 79

10

Switzerland

7 850

7 020

Ukraine

2 703

3 054

5 500

25

22

731

0

47

TABLE 5: Labour force structure Labour force

WORLD

Employment in

Share of employment in

Agricultural employment by gender

agriculture

agriculture

services

industry

female

male

female

millions

millions

%

%

%

%

%

%

male %

2010*

2010*

2010*

2010*

2010*

2000*

2000*

2010*

2010*

22.3

20.4

39.4

27.4

43.3

28.3

34.2

41.4

60.2

34.8

17.0

21.9

24.3

35.1

68.4

53.1

10.3

8.7

3 176.4

DEVELOPING REGIONS AFRICA North Africa Algeria

14.8

1.6

20.7

26.0

53.1

Egypt

26.5

7.1

31.6

23.0

45.3

Libya

2.3

0.2

19.7

30.0

50.2

11.8

4.2

40.9

21.7

37.2

3.8

0.5

25.8

33.6

39.1

Angola

8.0

0.0

5.1

20.6

66.6

Benin

3.5

1.1

42.7

9.5

46.2

Botswana

1.0

0.2

29.9

15.2

54.9

Burkina Faso

7.4

84.8

3.1

12.2

Burundi

4.5

2.4

92.2

2.2

5.6

Cameroon

7.6

3.2

61.3

9.1

22.6

Cape Verde

0.2

Central African Republic

2.0

Chad

4.2

1.8

83.0

2.1

14.5

Comoros

0.3

Congo

1.7

0.4

35.4

20.6

42.2

Côte d’Ivoire

7.6

0.1

76.3

4.8

17.6

40.1

25.2

79.3

6.6

13.0

0.7

0.1

24.2

11.8

0.7

0.3

64.7 57.2

2.6

76.0

Morocco Tunisia Sub-Saharan Africa

85.9

80.3

64.0

60.8

25.6

6.1

27.8

76.5

53.7

13.6

29.1

50.3

59.8

5.9

18.1

78.8

72.9

64.9

78.2

Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti

0.4

Equatorial Guinea

0.3

Eritrea

2.2

Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana

10.9

Guinea

4.7

Guinea-Bissau

0.6

Kenya

18.7

7.7

61.1

6.7

32.2

Lesotho

1.0

0.4

72.3

9.3

18.3

Liberia

1.5

0.5

48.9

9.2

41.9

Madagascar

9.8

6.9

80.4

3.7

15.8

82.5

81.5

Malawi

6.0

Mali

4.1

3.0

66.0

5.6

28.3

29.9

49.8

Mauritania

1.4

Mauritius Mozambique

0.6

0.0

8.7

28.2

63.1

10.9

6.4

80.5

3.4

16.1

10.6

12.9

7.6

9.9

29.1

32.8

8.2

22.7

Namibia

0.8

Niger

4.8

1.9

56.9

11.1

31.1

Nigeria

49.6

18.3

44.6

11.5

41.7

Rwanda

5.1

3.4

78.8

3.8

16.6

Senegal

5.2

1.1

33.7

14.8

36.1

33.0

34.1

Sierra Leone

2.2

1.3

68.5

6.5

25.0

71.1

66.0

Somalia

3.5 0.7

5.1

25.0

69.8

3.4

5.4

21.3

12.7

76.5

4.3

19.2

78.0

71.2

2.6

1.3

54.1

6.8

37.5

Uganda

14.1

7.2

65.6

6.0

28.4

75.7

61.8

Zambia

4.7

3.0

72.2

7.1

20.6

78.6

65.2

78.6

65.2

Zimbabwe

5.1

3.3

64.8

9.3

15.3

69.5

50.9

Seychelles

Sudan

13.2

South Africa

18.9

Swaziland Tanzania, Utd. Rep. Togo

48

16.1

15.3

0.5

TABLE 5: Labour force structure (continued) Labour force

Employment in

Share of employment in

Agricultural employment by gender

agriculture

agriculture

services

industry

female

male

female

millions

millions

%

%

%

%

%

%

male %

2010*

2010*

2010*

2010*

2010*

2000*

2000*

2010*

2010*

ASIA Central Asia Kazakhstan

8.5

2.3

29.4

18.9

51.7

17.6

33.3

32.0

34.9

Kyrgyzstan

2.5

0.7

34.0

20.6

45.3

54.8

51.7

35.4

36.9

Tajikistan

2.8

1.4

55.5

17.9

26.2

75.1

41.8

Turkmenistan

2.4 12.6

3.4

38.5

19.4

35.2

Brunei Darussalam

0.2

0.0

1.4

21.4

77.2

1.6

2.2

0.3

2.1

Cambodia

7.5

5.0

72.2

8.6

19.2

74.9

72.4

69.7

70.8

China

786.4

306.5

39.6

27.2

33.2

Indonesia

118.8

41.5

38.3

19.3

42.3

46.7

44.4

41.4

41.1

8.3

6.7

Uzbekistan East Asia

Korea, DPR

12.3

Korea, Republic of

24.7

1.6

6.6

17.0

76.4

12.2

9.5

Lao, PDR

3.1

1.8

85.4

3.5

11.1

89.3

81.2

Malaysia

12.0

1.5

13.5

27.0

59.5

14.0

20.7

10.0

17.5

Mongolia

1.4

0.4

40.0

14.9

45.0

46.5

50.6

34.8

40.6

Myanmar

26.0

11.5

62.7

12.0

25.1

Philippines

37.6

12.3

35.2

14.6

50.3

24.5

45.3

22.5

41.9

2.6

0.0

1.1

21.8

77.1

0.4

1.2

0.5

1.6

Thailand

39.6

15.9

41.5

19.5

38.9

47.3

49.5

40.0

43.3

Viet Nam

46.9

24.4

51.7

20.2

28.2

66.3

64.2

60.0

55.9

76.9

53.3

68.1

41.8

63.0

32.6

Singapore

South Asia Afghanistan

10.6

Bangladesh

70.8

22.8

48.1

14.5

37.4

0.3

0.2

65.4

6.4

28.2

459.4

191.2

51.1

22.4

26.5

29.6

4.3

21.2

32.2

46.5

16.7

23.9

33.1

20.5

0.2

0.0

11.5

24.3

60.0

5.4

17.9

7.1

14.0

Nepal

13.3

6.5

65.7

13.4

20.7

85.2

67.1

72.8

60.2

Pakistan

59.4

21.9

44.7

20.1

35.2

72.9

44.4

72.4

36.4

8.4

2.5

32.6

25.1

39.6

48.8

37.7

36.8

28.4

Armenia

1.6

0.5

44.2

16.8

39.0

46.1

46.3

Azerbaijan

4.4

1.6

38.6

12.9

48.5

46.1

36.4

38.0

39.5

Bahrain

0.6

0.0

0.8

15.0

84.2

0.0

2.9

0.2

1.9

Cyprus

0.6

0.0

3.8

20.8

75.3

4.8

5.6

2.8

5.6

Georgia

2.3

0.9

53.4

10.4

36.2

57.5

47.0

56.6

50.5

Iraq

7.3

1.8

23.4

18.2

58.3

32.6

14.0

Jordan

1.8

2.0

18.7

79.2

3.6

5.1

2.0

3.8

Kuwait

1.3

2.7

20.6

76.0

Lebanon

1.4

Bhutan India Iran (Islamic Rep.) Maldives

Sri Lanka West Asia

0.0

Occupied Palestinian Territory Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Turkey

10.1

0.3

4.1

20.4

75.5

2.0

6.7

0.2

4.7

6.3

0.8

14.9

32.2

52.8

61.7

26.2

49.1

22.6

24.6

5.4

23.7

26.2

50.1

60.5

27.0

41.7

18.2

United Arab Emirates

4.5

0.1

4.2

24.3

71.2

0.1

9.0

0.1

5.6

Yemen

6.1

2.0

54.1

11.1

34.7

87.8

43.1

LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Argentina

19.5

0.1

1.2

23.1

75.2

0.2

1.0

0.3

1.2

Bahamas

0.2

0.0

2.9

16.0

80.8

0.9

6.7

0.2

4.2

Barbados

0.2

0.0

3.3

17.3

69.7

3.3

4.1

2.5

4.2

Belize

0.1

0.0

19.5

17.9

61.9

6.4

36.9

3.3

28.0

Bolivia (Plur. State)

4.5

1.7

36.1

19.7

44.2

35.3

37.9

36.2

42.3

Brazil

101.2

15.7

17.0

22.1

60.7

10.6

23.2

15.0

22.5

Chile

7.5

0.7

11.2

23.2

65.6

4.6

19.3

5.6

16.1

19.0

3.1

17.9

20.0

62.0

6.4

26.7

2.1

0.2

12.3

21.6

62.2

5.1

17.9

Colombia Costa Rica

5.4

27.3

49

TABLE 5: Labour force structure (continued) Labour force

Cuba

Employment in

Share of employment in

Agricultural employment by gender

agriculture

agriculture

services

industry

female

male

female

millions

millions

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

2010*

2010*

2010*

2010*

2010*

2000*

2000*

2010*

2010*

0.9

18.6

18.1

63.3

14.2

34.3

8.6

25.0

0.0

21.0

19.8

58.8

16.1

34.3

8.3

29.4

5.0

Dominica

male

Dominican Republic

4.4

0.5

14.5

21.9

59.8

2.6

22.7

2.1

21.0

Ecuador

6.2

1.8

28.7

18.8

52.5

4.4