Human Rights Studio- Final Semester Research Studio, Winter 2022 with Dr. Brian Sinclair

EquiJUSTICE ARCH 702 B01: Senior Research Studio

Esther Ephraim-Osunde April 19, 2022

Human Rights Articles

Article 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Human Rights Articles

Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Human Rights Articles

Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Human Rights Articles

Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

POLITICAL INJUSTICE Violation of individual liberties... ruptures right relationships ... diminishes the human flourishing

Perpetrators disregard/ seek to violate their victim’s human rights and dignity Denial of ... due process, infringements on rights ...inadequate protection from cruel & unusual punishment.

Unfair procedures...involves political systems where not everyone has voice/ representation in decisions that affect them. “ unfair public policy excludes excludes the community’s diverse interests, opinions, & perspectives, promoting society resource deprivation.”

Includes killings, beatings, abuse, & excessive use of force against citizens during protests

>110

Countries with Notable Protests since 2017

900 Protests between 2010-2020 with >10,000 Protestors

Largest Anti-government Protests from 2016

>230

Anti-government protests since 2017

Politically Triggered Protests

Unjust practices | political discrimination | unequal representation | unjust election administration | war crimes | corruption | subversive activities| treason| repression

NIGERIA

VENEZUELA

COLOMBIA

RUSSIA

GOVERNMENT IMPROBITY . ILLEGAL GOVERNMENT PRACTICES . SCANDAL IN GOVERNMENT . HARASSMENT BY GOVERNMENT .

GOVERNMENT BLACKMAIL . GOVERNMENT INTIMIDATION . UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR . EMBEZZLEMENT OF GOVERNMENT FUNDS . CORRUPT GOVERNMENTS . GOVERNMENT MISCONDUCT . MASSACRES . ABUSIVE GOVERNMENT . SECRET LAWS . OFFICIAL HARASSMENT . NATIONAL DISINTEGRATION . CRIMES BY THE STATE . IMMORAL PUBLIC POLICY . INAPPROPRIATE TAXATION . DECEPTION BY GOVERNMENT . ABUSE OF STATE IMMUNITY . STATE SANCTIONED TORTURE . ABUSE OF GOVERNMENT POWER . UNLAWFUL GOVERNMENT ACTION . POLITICAL INTIMIDATION . GOVERNMENT SANCTIONED KILLING . CONCEALED GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES . OFFICIAL EVASION OF COMPLAINTS . ESPIONAGE IN DOMESTIC POLITICS . FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC RECORDS . ABUSE OF LAW . POLITICAL DISPLACEMENT ACTIVITY . UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN DIPLOMACY . POLITICIZATION OF PUBLIC SERVICE . INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ESPIONAGE . BLACKMAIL BY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS . GOVERNMENT INCOMPETENCE . GOVERNMENT BIAS IN WAGE BARGAINING . POLITICAL INJUSTICE . IMPROPER COLLUSION AMONG OFFICIALS .

COVERT SMEAR CAMPAIGNS BY GOVERNMENT . GOVERNMENT MISUSE OF PERSONAL RECORDS . SANCTIONS AGAINST TRADE UNION WORKERS . SANCTIONS AGAINST TRADE UNION WORKERS . UNFAIR ELECTIONS . UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT . STATE-SUPPORTED INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM . UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN THE SERVICE SECTOR . INTERNATIONALLY NON-COOPERATIVE GOVERNMENTS . SECRET INTELLIGENCE AGENTS IN PUBLIC OFFICE . CRIMINAL VIOLATION OF CIVIL

RIGHTS . CORRUPTION AND MISMANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN AID . CONNIVANCE OF AUTHORITIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES .

EMPLOYMENT OF CRIMINALS IN POLICY-MAKING CONTEXTS . MISUSE OF GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE OF COMMUNICATIONS .

POLITICAL FEAR . INTERGOVERNMENTAL FAILURE TO FULFIL FINANCIAL COMMITMENTS . OFFICIAL COVER-UP OF GOVERNMENT HARASSMENT OF POLITICAL ACTIVISTS . MISAPPROPRIATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS . MISUSE OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES AS FRONT ORGANIZATIONS BY GOVERNMENT . GOVERNMENT FINANCING TIED TO EXPLOITATION OF NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES . STATE SECRETS . ALIENATION . GOVERNMENT TREACHERY . POLITICAL CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY . POLITICAL INSTABILITY .

DISREGARD FOR INTERNATIONALLY IMPOSED ECONOMIC SANCTIONS . APATHY .

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere...

Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.”

Martin Luther King Jr.

Policies & responses A fight for political justice Recognizing conditions Studying legislations fixing regulations “In matters of truth and justice, there is no difference between large and small problems, for issues concerning the treatment of people are all the same”.

Albert Einstein

Centre for the Advocacy of Political Justice A model of both hope & actualization with the intent of replication, achieving intelligent discourses on political justice & reaching solutions to injustice worldwide.

Anticipated Users

The Public

Researchers

Students

Policy Makers

International Attendees

2D Parti Inhumanity to Equity

N

Site Location

Macleod Trail

9th Avenue SE

Site Analysis

December 21, 12pm.

June 21, 12pm.

March 20, 12pm.

September 22, 12pm.

Three Ideologies

A Centre that ACKNOWLEDGES Informing people on the issues of political injustice with exhibits for the public on different political injustice issues and cases arising.

A Centre that ADVOCATES Conduct research, forums and conferences that focus on methods and action plans that address the issues of political injustice.

A Centre that EDUCATES Educating people on addressing the issues of political injustice and curatng methodologies that can address these occurrences .

3D Parti Solution through Acknowledgement, Advocacy & Education

Quantitative Qualities S/N

Classification

Total Area per main classification (m2)

Program Group

Space type

Zone

Quantity

Flexible/ inflexible

Area per space (m2)

Total Area (m2)

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1050

Exhibition

Main Gallery

Public

1

Flexible

350

350

2

Smaller Gallery

Public

2

Flexible

200

400

3

Exhibition Workshop

Public

2

Flexible

150

300

Education & Advocacy Multipurpose hall

Public

2

Flexible

200

400

Advocacy Lounge

Public

1

Flexible

100

100

Public

2

Flexible

150

300

Public

2

Flexible

100

200

4

ADVOCACY

800

5 6 7

EDUCATION

900

Research lab/ workspace Education & Advocacy Conference room

8

Classroom

Public

2

Flexible

100

200

9

Education Lounge

Public

2

Flexible

75

150

10

Library

Public

1

Inflexible

200

200

11

Resource Centre

Public

1

Inflexible

150

150

Office

Private

4

Flexible

15

60

13

Meeting room

Semi-private

2

Flexible

30

60

14

Staff room/ workstation Private

1

Flexible

35

35

15

Staff break room/ kitchen Washroom

Private

1

Inflexible

15

15

Semi-private

2

Inflexible

4

8

12

Staff Support

240

Staff

16 17

Semi-private

1

Flexible

8

8

18

Office support/ resources Lounge

Private

1

Flexible

24

24

19

Lab office

Private

2

Flexible

15

30

Main entrance & Lobby Public

1

Flexible

45

45

20

Administrative

362

Entry

Area per group (m2)

1050

800

900

240

Quantitative Qualities S/N

Classification

21

Administrative

Total Area per main classification (m2)

Program Group

Space type

Entry

Reception/ Information Public Centre Washroom- male Public

23

Washroom-female

24 25

22

Custodial

26 27

Zone

Quantity

Flexible/ inflexible

Area per space (m2)

Total Area (m2)

Area per group (m2)

1

Flexible

60

60

105

2

Inflexible

28

56

Public

2

Inflexible

28

56

General storage

Private

1

Flexible

10

10

Resource & education room/ support Janitors room

Semi-private

1

Flexible

8

8

Private

1

Inflexible

5

5

Exhibition support/ storage Exhibition Prep area

Private

1

Flexible

5

5

Private

1

Flexible

10

10

Mechanical Room

Private

1

Inflexible

30

30

30

Electrical Room

Private

1

Inflexible

20

20

31

Shipping & Loading

Private

1

Inflexible

15

15

32

Garbage & recycling

Private

1

Inflexible

12

12

Food prep/ storage

Private

1

Inflexible

10

10

Dining/ Cafe

Public

1

Inflexible

20

20

Ramps

Public

Inflexible

36

Walkways

Public

Inflexible

37

Corridors

Public

Inflexible

38

Elevator

Public

Inflexible

39

Stairs

Public

Inflexible

1500

Exhibition

Public

Flexible

155

28 29

Services

33

Food

34 35

40 41

Circulation

Exterior

1500

155 5007

Circulation

Exterior

1 50

150

77

30

1500

1500 155

155

5007

5007

Bubble Diagram Acknowledge

Entry

Main Gallery Smaller Galleries Exhibition Workshops

Main entrance & Lobby Reception/ Information Centre

Custodial

Advocate Multipurpose halls Advocacy lounge Research labs

Educate Conference room Classrooms Education Lounges Library Resource Centre

Staff Support Office Meeting room Staff room/ workstation Staff break room/ kitchen Washroom Office support/ resources Lounge Lab office

Washroom- male Washroom-female General storage Resource & education room/ support Janitors room Exhibition support/ storage Exhibition Prep area

Services Mechanical Room Electrical Room Shipping & Loading Garbage & recycling

Food Food prep/ storage Dining/ Cafe

Exterior Exhibition

Building Precedent Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos [Museum of Memory and Human Rights] Scale: 10,900sqm Client: Chilean Government Architect: Estudio America Location: Santiago, Chile Year: 2007, Inaugurated 2010 Promoting education and culture, rebuilding the memory “To make known the systematic human rights violations by the Chilean state between 1973 and 1990 so that ethical reflection about memory, solidarity and importance of human rights national will be strengthened so that never again will these events that attack human dignity be repeated”.

Building Precedent Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos [Museum of Memory and Human Rights]

The museum hopes to draw attention to the Chilean human rights violations. Its mission includes dignity for victims and their families, stimulating reflection and debate and promoting respect and tolerance so the events never occur again It promotes education and knowledge. It is situated in a location that aims to promote culture in that part of the city.

Some spaces include: Explanade: an exterior gallery space called the memory square Exhibition Rooms: two spaces for temporary exhibitions Memory Gallery: a gallery space for remembrance.

Auditorium: an enclosed space for meetings and seminars.

Documentation Centre (CEDOC hall): collection of objects, films, documents etc that document the period of the violations.

Cafeteria

Building Precedent Tokyo International Forum

Scale: 6.7acre site Client: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Architect: Rafael Vinoly Architects Location: Tokyo, Japan Year: 1996 A complex for global events and cultural exchange with varied functions like dance, music, theatre, conventions, trade shows, business meetings, & receptions. Bordered by 4 subway lines and 2 busy train stations, Tokyo & Yurakucho Stations to the north & south of the site. The building area has high pedestrian traffic and is publically accessible.

Building Precedent Tokyo International Forum

The main public space and circulation beginning is the 225m long by 60m high Glass Hall. The design also protects the interior from the impacts of the area. The wall to the railsroad is granite and curved to the flow of the railway, and the glass wall is to the opposite end. The transparent glass allows visual connections within and outside the building.

Landscape Precedent Target Center Arena Green Roof The building was reroofed with an extensive green roof. The roof aids stormwater management and reduces urban heat island effect. Some design stratgies used include using a pre-grown Sedum mat to maximize plant cover, requiring a lightgrowing medium, including a water retention layer to make up for the minimal soil depth available to hold water, using native plant plugs for ecological benefits.

A 2.75in (70mm) deep growing zone at the centre and 3.5in (89mm) deep growing zone at the perimeter due to more structural load.

The roof is not accessible and is sloped at an angle of 1%. This roof aids the building’s sustainability.

Materials used in and components of the green roof include 80 mm PVC waterproofing membrane insulation coverboard leak detection system pavers extensive growing medium drainage sheet capillary drip irrigation system using capillary action to evenly distribute water throughout the growing medium Soil moisture sensor to inform when growing medium is dry enough to need watering pregrown Sedum vegetation mat 22 species of plugs and 16 species of seed native to Minnesota’s bedrock bluff prairies.

Scale: 2.6 acres Client: City of Minneapolis Architect: Leo Daly Landscape Architect/ Greenroof Designer: Kestrel Design Group Inc. Location: Minneapolis, U.S.A Year: 2009

Diagrams of Concept

ALL BUILDING CURVES ARE PARTS OF A CIRCLE. CIRCLES ARE COMPLETELY DEMOCRATIC AND REPRESENT EQUALITY

CIRCULAR PARTI SHAPE WITH NO SIDES TO SIGNIFY THE PROPOSAL OF BALANCE AND SOLUTIONS

CURVED PORTIONS FACING URBANSCAPE AND FORM ATTRACTING PEOPLE TO THE SITE

BUILDING ORIENTED WITH SOLID WALL AND EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF TO THE RAILROAD WITH SOUTHERN SUN AND MAXIMISING NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SUN

DEGREE OF UNIFORMITY WITH ARTS COMMONS TRANSFORMATION

Concept Consideration Arts Commons Transformation

Current Arts Commons

Arts Commons Transformation/ Revitalization

Scale: 170,000sqft Phase 1, 504, 000sqft Phase 2 Developer: Calgary Municipal Land Corp (CMLC) Prime Design Consultant: KPMB / Tawaw Architecture / Hindle Architects / SLA Location: Calgary, Alberta Year: Commencing 2024 A 170,000sqft facility to be done in two phases, Phase 1 a construction to include theatres, community spaces and venues in the downtown area. Phase 2 is a revitalization of the current 504,000sqft Arts Commons Facility

Massing Strategy

Massing Strategy

CREATE SPACES AT THE WEST FOR VEHICULAR SITE ACCESS FROM THE ONE WAY 9TH & ON THE EAST FOR OUTDOOR SPACE

Massing Strategy

CUT ANGLED PORTIONS TO ALLOW FOR MORE SUNLIGHT ON THE NORTH INTO THE BUILDING. DEEPER CENTER CUT FOR OUTDOOR SPACE

Massing Strategy

ADJUST FORM TO ACCOMMODATE PARKING RAMP TO THE NW. SET BUILDING BACK TO JOIN OUTDOOR AREAS. CURVE BUILDING TO COMPLEMENT PROPOSED ARTS COMMONS, SPEAK TO FUNCTIONS & ALLOW FOR AMBIENT LIGHT INTO SPACES ON THE NORTH.

Massing Strategy

OFFSET SECOND FLOOR CURVED PART TO REDUCE BUILDING AREA, CREATE DIFFERENCE IN FACADE AND ALLOW FOR OUTDOOR CAFE SPACE

Massing Strategy

CHANGE CURVE PATTERN, COMPLEMENT PROPOSED ARTS COMMONS & CREATE ACCESSIBLE OUTDOOR TERRACES TO THE NORTH

Massing Strategy

INCLUDE INACCESSIBLE OUTDOOR GREEN SPACE ON SOUTH FACE WHERE THERE IS MAXIMUM SUN EXPOSURE AND POTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABILITY.

1:200 Massing Model

Exterior View

N

Site Plan with Roof Plan

1m

4m

10m

North Elevation Render

N

Ground Floor Plan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

small gallery small gallery lobby/ reception main gallery shipping/ loading storage janitor exhibition prep exhibiton storage multipurpose hall exhibition workshop exhibition workshop staffroom meeting room office office office support kitchenette washroom washroom electrical

1

2 3 6

5

8

4

7

9

10

11 12 15

13

14

16

17

18

19 20

21

22 1m

4m

10m

Ground Floor Lobby

Ground Floor Lobby

Gallery

Gallery Render

N

First Floor Plan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

cafe classroom research lab lab office conference room janitor office office office support meeting room washroom washroom support conference room classroom

1

2

4

15

7

3 5

16

9

8

6

10

11 12

13

14

1m

4m

10m

Cafe

Upper Floor Balconies

N

Second Floor Plan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

outdoor area library resource room lounge outdoor area extensive green roof washroom storage lounge multipurpose room lounge

1

11 2

9

10

3 4 5

6

7

8 1m

4m

10m

Second Floor Lobby

Library

Overlooking the Balcony Render

Second Floor Balcony

Extensive Green Roof with Accessible Balcony Render

N

Underground Parking Plan

1m

4m

10m

Roof Plan

Section A-A

Section B-B

1m

4m

10m

1:100 Section Model

East & West Elevations

North & South Elevations

1:200 Massing Model

Urban Sections S- N

Urban Sections W-E

Sustainability SKYLIGHTS & GLAZING Skylights and glazing are located on several portions of the building, letting in natural light and reducing the building electrical loads.

EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF Extensive green roof system utilized on second floor south balcony of the building to protect building from direct solar heat, for cleaner runoff and for energy efficiency

CLERESTORY WINDOWS Clerestory windows on the south facade of the ground and first floors allow in light into the spaces.

The walls are higher here to serve as noise buffers for the rail line, thus these clerestory windows bring natural lighting into the spaces.

FINS Vertical fins located on the south facade of the second floor. Large area of glazing allows sunlight in.

If uncontrolled, the sunlight can cause discomfort for the building users. The vertical fins allow for the controlled admittance of sunlight, reducing the electricity loads by allowing natural light.

POROUS PAVEMENT The landscape is paved with paving stones creating a porous pavement for stormwater to pass through and into the cisterns underground reducing storm water runoff.

GATHERING SPACE The landscape on the south provides an area for people to gather for activities, thus fostering social sustainability and bringing the community together.

BUILDING ORIENTATION The building is oriented to maximise sunlight, while facing the major road for access.

CISTERNS Underground and storm water storage for the landscape

Structural Axonometric

Exterior View

1:100 Model

Materials- Exterior

CONCRETE

TRANSPARENT STRUCTURAL GLAZING

TRANSLUCENT GLAZING

Lafarge Ultra series Concrete. Precast.

Ferguson G3 Glass type [Triple Glazed].

6mm Heat Strengthened Low Iron

Vitrum 24mm .062 Custom Laminated Glass

Exterior South Walls.

1/2” Air Space, Argon Filled

Outer & inner 12mm each

6mm Heat Strengthened Low Iron

Glass panel sizes- 1600 x 2500mm

1/2” Air Space, Argon Filled

Exterior Glazed East/ West Walls, Some South Walls.

6mm Heat Strengthened Low Iron c/w Sunguard HD Silver 20 #5 Glass panel sizes- 2000 x 4000mm Exterior Glazed North Walls

Materials- Interior

TRANSPARENT GLAZING

WOOD FLOORING

WOOD FLOORING

Vitrum 12mm .030 Clear Laminated Glass

Parklex Prodema Nux Naturfloor W Floor panels. Office spaces, classrooms.

Parklex Prodema Grey Quercus Naturfloor W wood floor panels. Low maintenance.

Lobbies, corridors and walkways.

Outer & inner 12mm each Glass panel sizes- 2440 x 1605mm North Walls.

Panel dimensions- 2450 x 290mm | Thickness14mm

Panel dimensions- 2450 x 290mm | Thickness14mm

“It is in justice that the ordering of society is centered.”

- Aristotle.

Render

Index

References 2022. Land Use Bylaw. Accessed January 17. https://lub.calgary.ca/.

“8 Steps To Good Advocacy”. 2022. Chpca.Ca. Accessed January 20. https://www.chpca.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/8_Steps_to_Good_Advocacy.pdf.

Akinyetun, Tope Shola. “Reign of Terror: A Review of Police Brutality on Nigerian Youth by the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS).” African Security Review 30, no. 3 (2021): 376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2021.1947863.

“Arts Commons Transformation | CMLC”. 2022. CMLC. Accessed February 10. https://www.calgarymlc.ca/arts-commons-transformation.

“Calgary Arts Commons Transformation Project”. 2022. Majorprojects.Alberta.Ca. Accessed February 10. https://majorprojects.alberta.ca/details/Calgary-Arts-Commons-Transformation-Project/3764.

Callamard, Agnes and Bollinger, Lee. Regardless of Frontiers: Global Freedom of Expression in a Troubled World. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2021. 25-45. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.7312/boll19698 “Community Profiles”. 2022. Https://Www.Calgary.Ca. Accessed January 17. https://www.calgary.ca/csps/cns/research-and-strategy/community-profiles/community-profiles.html.

Design Of Research Space. 2018. Ebook. McGill University. https://www.mcgill.ca/buildings/files/buildings/design_of_research_space.pdf.

Dimković, Danijela Miodrag. 2016. Memorial Architecture As The Symbol Of Remembrance And Memories. Ebook. Faculty of Philology and Arts, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia: SEE J Archit Des. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/seejad.2016.10018.

Dittmar, Linda, and Joseph Entin. “Jamming the Works: Art, Politics and Activism Introduction.” Radical Teacher (Cambridge) 100, no. 100 (2014): 133–38. https://doi.org/10.5195/rt.2014.169.

“Downtown East Village Neighborhood In Calgary”. 2022. Walk Score. Accessed January 17. https://www.walkscore.com/CA-AB/Calgary/Downtown_East_Village.

Endsars Protest. 2021. Image. https://www.thestar.ng/police-to-lagosians-no-street-protest-to-mark-endsars-anniversary/.

Exhibition Space Guidelines : Construction And Arrangement. 2015. Ebook. Milano. https://cdn.archilovers.com/projects/29e3f825-b33c-48a6-a153-297c4389c411.pdf.

Filgueiras, Fernando. (2016). Political Injustice and Public Policy. 10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3020-1.

“Global Protest Tracker”. 2021. Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/interactive/protest-tracker.

“Grey Quercus — Parklex Prodema”. 2022. Parklex Prodema. Accessed February 10. https://parklexprodema.com/products/flooring/naturfloor-w-grey-quercus/.

Human Rights Indicators : A Guide To Measurement And Implementation. 2012. Ebook. https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/human_rights_indicators_en.pdf.

King Jr, Martin Luther. n.d. “A Quote From Letter From The Birmingham Jail”. Goodreads.com. Accessed January 14. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/631479-injustice-anywhere-is-a-threat-to-justice-everywhere-we-are.

Lampert, Nicolas, and Raoul Deal. “Watershed.” Radical History Review 2013, no. 116 (2013): 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1965829.

Maiese, Michelle. 2003. “Addressing Injustice”. Beyond Intractability. https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/address-injustice.

McKiernan, Zachary. 2012. “The Museum Of Memory And Human Rights: Making Consensus Matter? | National Council On Public History”. National Council On Public History. https://ncph.org/history-at-work/the-museum-of-memory-and-human-rights-making-consensus-matter/.

McQuillen, Charles. n.d. “Art Education Advocacy Quotes From The Classroom, The White House, And Capitol Hill”. Charlesmcquillen.Com. Accessed January 14. https://charlesmcquillen.com/advocacy/.

Museums And Galleries. 2022. Ebook. Accessed January 20. https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/promotional-materials/section/museums-and-galleries.

National Building Code- 2019 Alberta Edition. 2019. Ebook. Alberta: National Research Council of Canada. https://www.alberta.ca/building-codes-and-standards.aspx.

Philpott, Daniel. 2012. Just And Unjust Peace: An Ethic Of Political Reconciliation. Ebook. Oxford Scholarship Online. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827565.003.0004.

“Pilkington Planar™”. 2022. Pilkington.Com. Accessed February 10. https://www.pilkington.com/en/us/products/product-categories/glass-systems/pilkington-planar#projectreferences.

Rai, Yam Prasad. 2011. A Report On Memorial Architecture. Ebook. Kathmandu. https://www.academia.edu/6399743/Memorial_Architecture.

Sinclair, Brian R. 2019. “The Devil’S Crop: Rightness, Wrongness & Appropriateness In An Upside-Down Abyss”. Presentation, University of Calgary & sinclairstudio inc. Calgary Canada, , 2019.

“Sobre El Museo : Museo De La Memoria Y Los Derechos Humanos”. 2022. Web.Museodelamemoria.Cl. Accessed February 10. https://web.museodelamemoria.cl/sobre-el-museo/.

“The Project Team | Arts Commons Transformation (ACT)”. 2022. Artscommons.Ca. Accessed February 10. https://www.artscommons.ca/act/project-team.

“Triple Glazed Insulating Units”. 2022. Pilkington.Com. Accessed February 10. https://www.pilkington.com/en/global/commercial-applications/types-of-glass/structural-glazing/the-system/glass/triple-glazed-insulating-units.

Universal Declaration Of Human Rights. 2015.

Image References AP. 2021. People Shout Slogans During A Demonstration Against Government-Proposed Tax Reform, Marking May Day, Or International Workers’ Day, In Bogota, Colombia, On May 1, 2021. Image. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2021/05/photos-deadly-protests-across-colombia/618794/.

Archdaily. 2010. Memory Museum / Mario Figueroa + Carlos Dias + Lucas Fehr. Image. https://www.archdaily.com/47720/memory-museum-estudio-america.

Endsars Protest. 2021. Image. https://www.thestar.ng/police-to-lagosians-no-street-protest-to-mark-endsars-anniversary/.

“Google Earth”. 2022. Earth.Google.Com. Accessed January 17. https://earth.google.com/.

“Google Maps”. 2022. Maps.Google.Com. Accessed January 17. https://maps.google.com/.

Haddad, Mohammed. 2021. Mapping Major Protests Around The World. Image. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/30/mapping-major-protests-around-the-world.

Lawblogsa. 2022. Equality Before The Law. Image. Accessed February 10. https://lawblogsa.wordpress.com/2012/12/06/are-we-really-all-equal-before-the-law/equality-before-the-law/.

Pexels. 2022. Man In Black Jacket. Image. Accessed February 10. https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-black-jacket-1708987/.

Pexels. 2022. Man In Black Jacket. Image. Accessed February 10. https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-black-jacket-1708987/.

Orr, Kenny. 2020. Grave In Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France. Image. https://unsplash.com/photos/1AVTo_bdHWs. Rafael Vinoly Architects. 2022. Tokyo International Forum. Image. Accessed February 10. https://vinoly.com/works/tokyo-international-forum/#:~:text=The%20Tokyo%20International%20Forum%20is,global%20events%20and%20cultural%20exchange.

Reuters. 2017. Opposition Supporters Clash With Riot Police During A Rally Against President Nicolas Maduro In Caracas, Venezuela, May 3, 2017. Image. https://abcnews.go.com/International/venezuela-street-protests-turn-deadly-overhaul-constitution-begins/story?id=47192614.

The World. 2019. Protests That Rocked The World In 2019. Image. https://theworld.org/stories/2019-12-30/protests-rocked-world-2019.

Unexpected Santiago. 2013. Museum Of Memory And Human Rights, Santiago. Image. https://annaishere.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/unexpected-santiago/img_0072/.

Vallin, Felipe. 2019. Grayscale Photography Of Woman Inside Jail. Image. https://www.pexels.com/photo/grayscale-photography-of-woman-inside-jail-2307045/. world architects.com. 2022. Rafael Vinoly Architects Tokyo International Forum. Image. Accessed February 10. https://www.world-architects.com/en/rafael-vinoly-architects-new-york/project/tokyo-international-forum.