The ESACH Quarterly n°2 - April 2022

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ESACH

THE

QUA RTERLY

M ag azin e of t h e Eu rop ean St u d en t s?Associat ion for Cu lt u ral Herit ag e

ISSUE n °2 Ap ril 20 22

In t rod u ct ion t o Th e ESACH Qu ar t erly The ESACH Qua rterly is t h e in t ern at ion al, p eer-review ed m ag azin e of t h e Eu rop ean St u d en t s?Associat ion for Cu lt u ral Herit ag e (ESACH), t h at p rovid es an Op en Access sp ace for t h e d iscu ssion an d p u b licat ion of g rou n d ed u n iversit y an d in d ep en d en t ly carried research , p rofession al act ivit y an d con t en t in variou s form at s exem p lifyin g p erson al en g ag em en t in t o all asp ect s of Cu lt u ral Herit ag e.

Issu e n °2 - Ap ril 20 22 Cover p h ot o: M ah laq a Fah am i

ESACH (Th e Eu rop eanSt u d en t s?

Associat ion f or Cu l t u ralHerit ag e) Ed it orial Team Ed it or-in -Ch ief: Gia com o M a rtinis Blog Ed it or: M eeta li Gupta Con t en t Ed it or: Kim berly Bingel Grap h ic Ed it or: Angélica Veda na

ESACH Team M a rius M üller Ca rlota M a rijuá n Rodríguez Sorina Nea csu Qi Wa ng Ila ria di Ca gno Em ilia Sá nchez Gonzá lez Ca roline Ca pdepon Vibhuti Ya da v Riley M a rsha l Sa bela Gom ez Yesoo Ya ng M a ria Thim oteo Ca rm ina Revert Chia ra Ciuffa Con t act studentsforcultura lherita ge@gm a il.com

Eu rop ean St u d en t s?Associat ion for Cu lt u ral Herit ag e @esach _sp irit

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ESACH, 20 22 © 20 22 b y t h e Eu rop ean St u d en t s?Associat ion for Cu lt u ral Herit ag e (ESACH).

Th e ESACH Qu art erly 2.1 (Ap r. 20 22) is m ad e availab le u n d er t h e Creat ive Com m on s At t rib u t ion 4 .0 In t ern at ion al Licen ce (CC BY 4 .0 ). To view a cop y of t h is licen ce, visit h t t p s://creat ivecom m on s.org /licen ses/b y/4 .0/

CONTENTS 2 Ed it orial Su st ain ab le Tou rism an d Cu l t u ral Herit ag e 7 Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est Héct or M an u el Aliag a d e M ig u el 9 Arch it ect u ral Lan d scap e Sket ch es Héct or M an u el Aliag a d e M ig u el 11 Herit ag e & Tou rism for Su st ain ab le Solu t ion s: St akeh old er In volvem en t in Herit ag e Tou rism Ella Bék ési an d Reb ecca Fried el

St u d y of t h e M alacolog ical Fau n a of t h e Rom an Villa ?El Collet ?

By: Alb a Gim b ert

17 St u d y of t h e M alacolog ical Fau n a of t h e Rom an Villa ?El Collet ?

Alb a Gim b er t

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Com m u n icat in g Cu l t u re 27 Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est Rach el Bon n ici 29 How Can W e Avoid Hist orical "Cu lt u ral Ap p rop riat ion " in an On g oin g Glob alized W orld ?

Carolin e Cap d ep on 35 Com m u n it ies at t h e Foref ron t of Lon g -Term Ru ral Tou rism Prog ram s. Th e Case Exam p le of t h e W W OOF M ovem en t Em ilia Sán ch ez Gon zález 41 BOHOB: Cat an ia Up sid e-D ow n M arialau ra Calog ero, Lau ra La Rosa, M at t eo Pen n isi an d Grazian o Test a 49 Herit ag e an d In n ovat ion : a Su m m ary of t h e ILUCIDARE Su m m er Sch ool Elen a-M aria Cau t i?

79 Reflect ion s of St on eh en g e: Th e In t an g ib le Cu lt u ral Herit ag e of Con t em p orary Pag an ism Lisa Brow n Com m u n it y En g ag em en t f or Cu l t u ral Herit ag e 87 Ph ot og rap y an d Visu al Art s Con t est HERIT? GE 89 Beyon d En g ag em en t : Com m u n it y Led W orld Herit ag e Nom in at ion s of In d ig en ou s Sit es in Au st ralia Sh ari Bon e

W orld Herit ag e Ch allen g es & Op p or t u n it ies

93 Con n ect in g You t h t o Herit ag e t h rou g h M in ecraft : Exp lorin g New Ap p roach es t o Herit ag e Ed u cat ion - M I.M OM O.FARO Tiag o Can d eias

55 Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est M ah laq a Fah am i

103 Ad jara: M u lt icu lt u ral Hist ory - On e St ory Liu b ov Ku zn et sova

57 Recon version an d Au t h en t icit y: Th e Case of Hag ia Sop h ia Ist an b u l, Tu rkey Sh ah eera Pesn an i, Valen t in e M areau Flam b eau x

107 Hu m an Rig h t s an d Herit ag e: a Eu rop ean Herit ag e Volu n t eers Project in t h e Form er Con cen t rat ion Cam p of M au t h au sen An g élica Ved an a

63 PART II UNESCO Associat ed Sch ools in Germ an y: t h e Exp erien ce of Bam b erg Iu liia Erem en k o 73 Slavery M em ory, D ecolon izat ion an d Geop olit ics of t h e W orld Herit ag e List M aria Th im ot eo

Cu l t u ral Herit ag e & Clim at e Ch an g e 113 Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est Rog er Neg red o Fern án d ez 115 Th e Eu rop ean a Clim at e Act ion M an ifest o. Eu rop ean a 122 Su b m ission s

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By y o u n g p eo p le, fo r y o u n g p eo p le!

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| After la unching this project la st June through the publica tion of the opening issue for Th e ESACH Qu art erly, we rem a ined plea sa ntly surprised by the a m ount of inquiries, a bstra ct subm issions, a nd entries tha t we received for the second num ber. The interest testifies the strong enga gem ent of the concerned public of students a nd ea rly professiona ls towa rds our com m on topic of concern: enha ncing Cultura l Herita ge in the broa d a nd interdisciplina ry sense.

W ith grea t plea sure, we a re now presenting the second issue of The ESACH Qua rterly, which dra ws together the a ccom plishm ents of the ESACH com m unity in 20 21 a nd is now relea sed in the fra m ework of the Europea n Yea r of Youth 20 22: thus a dding to the discourse on wha t the EU is doing for Youth, a nd vice versa .

We hope tha t the publica tion of the present num ber could a dequa tely rewa rd the efforts of the m a ny individua ls behind its pa ges, a nd likewise of the orga nisa tions com m itted to enha ncing its success a nd further evolution. As a lwa ys, we would like to express gra titude towa rds our supporting pa rtners: Europa Nostra a nd the Europea n Herita ge Tribune m ost nota bly. The editoria l process of this num ber ha s a lso been enriched by new collea gues from the Europea na New Professiona ls Ta sk Force a nd from The Herita ge M a na gem ent Orga niza tion (HERIT?GE), tha t contributed with divulga tory pieces on releva nt initia tives presently im plem ented, a nd a rticles a rising from the work of the Europea n Herita ge Volunteers, whose support in susta ining this project ha s a lso to be a cknowledged.

As a digita l publica tion entirely developed during Covid-19 tim e, the ESACH Coordina tion Com m ittee a nd the Editoria l Tea m ha s a lso been a ble to overcom e the m obility lim ita tions im posed by the sa nita ry em ergency a nd so to extend the outrea ch of our writers, rega rdless where they a re writing from .

Further initia tives susta ining the circula tion of idea s a nd persona l efforts in the field, inva ria bly ca rried out on the principles of peer-to-peer lea rning, a re ea gerly expected. These will continue to open excha nge opportunities for the enga ged Youth while prom oting new perspectives.

For the tim e being, enjoy the rea ding! | Giacom o M ar t in is Ed it or-in -Ch ief

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ESACH Talks! Feb ru ary 20 21 · Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est

ESACH Talks! are an in t eract ive, fast -p aced on lin e even t t h at p rovid es a p lat form for sh arin g kn ow led g e am on g st st u d en t s an d you n g p rofession als w orkin g w it h in cu lt u ral h erit ag e st u d ies.

SUSTA IN A BLE TOURISM & CULTURA L HERITA GE In ou r f if t h session , w e exp lored you n g an d in n ovat ive p ersp ect ives on su st ain ab le t ou rism an d it s relat ion sh ip t o cu l t u ral h erit ag e. Am on g ot h ers, w e covered t op ics as t h e con t rib u t ion of t ou rism t o h erit ag e con ser vat ion an d t ou rism as a d river f or su st ain ab le h erit ag e-led d evelop m en t ; visit ors m an ag em en t at cu l t u ral h erit ag e sit es; t h e relat ion sh ip b et w een cu l t u ral t ou rism t o local com m u n it ies.

PHOTOGRA PHY A N D V ISUA L A RTS CONTEST Héct or M an u el Aliag a d e M ig u el is an arch it ect f rom t h e Polyt ech n ic Un iversit y of M ad rid (BArch + M Arch at UPM ) an d sp ecialised in a M ast er in Cu lt u ral Herit ag e M an ag em en t b y t h e Com p lu t en se Un iversit y of M ad rid (M Ph il at UCM ), h e is cu rren t ly d oin g h is Ph D research at t h e UPM in t h e f ield of su st ain ab ilit y an d u rb an reg en erat ion t h rou g h t h e Cu lt u ral Herit ag e of b ig cit ies.

Em ail: h ect oralm i@h ot m ail.com

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n°2 - Ap ril 20 22

?

Travel "h an d m ad e d raw in g " in Colm en ar d e Oreja, a villag e w it h in t ou rist p rog ram m e "11 Villas d e la Com u n id ad d e M ad rid ", w h ich p rom ot es Su st ain ab le Cu lt u ral Tou rism of p roxim it y an d h ig h lifh t s t h e cu lt u ral h erit ag e, lan d scap es, g ast ron om y an d t rad it ion of t h e reg ion .

-- Héct or M an u el Aliag a d e M ig u el

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

A RCHITECTURA L LA N DSCA PE SK ETCHES Héct or M an u el Aliag a d e M ig u el

Fig . 1: Sa n M illá n, Spa in.

D ra wing m a de by the a uthor, 20 15.

Th e q u ick sket ch , t h e f reeh an d d raw in g or t h e t en -m in u t es-d raft , is u n d ou b t ed ly a t ech n iq u e w ell kn ow n t o t h e vast m ajorit y of arch it ect s.

Ob servin g an d rep resen t in g t h e relat ion sh ip s of sp ace on p ap er b ecom es a key t ool for the an alysis of arch it ect u re an d lan d scap e, even w h en on e is on a t rip .

Th at is w h y, in h is st yle an d t ech n iq u e, w it h h is p erson al im p rin t , a g ood arch it ect h as a sm all sket ch b ook t h at alw ays accom p an ies h im . In it , h e can look , cap t u re w h at h e sees, an d look ag ain at w h at su rrou n d s h im .

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In t h is w ay, arch it ect u re an d t h e cu lt u ral lan d scap e of t ow n s, cit ies, b u ild in g s an d m on u m en t s are u n d erst ood w it h a d ifferen t an d m u ch m ore com p let e read in g , in fact , a m u ch d eep er an d m ore p art icu lar p oin t of view . All you n eed t o d o is t o b u ild t h e f irst lin es as a b asis for t h e d raw in g , t o f ram e t h e rig h t p rop ort ion s, an d f rom t h ere let you r h an d an d creat ivit y flow . .

In t h is p art icu lar case, d u e t o p erson al an d p rofession al t raject ory, t h e com m on t h read is b ased on Cu lt u ral Herit ag e an d , m ore sp ecif ically, on arch it ect u ral

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

h erit ag e. Th an ks t o t h e sket ch in g t ech n iq u e, each of t h e d raw in g s sh ow s an in st an t in w h ich a sp ecif ic scen ic f ram e is rep resen t ed at som e p oin t in t h e jou rn ey; m om en t s in w h ich , alw ays, t h e b u ilt h erit ag e st an d s as t h e p rot ag on ist elem en t .

How ever, w h en w e say "m om ent", it is b ecau se t h at is really h ow t h e sket ch in g p rocess h ap p en s.

Alt h ou g h h ere, in the accom p an yin g im ag es on ly t h e f in al resu lt is sh ow n , n orm ally t h ese "quick" d raw in g s are m ad e d u rin g a coffee b reak , d u rin g a p au se on a t ou rist rou t e or d u rin g t h e con t em p lat ion t im e of a su n set . In ot h er w ord s, a sm all p eriod of rest d u rin g t h e jou rn ey, in w h ich arch it ect s can an alyse an d cap t u re t h eir su rrou n d in g s in a d ifferen t w ay: w it h p en cil an d p ap er.

D raw in g s m ad e b y t h e au t h or.

Fig .2: Hong Kong, People's Republic of China , 20 19.

Fig .3: M a ria na , Bra zil, 20 18.

Fig .4 : Wa shington, United Sta tes of Am erica , 20 18.

Fig .5: Kuressa a re, Estonia , 20 16.

Fig .6: Rio de Ja neiro, Bra zil, 20 19.

As a resu lt , w it h t h e p assag e of t im e an d t h e ad d it ion an d ad d it ion of d raw in g s, the t ech n iq u e is p erfect ed , an d each arch it ect f in d s h is ow n p art icu lar st yle. In t h is w ay, each on e rep resen t s w h at m ost id en t if ies h im or h er: a g en eral view of t h e lan d scap e, very sp ecif ic d et ails of a b u ild in g , a d raw in g w it h rap id st rokes, m ore or less sch em at ic elem en t s, or a p art icu lar t h em e; b u t alw ays w it h a p erson al an d recog n isab le m ark . In sh ort , it is an ot h er w ay of ap p roach in g t h e cu lt u re of each cit y an d each t errit ory, of d eep en in g an d con n ect in g w it h each on e of t h e p laces w e visit , b ot h close t o h om e an d ab road .

Aft er all, t h is is ju st a sm all sam p le of t h e resu lt of m an y years of w ork , in a p rocess of con st an t evolu t ion an d im p rovem en t im p licit in every arch it ect w h o likes t o t ravel an d d raw , an d , in t h is case, w h o likes t o con t rib u t e w it h h is w ay of lookin g at lan d scap e an d h erit ag e?

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

HERITA GE & TOURISM FOR SUS STA K EHOLDER INVOLV EM ENT Ella Bék ési an d Reb ecca Fried el

Su st ain ab ilit y h as b ecom e a b u zzw ord ; everyon e st rives t o b e su st ain ab le in som e w ay or an ot h er n ow ad ays. Th e Un it ed Nat ion s h as m ad e it t h eir overarch in g g oal t o lead t h e w orld t o su st ain ab ilit y in all asp ect s of life. Th is, of cou rse, in clu d es t h ose asp ect s of life relat ed to h erit ag e m an ag em en t an d , u lt im at ely, t h e t ou rism in d u st ry. Of issu es relat ed t o su st ain ab le h erit ag e m an ag em en t an d t ou rism , p erh ap s m ost salien t is t h e fact t h at ad jacen t , in d ig en ou s, an d vu ln erab le com m u n it ies are oft en exclu d ed from t ou rism d evelop m en t an d beca use of t ou rism d evelop m en t .

W h en t ou rism d evelop m en t p roject s fail t o in corp orat e t h ese ad jacen t st akeh old er g rou p s, a d iscon n ect form s b et w een h erit ag e sp aces an d local p op u lat ion s. Th is can resu lt in t h e loss of cu lt u ral id en t it ies an d a sen se of com m u n it y. W h en p eop le are n ot allow ed t o en g ag e w it h a h erit ag e sit e in a m ean in g fu l w ay, for exam p le b y earn in g a livin g f rom sh ow casin g art isan skills or in d ig en ou s p ract ices, t h ey g rad u ally see less societ al valu e in t h ese lifew ays. Peop le lose t rad it ion s, leave, an d m ove on t o f in d ot h er em p loym en t .

Th is can leave h erit ag e sit es vu ln erab le to d est ru ct ion , Glob ally, p eop le form sp ecial van d alism , an d loot in g t h rou g h con n ect ion s w it h a g en eral loss of sp ace or arch aeolog ical sit es an d resp ect for a p art icu lar cu lt u re. h erit ag e sp aces. In p art icu lar, In m an y areas of t h e w orld , t h e in d ig en ou s an d ad jacen t in d ivid u als livin g ad jacen t t o com m u n it ies d esire access t o sit es an d h erit ag e sp aces live t h ese sit es, t o sh are an d relive on a few d ollars a d ay. Th ese t h eir m em ories, as p art of p op u lat ion s oft en su st ain keep in g t h eir cu lt u re alive. Th at t h em selves b y sellin g art isan is, m ain t ain in g in t an g ib le p rod u ct s, food , p rovid in g cu lt u re t h rou g h t h eir t an g ib le g u id ed t ou rs or g row in g crop s, cu lt u re. raisin g cat t le, an d h u n t in g an d

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

STA IN A BLE SOLUTIONS: IN HERITA GE TOURISM f ish in g w it h in h erit ag e sit es an d n at u re reserves. Th ese act ivit ies, alt h ou g h g rou n d ed in t o t h e h erit ag e sig n if ican ce of t h e p lace, can b e d est ru ct ive if n ot m an ag ed p rop erly or con sid ered w it h in p lan s for t ou rism d evelop m en t .

Th e resu lt is a d ilem m a b et w een en su rin g t h e p h ysical con servat ion of sit es an d art ifact s, on t h e on e h an d , or m ain t ain in g t h e livelih ood s of local an d in d ig en ou s com m u n it ies su rrou n d in g t h em , on t h e ot h er. Sep arat ely, t h ese op t ion s d o n ot p rovid e a m ean s t o en g ag e w it h cu lt u re an d h erit ag e in an econ om ically, en viron m en t ally, an d cu lt u rally su st ain ab le

m an n er. Yet , t h rou g h the in volvem en t of st akeh old ers an d ad jacen t com m u n it ies in d ecision -m akin g p rocesses an d p lan n in g , the on ly t ru ly su st ain ab le aven u e for h erit ag e m an ag em en t an d t ou rism em erg es.

"W e can n ot eat ou r d an ces; w e can n ot eat ou r ar t !"

W e d o n ot m ean t o su g g est t ou rism as a solu t ion for every issu e relat ed to h erit ag e m an ag em en t .

It cert ain ly can n ot solve p rom in en t d eb at es su rrou n d in g q u est ion s of cu lt u ral ow n ersh ip or lan d rig h t s. St ill, it is clear t h at exclusion of local com m u n it ies

Fig .1: M s Felicita Ca ntun, Yuca tec M a ya Activist a nd founder of Ka na n M ia tsil Gua rdia ns of Culture from Belize. Source: Ka na n M ia tsil Gua rdia ns of Culture

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

f rom t ou rism an d associat ed econ om ic op p ort u n it ies is an u rg en t t h reat t o ou r sh ared h erit ag e, w h ich in clu sive t ou rism f ram ew orks can h elp m it ig at e. As M s Felicit a Can t u n , a Yu cat ec M aya act ivist f rom Belize, said ; "We ca nnot ea t our da nces; we ca nnot ea t our a rt! We need to get pa id to survive a nd to continue sa fegua rding our culture!"

Su st ain ab ilit y com es f rom allow in g h erit ag e an d local com m u n it ies t o in form an d d rive t ou rism act ivit ies. On t h e ot h er h an d , t ou rism 's econ om ic p ot en t ial can su p p ort su st ain ab le, research -focu sed cu lt u ral p roject s an d en t rep ren eu rial asp irat ion s em erg in g n ear h erit ag e sp aces an d in rem ot e areas.

Fig .2: Cerros Archa eologica l Reserve, Coroza l D istrict, Belize.

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In t erd iscip lin ar y an d m u l t ivocal p roject s A larg e p rop ort ion of t ou rist s t ravel to exp erien ce the d iversit y of h u m an lifew ays, som et h in g t h at is in h eren t w h en cu lt u ral h erit ag e is em b raced an d fost ered as an asset at t h e local sp h ere. By h ig h lig h t in g an d st ren g t h en in g t h ese t h read s b et w een cu lt u ral d iversit y an d t ou rism , w e can p rovid e com m u n it ies w it h t h e op p ort u n it ies an d sp aces t h ey n eed t o d evelop su st ain ab ly.

Org an izat ion s an d local t ou rism st akeh old er associat ion s can serve as referen ce g rou p s, p rovid e cap acit y b u ild in g for cu lt u ral p rofession als, an d d evelop cu lt u ral exp erien ces with h erit ag e st akeh old ers. In t h e m ean t im e, t h ese cu lt u ral p rofession als alon g w it h h erit ag e m an ag ers, con servat ion sp ecialist s, an d n at ion al or in t ern at ion al h erit ag e org an izat ion s sh ou ld h ave a p lace at t h e t ou rism

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

t ab le, w orkin g t og et h er t o p reven t m ass-t ou rism t h at is d iscon n ect ed f rom local com m u n it ies an d en d an g ers cu lt u ral au t h en t icit y.

Collab orat ion f or Ch an g e

First an d forem ost , b ot h h erit ag e m an ag em en t an d t ou rism m u st b e for t h e com m u n it ies w it h in w h ich t h ey Som e exam p les of collab orat ive w ork t o fost er su st ain ab le p roject s in clu d e volu n t ou rism , d evelop m en t , t h at is, public w h ere h erit ag e p roject s in it iat ives. In realizin g t h e role of in corp orat e the t ou rism h erit ag e an d it s socio-econ om ic elem en t , allow in g visit ors t o p ot en t ial in ou r societ y, it is t ravel w h ile ed u cat in g ap p aren t t h at t h e m ain st ream t h em selves t h rou g h w orkin g focu s of su st ain ab ilit y, h erit ag e for an d su p p ort in g a social or m an ag em en t , t ou rism , an d cu lt u ral cau se.

An ot h er t h eir relat ed f ield s in t ersect t o ap p roach is op en in g an d p rovid e p ract ical solu t ion s in su p p ort in g com m u n it y reach in g the Su st ain ab le m u seu m in it iat ives an d D evelop m en t Goals. Alt h ou g h cu rat in g locally-focu sed t h ere are m an y con t roversies exh ib it ion s. Tou rism in it iat ives t h at h erit ag e relat ed d iscip lin es can creat e com m u n it y g ard en s like arch aeolog y face reg ard in g or ecolog ical p arks u sin g h erit ag e t ou rism an d it s t rad it ion al m et h od s, w orkin g d evelop m en t , con sciou s an d with an d for n at ive p op u lat ion s resp on sib le collab orat ion w it h u n p aralleled kn ow led g e of b et w een h erit ag e st akeh old ers t h e lan d . an d t h e t ou rism in d u st ry ca n serve as an excellen t t ool t o Com m u n it y-led sit e an d m it ig at e en viron m en t al, social, com m u n it y reh ab ilit at ion an d econ om ic d iff icu lt ies. p rog ram s or st ory-t ellin g an d Ult im at ely, b rin g in g h erit ag e oral h ist ory w orksh op s are also an d t ou rism t o t h e foref ron t of excellen t w ays t o allow p eop le t h e 2030 Su st ain ab ilit y Ag en d a. t o t ake t h e lead in safeg u ard in g t h eir h erit ag e. Th ese sp aces can Yet , t o d o t h is, w e n eed t o raise fost er local d evelop m en t or aw aren ess of t h e in t ersect ion research op p ort u n it ies w h ile b et w een h erit ag e creat in g con t en t an d g at h erin g m an ag em en t an d t ou rism , all in form at ion t h at can fu el w h ile fu n d am en t ally fu n d raisin g t o en su re t h e reim ag in in g ? if n ot re-creat in g su st ain ab ilit y of fu t u re h erit ag e ? h erit ag e an d t ou rism p roject p roject s. Th ese t yp es of t ou rism f ram ew orks as collab orat ive in it iat ives in volve local an d com m u n it y-d riven . st akeh old ers an d b u ild on Ult im at ely, the role t h at p ract ical, accessib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e an d t ou rism p lay in kn ow led g e, allow in g for p eop le b u ild in g com m u n it y, creat in g t o con t in u ou sly en g ag e w it h p art n ersh ip s, an d im p rovin g t h eir cu lt u re an d h erit ag e. econ om ic st ab ilit y is cen t ral t o ach ievin g t h e 17 UN Su st ain ab le D evelop m en t Goals. By g ivin g local com m u n it ies a voice an d sp ace in t h ese p roject s, w e em p ow er t h em t o fu lf ill t h eir rig h t fu l roles as in flu en t ial an d resilien t st akeh old ers.

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig .3: The Herita ge Educa tion Network Belize Tea m in 20 20.

Through socia lly a nd digita lly innova tive, holistic, a nd colla bora tive projects, we a im to em power loca l com m unities a nd sta keholders to crea te a nd m a inta in susta ina ble lifewa ys through culture.

Ab ou t t h e Au t h ors:

Ella p art icip at ed in t h e Lam an ai Arch aeolog y Project (LAP) in Belize, an d h ave b een assist in g b ran ch es of t h e Belizean Nat ion al In st it u t e of Cu lt u re an d Hist ory in n u m erou s p roject s.

ELLA ERZSEBET BEKESI

Ella w as b orn an d raised in Bu d ap est , Hu n g ary. Sh e st u d ied Arch aeolog y an d Cu lt u ral Herit ag e at Un iversit y Colleg e Lon d on in t h e Un it ed Kin g d om an d w orked as an assist an t in p u b lic an d com m ercial arch aeolog y as w ell as in t h e h erit ag e sect ors in t h e Un it ed Kin g d om an d Cen t ral Am erica.

PAGE 15

Th rou g h ou t t h e years, Ella w it n essed t h e effect of socio-econ om ic issu es relat ed t o arch aeolog ical con servat ion an d t h e safeg u ard in g of h erit ag e an d cu lt u re. Sh e d evelop ed an in t erd iscip lin ary in t erest in in clu sive an d su st ain ab le arch aeolog ical an d cu lt u ral h erit ag e m an ag em en t t h rou g h h erit ag e ed u cat ion an d t ou rism in Lat in Am erica.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

HERITAGE ED UCATION NETW ORK BELIZE

REBECCA FRIED EL Reb ecca w as b orn an d raised in W ood st ock , Illin ois, USA. Sh e received h er Bach elor of Art s in An t h rop olog y w it h a m in or in Geog rap h y f rom t h e Un iversit y of Illin ois at Ch icag o in 20 10. In 20 12, sh e st art ed t h e g rad u at e p rog ram in An t h rop olog y at t h e Un iversit y of Texas at San An t on io (UTSA) w h ere sh e received h er M A in 20 17 an d Ph D in 20 21. Sh e is p assion at e ab ou t ed u cat ion an d is an an t h rop olog ist an d arch aeolog ist b y t rain in g w h o sp ecializes in t h e st u d y of an cien t h u m an -p lan t relat ion sh ip s.

Reb ecca h as con d u ct ed research for t h e M op an Valley Arch aeolog y an d Preclassic Project s in Cayo, Belize sin ce 20 13. Sh e also co-fou n d ed Fajin a Arch aeolog y Ou t reach in 20 15. Reb ecca is also a Fu lb rig h t alu m , h avin g served as a visit in g sch olar at t h e Un iversit y of Belize for t h e 20 21 sp rin g sem est er.

Ella an d Reb ecca recen t ly co-fou n d ed Herit ag e Ed u cat ion Net w ork Belize, alon g w it h Sylvia Bat t y an d Ap ril M art in ez.

HENB is a n on p rof it org an isat ion d ed icat ed t o safeg u ard in g cu lt u ral an d n at u ral h erit ag e t h rou g h ed u cat ion , cap acit y b u ild in g an d ad vocacy. HENB?s g oal is t o h elp t h e su st ain ab le d evelop m en t of st akeh old er com m u n it ies, cu lt u ral, creat ive an d t ou rism b u sin esses as w e b elieve t h ey are key st akeh old ers t o ach ievin g ou r m ission .

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: in fo@h erit ag eb elize.org ; ella@h erit ag eb elize.org ; reb ecca@h erit ag eb elize.org Lin ked In : Ella Békési; Reb ecca Fried el W eb sit e: Herit ag e Ed u cat ion Net w ork Belize Faceb ook : @Herit ag eEd u cat ion Net w ork In st ag ram : @h erit ag eb elize

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

St u d y o f t h e M a la co lo g ica l Fa u n a o f t h e Ro m a n V illa ?El Co llet ?

Alba Gim bert

Keyw ord s - El Collet - Arch aeom alacolog y - Biod iversit y - Con su m p t ion

Ab st ract Th e villa ?El Collet ? is a Rom an villa, act ive f rom t h e 1st cen t u ry BC t o t h e 4 t h AD an d locat ed on a rocky h ill b et w een San t An t on i d e Calon g e an d Palam ós (in t h e Nort h ern Cat alan cou n t y of Baix Em p ord à). In t h e floor of t h e villa 613 arch eom alacolog ical sam p les h ave b een fou n d , an d t h eir st u d y p rovid es us w it h in form at ion ab ou t m arin e m alacofau n a p op u lat ion s, an d so on food p referen ces an d cu st om s of t h e Rom an t im e alike. Th e ob ject ive of t h is research focu ses on t h e id en t if icat ion of t h e sam p le sp ecies, t h e d iversit y an d rep resen t at iven ess of each on e, an d on w h ich w ere m ore com m on in t h e d iet of t h e in h ab it an t s of ?El Collet ?.

Based on t h eir d ist rib u t ion in t h e coast al zon e, it h as also b een p ossib le t o assess w h ich areas w ere t h e m ost exp loit ed an d w h ich f ish in g t ech n iq u es w ere u sed t o cat ch t h e m ollu sks.

Th e resu lt s sh ow a rich n ess of 29 sp ecies an d a h ig h d iversit y in t h e arch eolog ical sit e, w h ich cou ld m ean a d iverse con su m p t ion of m ollu sks.

Nevert h eless, the relat ive ab u n d an ce of each sp ecies sh ow s rem arkab le p referen ce over ot h er sp ecies,

PAGE 17

su ch as Ostrea edulis, w it h 35% of t h e t ot al rep resen t at ion . It is also kn ow n t h at som e sp ecies of F. M u ricid ae w ere u sed t o ob t ain p u rp le d ye, w it h sp ecies su ch as Hexa plex trunculus an d Bolinus bra nda ris. In ord er t o ext ract t h e in k , t h e in h ab it an t s h ad t o m an ip u lat e t h e g ast rop od s an d f rag m en t t h eir sh ells, as evid en ced in variou s sam p les of the sit e, d esp it e the lit t le rep resen t at iven ess t o d ed u ce t h is act ivit y w h olesale. Cu rren t ly, som e com m on an d p rized sp ecies at t h at t im e h ave su ffered a sig n if ican t red u ct ion in t h eir p op u lat ion s t o t h e p oin t of b ecom in g t h reat en ed or en d an g ered . It is t h e case of t h e m ost ab u n d an t sp ecies in t h e arch aeolog ical sit e, O. edulis an d S. ga ederopus, an d g ast rop od s like Pa tella ferruginea .

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

on es.

In t rod u ct ion Arch aeom alacolog y is the d iscip lin e resp on sib le for st u d yin g t h e m ollu sks locat ed in t h e d ifferen t arch aeolog ical sit es in ord er t o b e ab le t o an alyze t h e b iolog ical an d social con d it ion s of t h e d ifferen t eras. It h as it s b eg in n in g s in t h e 19t h cen t u ry, an d research on t h e resou rces t h at t h ese su p p ose h as g row n rem arkab ly in t h e last d ecad es, con solid at in g t h e p ract ice w it h in t h e zooarch aeolog y as a key elem en t in t h e arch aeolog ical st u d y (Gu t iérrez et a l., 20 15).

Th e in form at ion p rovid ed b y t h e arch aeom alacolog ical record s of t h e sit es p rovid es, am on g ot h er t h in g s, a w ay of research in g p aleoen viron m en t al an d p aleoclim at ic ch an g es. It also allow s u s t o u n d erst an d t h e n at u ral d ist rib u t ion of sp ecies an d t h eir d iversit y at d ifferen t t im es, id en t ify en d em ic an d in vasive sp ecies, or the con servat ion st at u s of a p art icu lar area. In ot h er w ord s, an in t eg ral st u d y of the m alacolog ical b iod iversit y of a sit e allow s u s t o g ive an evolu t ion ary p ersp ect ive on a h ist orical level an d t o recon st ru ct b iolog ical an d ecolog ical set t in g s f rom rem ot e t im es t o t h e m ost con t em p orary

In form at ion on an cien t f ish eries is scarce, b u t Rom an m osaics, alon g w it h variou s art form s, g lassw are, an d m et alw ork , h ave b een u sed as valu ab le d ocu m en t s to u n d erst an d t h e d ifferen t asp ect s t h at ch aract erize f ish in g in Rom an t im es. Th e collect ion of m ollu sks, b ivalves an d f ish f rom t h e n earest su rrou n d in g s of t h e villas u su ally p red om in at ed , w it h a p referen ce for sp ecies t h at in h ab it ed t h e m ed iu m an d h ig h in t ert id al en viron m en t , w it h a rocky an d san d y su b st rat u m , w h ich m ean t p roxim it y t o t h e coast (Carlsson an d Fern án d ez, 20 15).

Elab orat e f ish in g t ech n iq u es t h at carry som e resem b lan ce t o t h e cu rren t on es w ere ad op t ed , su ch as rod s w it h d ifferen t h ooks, n et s w it h lon g lin e syst em s, h an d les, t rid en t s (Fig .1), h arp oon s or t raw lin g (Bern al, 20 12; M art ín ez, 1992). All t h is in t erest in the m arin e en viron m en t an d t h e d em an d for it s p rod u ct s d evelop ed an in t en se in d u st ry lin ked t o it s exp loit at ion .

Th is act ivit y led t o t h e in st allat ion of coast al fact ories su ch as t h ose in Em p ú ries, Tarrag on a an d

Fig .1: Iron trident found in Tel D or in Isra el, before (A) a nd a fter (B) ha ving been restored. Source: Ra va ra , 20 0 9.

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig .2: Loca tion of the villa . A: topogra phic m a p, ICGC. The Collet a rea is m a rked in ora nge. B: in red is the Collet a nd in blue the Collet Ea st. The da shed line shows the coa stline in Rom a n tim es.

Source: Author.

Roses.

To locat e u s in sp ace, t h e Collet villa is cu rren t ly locat ed ab ou t 4 0 0 m et ers f rom t h e sea lin e an d rises ab ou t 20 m et ers ab ove t h e level of t h e b each , b u t in t h e p ast t h e sam e facilit y w as reach ed b y t h e coast (Fig .2). Sh ort ly aft er t h e con st ru ct ion of t h e villa an im p ort an t p ot t ery of t h e East Collet (Fig . 2) set t led , locat ed t o t h e n ort h east of t h e en closu re, t h at p ossib ly com p rised t h e in d u st rial sect or of t h e villa in rep u b lican t im e.

Ob ject ives Th e aim of t h e research st u d y w as t o id en t ify t h e m alacolog ical sam p les in ord er t o d et erm in e w h ich sp ecies w ere m ore f req u en t ly collect ed in the Rom an t im es an d com p are it w it h the cu rren t t im es m alacofau n a.

Th e sp ecif ic ob ject ives p rop osed are: -

Fig .3.

Genera l pla n of the villa of Collet with the loca tion of m ost of the m a la cofa una found (circled in red). Source: Pa la hí, Ll.

-

-

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Id en t ifyin g the sp ecies fou n d in t h e excavat ion w orks.

Evalu at in g the relat ive ab u n d an ce an d d iversit y of sp ecies sam p les.

Classifyin g the sp ecies accord in g to t h eir d ist rib u t ion in t h e d ifferen t lit t oral zon es in ord er t o d et ect w h ich w ere t h e m ost exp loit ed areas at t h at t im e.

D iscu ssin g the p ossib le f ish in g m et h od s u sed at t h at t im e an d coast .

Com p are the m ollu sk con su m p t ion in Rom an t im es w it h t h e cu rren t on e in Cat alon ia.

Id en t ifyin g if som e of t h e sp ecies w h ich w ere fou n d are n ow en d an g ered .

D iscu ssin g ot h er p ossib le u ses of m ollu sks, ap art f rom food con su m p t ion .

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Fig .4 : Pie cha rt showing the rela tive a bunda nce of ea ch species identified in the Vil·la del Collet. In the legend, they a re ordered from highest to lowest rela tive a bunda nce.

Source: Author.

Resu l t s D u rin g t h e excavat ion cam p aig n s, 10 4 UE (Fu n d am en t al u n it of record t h at d esig n s each of t h e st rat a or elem en t s of a sit e t o d ifferen t iat e m in im u m u n it s t h at can be an alyzed in the arch aeolog ical excavat ion p rocesses.) an d a t ot al of 613 sam p les of m ollu sk sp ecies w ere list ed in d ifferen t st at es f rag m en t ed an d w h ole.

Th ere are a t ot al of 29 d ifferen t sp ecies, w it h t h e m ost ab u n d an t b ein g t h e O. edulis w it h 213 in d ivid u als.

Som e of t h e sam p les w ere m od if ied or t h ere w ere an om alies t h at su g g est ed t h at t h ey h ad b een exp ressly m an ip u lat ed an d / or h ad p erforat ion s (Fig .7). M ost of t h e h oles are m ore irreg u lar (J or H) an d ot h ers are p erfect ly circu lar (I). A t ot al of 18 in d ivid u als w ere id en t if ied , rep resen t ed in Fig u re 8 b y t h e t yp e of

m an ip u lat ion p resen t .

Th e m an ip u lat ion s of H. trunculus are n ot ew ort h y. Som e sp ecim en s of t h is sp ecies h ave also b een fou n d b u rn ed , b roken an d / or m an ip u lat ed (Fig . 9).

Th e ab u n d an ces of in d ivid u als w ere also com p ared accord in g t o t h e coast al st ag es an d t h e su b st rat e t h ey in h ab it , t o assess w h et h er t h ere w as an y p referen ce in t erm s of areas of exp loit at ion or ext ract ion of m ollu sks (Fig .10,11).

Th ere are n o very n ot iceab le d ifferen ces in t erm s of t yp e of su b st rat e exp loit ed , an d in t h e t yp e of coast al st rip it is ob served , h ow ever, t h at t h e in f ralit t oral floor cou ld b e m ore crow d ed t h an t h e rest .

D iscu ssion Th e d iversit y of m ollu sks in t h e sit e h as b een an alyzed b ased on d ifferen t st u d ies t h at u sed it t o h ave a view of the rep resen t at iven ess of the

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig .5: A: Ostrea edulis; B: Possible Cra ssostrea gryphoides.; C: Spondylus ga ederopus; D : Cera stoderm a edule; E: Aca nthoca rdia tubercula ta ; F: Glycym eris bim a cula ta ; G: Glycym eris pilosa ; H: Ca llista chione; I: D osinia exoleta ; J: Venus verrucosa ; K: M ytilus ga lloprovinca lis.

Source: Author.

p referen ces, so it d oes n ot h ave t o be rep resen t at ive of the m alacofau n a of t h e area. On t h e ot h er h an d , f in d in g t h ese sp ecies d oes n ot m ean t h at lat er, in fu t u re excavat ion s, it can n ot b e fou n d d ifferen t on es an d , t h u s, t h e cu rren t rep resen t at ion m ay vary.

In fact , t h is is h ig h ly likely t o b e t h e case. Th erefore, it is f rom t h ese t w o p rem ises t h at t h e resu lt s of t h e sam p le p rop erly an alyzed an d w it h a m ore an t h rop olog ical asp ect are st u d ied an d evalu at ed , t h in kin g ab ou t t h e variet y of con su m p t ion .

Th e d om in an t sp ecies b y far is O. edulis, t h e on ly on e t h at occu p ies m ore t h an a q u art er of t h e relat ive ab u n d an ce alon e. Th is f in d in g is n ot u n com m on as several sou rces refer t o it s p rized valu e, an d m ost coast al villas in t h e n ort h east ern M ed it erran ean h ave also h ad it as on e of t h e m ost p resen t sp ecies in t h eir sit es (Aq u ilu é, 1999). Th e p resen ce of O. edulis in t h e excavat ion s n ot on ly sh ow s the g ast ron om ic p referen ce of t h ose w h o lived t h ere, b u t also d en ot ed an im p ort an t st at u s in the lan d ow n ers. Th ey w ere b en ef icial for h ealt h ?in clu d in g t h em as im p ort an t ap h rod isiacs?, w it h variou s m ed icin al p rop ert ies su ch as t reat in g vein s (D avies, 1970 ), an d w ere also u sed t o m ake t oot h p ast es (Esp in osa, 20 15).

Fig .6: A: Pa tella ca erulea ; B: Pa tella a spera ; C: Pa tella ferruginea ; D : Hexa plex trunculus; E: Bolinus bra nda ris; F: Phorcus turbina tus; G:Stra m onita ha em a stom a ; H: Ca pulus hunga ricus; I: Tritia reticula ta ; J: Cerithium vulga tum ; K: Sem ica ssis sa buron. Source: Author.

Fig .7: Sa m ples m a nipula ted or with holes. A, B, C: Bolinus bra nda ris; D, E, F, G: Hexa plex trunculus; H: Tritia reticula ta ; I: Spondylus ga ederopus; J: Glycym eris sp..

Source: Author.

sam p les. How ever, it m u st b e b orn e in m in d t h at real b iod iversit y can n ot b e calcu lat ed b y t w o key fact ors t h at d irect ly affect it : on t h e on e h an d , t h ese sam p les w ere ch osen an d / or cap t u red by the villag ers t h em selves b ased on t h eir

PAGE 21

An ot h er sp ecies, Cra ssostrea gryhpoides, h as b een id en t if ied in t h e fam ily Ost reid ae. Th is sp ecies t akes a variet y of form s d ep en d in g on h ab it at an d g row t h con d it ion s, b u t t h ere are t w o ch aract erist ics t h at are alw ays m ain t ain ed : a p rom in en t lig am en t an d a m ore lat eralized im p rin t of t h e ad d u ct or m u scle, in t h e ven t ral p art of t h e valve. It is t h e sp ecies t h at h as g en erat ed t h e m ost d ou b t s of t h e research , n ot so m u ch for it s m orp h olog ical id en t if icat ion , as it w as su p p osed t o h ave id en t if ied it in a Rom an

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

p eriod sit e.

In t erm s of id en t if icat ion , t h e d et ails of t h e im p rin t s of t h e ad d u ct or m u scle an d lig am en t s are w orn , an d it is d iff icu lt t o g et a clear p ict u re. As for t h e p eriod , C. gryphoides w as a very com m on sp ecies f rom t h e Olig ocen e t o t h e Pliocen e; n ow , t h erefore, it is a fossil (El-Sab b ag h an d El Hed en y, 20 16). Accord in g t o D r. Carles Roq u é, Ext ern al Professor of Geod yn am ics at t h e Un iversit y of Giron a, t h ere are n o m arin e sed im en t s f rom the M iocen e an d Pliocen e in t h e Baix Em p ord à, an d t h is sp ecies, so far, h ave n ot b een reg ist ered in Cat alon ia d u rin g t h e Qu at ern ary (p ers. com m ). On e p ossib le h yp ot h esis w ou ld b e t h at t h ese fossils w ere fou n d in t h e sit e b u t d id n ot d at e f rom t h e Rom an p eriod , as w ell as in m an y excavat ion s m at erials b elon g in g t o earlier st ag es can b e fou n d . If so, t h e villag ers cou ld h ave u sed t h ese fossils as orn am en t al ob ject s.

How ever, n on e of t h e p ieces id en t if ied as su ch sh ow sig n s of m an ip u lat ion (cu t s, p olish es, et c.), w h ich m akes it d ou b t fu l. An ot h er issu e t o con sid er is t h e locat ion of t h ese sam p les in t h e con t ext of t h e villa. All of t h em w ere in t h e sam e EU w h ere m ost of t h e oyst ers w ere d et erm in ed : w h at looked like t h e food d u m p or t h e ru b b ish in t h e villag e. Th is w ou ld m ean t h at , if t h ey w ere eat en d u rin g t h ose cen t u ries, t h ey h ad t o b e livin g sp ecies f rom t h e en viron m en t or "im p ort ed " f rom som ew h ere else, su ch as t h e coast of Cád iz; an d t h at it sh ou ld b elon g t o a b ivalve g en re st ill p resen t , su ch as M a ga lla na a ngula ta (Port u g u ese oyst er) or M a ga lla na giga s, alt h ou g h t h e m orp h olog y d oes n ot seem so eit h er.

On e of the m ain arch aeolog ist s an d research ers at t h e sit e of El Collet , D r. M arc Prat , com m en t s t h at w it h the arch aeolog ical m at erial at t h eir d isp osal, a Bet ic orig in can n ot b e

con f irm ed in t h e st rat a w h ere t h ese fau n al rem ain s h ave b een fou n d . He also ad d s t h at , alt h ou g h it cou ld b e a resid u al m alacolog ical sam p le w it h an earlier ch ron olog y, it is d iff icu lt for it t o b e f rom t h e M iocen e (p ers. com m .). Th erefore, b ot h t h e "live" At lan t ic orig in an d t h e Neog en e orig in are u n likely.

M ore com p reh en sive st u d ies, d on e b y sp ecialist s, w ou ld b e n eed ed t o con f irm w h ich sp ecies it really is.

An in t erest in g research w ou ld b e t h e d et erm in at ion of t h e fau n a at t ach ed t o t h e sh ells, w h ich cou ld p rovid e in form at ion on t h e orig in of t h e sam p le. Th e isot op ic com p osit ion of t h e p iece cou ld also b e an alyzed in ord er t o d at e m ore accu rat ely it s p eriod .

Ap art f rom con su m p t ion , som e sp ecies also h ad ot h er u ses, of w h ich t h e ob t ain in g of p u rp le d ye p rovid ed b y t h e sp ecies of t h e M u ricid ae fam ily st an d s ou t clearly. Alt h ou g h n ot a larg e n u m b er of sam p les h ave b een fou n d in t h e sam e UE t h at clearly d em on st rat e t h is w h olesale p ract ice, m an y of t h e in t en t ion ally cu t or f rag m en t ed p ieces w ou ld b e, accord in g t o ot h er st u d ies, on e of t h e st ep s p rior t o t h e ext ract ion of t h e t in t (Alfaro et al., 20 0 4 ).

Th e g ast rop od s H. trunculus an d B. bra nda ris are fou n d in sim ilar q u an t it ies, b u t on ly on e in d ivid u al of S. ha em a stom a h as b een id en t if ied .

As for t h e p olish ed -cu t p ieces of m u ricid es, m ost b elon g t o H. trunculus. Th e p ossib le reason for t h ese d ifferen ces is t h e p rop ert ies t h at each sp ecies cou ld p rovid e t o t h e d ye. Th e p u rp le color is ob t ain ed b y m ixin g b lu e an d red , an d f rom t h ere d ifferen t sh ad es can b e ob t ain ed . Th e d ye ext ract ed f rom t h e h yp ob ran ch ial g lan d s of B. bra nda ris an d T. ha em a stom a resu lt ed in scarlet red t on es, w h ile t h e b lu ish violet w as g iven b y H. trunculus (Born , 1937). In ad d it ion , t h e lat t er p rovid e m ore d ye t h an t h e rest

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig .8 : Num ber of sa m ples identified with holes or polished cuts. Source: Author.

Na tica rius cruenta tus (Calvet , 1992; D iet l an d Kelley, 20 0 6). Th ese sn ails are ab le t o d issolve an d p ierce t h e sh ell of b ivalves or ot h er g ast rop od s w it h an acid ic solu t ion p rod u ced by t h eir salivary g lan d s an d t h en su ck t h eir flesh . Th ey d iffer f rom t h e rest of t h e h oles in b ecom in g a p erfect ly circu lar p erforat ion (Ch at t op ad h yay an d D u t t a, 20 13), in con t rast t o t h e ot h er m ore irreg u lar cu t s p resen t ed b y m ost of t h e d ocu m en t ed sam p les at t h e sit e.

Fig .9: M a nipula ted a nd therm oa ltered Hexa plex trunculus. Source: Author.

an d fad ed less, ab ove all, S. ha em a stom a (M ad eros an d Escrib an o, 20 0 6). Th is w ou ld seem , t h erefore, p lau sib le reason s w hy t h ese p rop ort ion s of m u ricid es are fou n d , h ig h lig h t in g H. trunculus as the m ost ab u n d an t an d clearly m ost m an ip u lat ed .

Ot h er very com m on u ses of m ollu sks in an t iq u it y w ere t h ose of p erson al or sym b olic orn am en t at ion . In Collet , sam p les w ere fou n d w it h p erforat ion s t h at , g iven t h eir m orp h olog y, cou ld h ave b een m ad e u n d er p ressu re or w it h som e cu t t in g in st ru m en t , as Pesch au x (20 13) su g g est s. Th e sp ecies t h at h ave p resen t ed t h ese m an ip u lat ion s h ave b een Glycym eris sp ., B. bra nda ris, C. edule an d Tritia reticula ta . It is im p ort an t n ot to con fu se an t h rop om orp h ic h oles w it h t h ose m ad e n at u rally b y ot h er an im als, su ch as sn ails of t h e fam ily Nat icid ae, b ein g very com m on in t h e M ed it erran ean Na tica rius hebra eus an d

PAGE 23

W it h t h e an alysis of t h e m ost exp loit ed areas an d su b st rat es, w h at h as really b een reflect ed is t h at t h e exp loit at ion of t h e area w as b ased on t h e p referen ces t h at t h e Rom an s h ad for cert ain sp ecies, n ot for t h e en viron m en t w h ere t h ey w ere fou n d . Th e t arg et sp ecies occu p ied b ot h rocky an d m u d d y or san d y areas, an d f rom t h e m ost accessib le areas su ch as t h ose, d u e t o t h e d ep t h at w h ich t h ey w ere fou n d , t h ey w ou ld p rob ab ly n eed im m ersion t o b e collect ed oyst ers or m u ricid es. Th erefore, all m arin e h ab it at s an d su b st rat es cou ld b e con sid ered of in t erest for f ish in g act ivit y.

Th e t ech n iq u es, in st ru m en t s, an d effort req u ired t o cap t u re h ad t o vary f rom sp ecies t o sp ecies. If t h ese w ere fou n d in areas of t h e u p p er m id lit t oral or in f ralit t oral, foot f ish in g an d m an u al g at h erin g w ere very com m on . In t h e case of p at ellid s, t h e d iff icu lt y of d et ach in g t h em f rom rocks is w ell kn ow n , an d in sit es su ch as Baelo-Clau d ia (Cád iz) t ools w ere fou n d t h at cou ld h ave b een u sed as lan cet s t o facilit at e t h eir u se an d ext ract ion (Bern al, 20 12). It is p rob ab le t h at t h e in h ab it an t s of t h e Collet , or w h oever p rovid ed t h em w it h t h e resou rce, also u sed som et h in g sim ilar to h elp sep arat e t h em f rom t h e rocky su b st rat es. Th e rest of t h e m ost ab u n d an t b ivalves in t h e sit e,

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

su ch as g lycerim erid s or cock les, w ere easy t o collect b y h an d .

M art ín ez (1992) com m en t s on t h e u se of variou s in st ru m en t s t o rem ove t h e b ot t om , or som e t yp e of n et u sed in a m an n er sim ilar t o a b u t t erfly h u n t er. It w as also very p ossib le t o u se rakes t o sw eep t h e b ot t om t o collect oyst ers, an d ot h er b ivalves an d sn ails. Th e lat t er w ere also collect ed w it h t rap s or h an d les m ad e of w icker, an d b ein g carn ivores u sed b ivalves, g ast rop od s or food scrap s as b ait t o at t ract t h em (Bern al, 20 12; Garrid o, 20 0 9; Ravara, 20 0 9; Valen zu ela, 20 15).

Cu rren t ly, som e m ollu sks id en t if ied at t h e Collet sit e are st ill h ig h ly valu ed .

Th e m ost p rom in en t are B. bra nda ris ?it is t h e m ost com m on sn ail on t h e Cat alan coast s?, C. edule, M . edulis, C. ga llina , Venus Verrucosa , Pecten ja coba eus an d C. chione.

Th e con su m p t ion of oyst ers is st ill p resen t an d valu ed , b u t t h eir p op u lat ion s h ave b een g reat ly red u ced an d m ost are con su m ed b y art if icial b reed in g or oyst er farm in g .

Un con t rolled h u m an act ion lead s t o an im b alan ce of ecosyst em s, an d t h e exp loit at ion of cert ain resou rces m akes m an y sp ecies vu ln erab le or en d an g ered .

Overf ish in g , h ow ever, is n ot t h e on ly cau se of t h is im p act . Hab it at d est ru ct ion , n at u ral d isast ers, t h e in t rod u ct ion of in vasive sp ecies, w at er p ollu t ion , clim at e ch an g e or variou s d iseases t h at d irect ly affect som e sp ecies, are also t h e cau se of t h e cu rren t sit u at ion t h at h as ch an g ed f rom t h e p ast . Th is is t h e case, for exam p le, w it h m art eliosis, a d isease cau sed b y a p arasit e t h at d irect ly affect s t h e f ish in g an d aq u acu lt u re of b ivalves su ch as O. edulis, C. edule, an d M ytilus ga lloprovinca lis (Carrasco et al. 23-25). An ot h er sp ecies t h at w as very com m on in Rom an t im es an d is n ow list ed as en d an g ered is P. ferruginea . It

w as t h e f irst m arin e an im al in Sp ain t o h ave a Con servat ion St rat eg y, ap p roved in M ay 20 0 8 (Arroyo et al. 13). Also, t h e t w o m ost ab u n d an t sp ecies of t h e sit e are in a p ossib le sit u at ion of risk .

D u rin g lat e an t iq u it y, t h e n at u ral b an ks of O. edulis w ere affect ed b ecau se the sp ecies w ere h arvest ed an d con su m ed m ore an d m ore you n g , m akin g it d iff icu lt t o rep rod u ce (Brien 317-319). Cu rren t ly, alt h ou g h n ot list ed as en d an g ered in t h e M ed it erran ean , the OSPAR Com m ission h as in clu d ed it in t h e list of en d an g ered an d /or d eclin in g sp ecies in t h e Nort h At lan t ic. S. ga ederopus, t h e secon d m ost rep resen t ed sam p le, is cu rren t ly on t h e Red List of M arin e In vert eb rat es of the Balearic Sea, as a n ear t h reat en ed sp ecies, an d is likely t o b ecom e en d an g ered or vu ln erab le in t h e n ear fu t u re (Álvarez 110 -111). Ot h er sp ecies t h at h ave n ot b een id en t if ied in t h is sit e, b u t in ot h ers on t h e p en in su la, are also at risk of vu ln erab ilit y. Th is is t h e case of C. la m pa s fou n d in t h e Pla d e Palol sit e (Plat ja d ?Aro) or L. lurida , id en t if ied in t h e excavat ion s of Valen cia an d Cart h ag o Nova.

Con clu sion s -

-

-

Th e resu lt s sh ow a cert ain d iversit y of m ollu sks in t h e arch aeolog ical sit e.

Nevert h eless, som e sp ecies are m u ch m ore ab u n d an t t h an ot h ers, su ch as: O. edulis, S. ga ederopus or C. edule.

Th e oyst er O. edulis is b y far the m ost f req u en t ly con su m ed sp ecies, an d it sh ow s t h at at least in t h ese p eriod s t h e villa h ad a cert ain st at u s or econ om ic level.

Ap art f rom b ein g an im p ort an t p art of t h e d iet in ?El Collet ?, m ollu sks cou ld h ave ot h er u ses, like b ein g

PAGE 24

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & CULTURAL HERITAGE

-

-

-

Fig .10 : Com pa rison in a bunda nces of individua ls inha biting ha rd, soft substra tes.

Source: Author.

Fig .11: Com pa rison in a bunda nces of the stra ta inha bited by the different individua ls.

Source: Author.

PAGE 25

t h e b ase of p u rp le d ye. It is sen sed b y t h e f rag m en t ed sam p les of H. trunculus an d B. bra nda ris, sin ce it w as n ecessary t o b reak t h em to ext ract the h yp ob ran ch ial g lan d s. H. trunculus w as t h e m ost ab u n d an t g ast rop od d u e t o the p rop ert ies t h at it p rovid ed t o t h e d ye.

Bearin g in m in d the d ist rib u t ion , d ep t h an d t h e t yp e of b ot t om of each sp ecie, it can b e d ed u ced t h at t h e f ish in g m et h od s u sed t o cap t u re t h e sp ecies h ad t o b e q u it e d ifferen t : f rom f ish in g on foot an d m an u al cap t u re in t h e m ost accessib le areas, t o t h e u se of d ifferen t t ools t o cat ch the sp ecim en s (F. Pat ellid ae, F. Glycym erid id ae, F. Card iid ae or F. M u ricid ae).

Th ere are sp ecies t h at w ere com m on in Rom an t im es, b u t n ow t h eir p op u lat ion s h ave b een affect ed b y d ifferen t im p act s.

Th is su g g est s an im p ort an t d eclin e of som e p op u lat ion s, for exam p le f rom P. ferruginea , S. ga ederopus or O. edulis.

M ore st u d ies are n eed ed t o d et erm in e w h ich sp ecies is t h e ?possible C. gryphoides? an d , if it is t h e case, t o f in d ou t an exp lan at ion of t h eir p resen ce in the arch aeolog ical sit e of ?El Collet ?.

Ref eren ces: Alfaro, C., W ild , J. P. & Cost a, B. ?Purpurea e Vestes. Acta s del I Sym posium Interna ciona l sobre Textiles y Tintes del M editerrá neo en Época Rom a na .? 20 0 4 , Valèn cia: Con sell In su lar d ?Eivissa i Form en t era i Un iversit at d e Valèn cia. Art s Gràf iq u es Soler, S. L. Álvarez, E. ?Llist a verm ella d els an im als in vert eb rat s d el m ar b alear ?, 20 16, Illes Ba lea rs: Conselleria de M edi Am bient, Agricultura i Pesca , 20 16. 218 p p Aq u ilu é, X, d ir. ?In t erven cion s arq u eològ iq u es a San t M art í d 'Em p ú ries (1994 -1996).

De l'assen t am en t p recolon ial a l'Em p ú ries act u al? M onogra fies Em porita nes 9, 1999, M u seu d ?Arq u eolog ia de Cat alu n ya-Em p ú ries.

Arroyo, M . C., M oren o, D., Barrajón , A., Lin d e, A., Rem ón , J. M ., Rosa, J., Fern án d ez, M ., Góm ez, G., Ru íz, F., Vivas, M . S. & Férn an d ez, E. ?Trab ajos d e seg u im ien t o d e la lap a ferru g in osa Pa tella ferruginea Gm elin , 1791 en An d alu cía en el M arco d e la Est rat eg ia Nacion al de Con servación d e la Esp ecie?

M editerrá nea . Serie de Estudios Biológicos. Época II, n . Esp ecial.

20 11. ISSN 1130 -6203.

Bern al, D. ?Pescar con art e.

Fen icios y rom an os en el orig en de los ap arejos an d alu ces?

Universida d de Cá diz: M onogra fía s del Proyecto

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Sa gena , n u m 3, 20 12, p p 37-53.

Born , W . ?Pu rp le in Classical An q u it y? Ciba Review, n u m 4 , 1937, p p 11-117.

Brien -Poit evin , Fran çoise. ?Con som m at ion D es Coq u illag es M arin s En Proven ce à l?ép oq u e Rom ain e.? Revue Archéologique de Na rbonna ise, vol. 29, n o. 1, 1996, pp.

313?20.

Crossref, d oi:10.34 0 6/ran .1996.1478.

Calvet , C. ?Boreh old sit e-select ion in Na tica rius hebra eus? Orsis, n u m 7, 1992, p p 57-64 . Barcelon a.

Carrasco, N., An d ree, K. B., Lacu est a, B., Roq u e, A., Rod g ers, C. & Fu ron es M . D. ?M ollecu lar ch aract erizat ion of t h e M art eilia p arasit e in fect in g t h e com m on ed ib le cock le Cera stoderm a edule in the Sp an ish M ed it erran ean coast . A n ew M art eilia sp ecies affect in g b ivalves in Eu rop e??Aqua culture,vol 321, 20 12, p p 20 -26.

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or : ALBA GIM BERT

Ren aissan ce scien t ist eag er t o exp lore t h e w orld s of con servat ion , ed u cat ion an d t h e n at u ral h erit ag e d issem in at ion . Sh e g rad u at ed in Biolog y (Un iversit y of Giron a, Ud G) an d cu rren t ly st u d yin g t h e last year of t h e M ast er in Cu lt u ral an d Nat u ral Herit ag e (Ud G).

Sh e h as b een lin ked t o t h e w orld of m u seu m s for a lon g t im e b y t akin g Ch at t op ad h yay, D. & D u t t a, S. g u id ed visit s, an d n ow sh e h as b eg u n ?Prey select ion by d rillin g a n ew p rofession al st ag e in t h e p red at ors: A case st u d y f rom M iocen e of Ku t ch , In d ia? com m u n icat ion area of t h e Cen t er for Pa la eogeogra phy, Ecolog ical Research an d Forest Pa la eoclim a tology, Pa la eoecology. vol 374 , 20 13, p p Ap p licat ion s (CREAF), w it h it s 187- 196. h ead q u art ers at t h e UAB (Barcelon a).

D avies, R. W . ?Som e Rom an M ed icin e?M edica l History, vol 14 , 1970, p p 10 1-10 6.

D iet l, G. P. & Kelley, H. P. ?Can Nat icid Gast rop od Pred at ors Be Id en t if ied b y t h e Holes t h ey D rill?? Ichnos: An Interna tiona l Journa l for Pla nt a nd Anim a l Tra ces, vol 3, 20 0 6, p p 103-10 8.

Sh e fu lly t ru st s in research , con servat ion an d ou t reach as essen t ial p oin t s t o creat e a societ y cap ab le of valu in g an d carin g for t h e cou n t ry's n at u ral h erit ag e. Her sh elt ers are yog a, d raw in g , read in g an d ou t d oor sp aces.

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: aalb a.g im b ert @g m ail.com In st ag ram : @b eg _led a Tw it t er: @Alb a_Gim b ert

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ESACH Talks! M arch 20 21 · Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est

COM M UN ICATIN G

CULTURE

In M arch 20 21, t h e con versat ion s cen t red on t h e issu e of com m u n icat in g cu l t u re. Th e p resen t ers of f ered in n ovat ive p ersp ect ives on : m ark et in g an d b ran d in g cu l t u ral h erit ag e; you t h an d com m u n it y ou t reach an d en g ag em en t ; st or y t ellin g m et h od s; com m u n icat in g u n com f or t ab le h ist or y an d h erit ag e; com m u n icat in g across cu l t u res; m ed ia con su m p t ion an d h erit ag e; an d ot h ers.

PHOTOGRA PHY A N D V ISUA L A RTS CONTEST Rach el Bon n ici Greet in g s! I am Rach el Bon n ici f rom M alt a. M an y of t h e t im es I am u n ab le t o exp ress t h e b eau t y of t h e p lace in w ord s. W h en I am in t h e h erit ag e sit e, I sen se t h e en erg y risin g f rom t h e g rou n d an d h it s m y vein s like elect ricit y?so I d an ce! D an ce p h ot og rap h y in h erit ag e sit es is a w ay of re-b ran d in g h erit ag e. It com b in es t h e b eau t y of t h e h u m an b od y, t h e en erg y of m ovem en t , an d t h e p assion of t h e su b ject . Of cou rse, on e m u st resp ect t h e cu lt u re of t h e p lace. Yet ag ain , so m u ch em ot ion can b e exp ressed !

Em ail: rach el.b on n ici@rocket m ail.com Lin ked In : Rach el Bon n ici In st ag ram : g lit t ers_for_d in n er

PAGE 27

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n°2 - Ap ril 20 22

?

It w as t h e year 20 19, on a cold Jan u ary aft ern oon , w alkin g b y t h e river Sien e in Paris w it h a f rien d . As w e p assed f rom u n d er t h e b rid g e, rig h t t h ere b efore m e, I saw for t h e f irst t im e, t h e m ag n if icen t sit e of t h e Not re D am e. It g ave m e t h is est at ic feelin g , so m u ch t h at I t ook off m y w arm jacket an d d an ced . M an y of t h e t im es I am u n ab le t o exp ress t h e b eau t y of t h e p lace in w ord s. At h erit ag e sit es, I sen se t h e en erg y risin g f rom t h e g rou n d an d h it s m y vein s like elect ricit y, so I d an ce! D an ce p h ot og rap h y in h erit ag e sit es is a w ay of reb ran d in g h erit ag e. It com b in es t h e b eau t y of t h e h u m an b od y, t h e en erg y of m ovem en t , an d t h e p assion of t h e su b ject . I f in ish ed d an cin g t o t h e son g of it s b ell t olls in m y h ead an d sm iled .

I felt com p let e. Th e n ext d ay, Paris saw it s f irst sn ow cover, for t h e f irst t im e in years.

-- Rach el Bon n ici

PAGE 28

COM M UNICATING CULTURE

HOW CA N W E AVOID HISTORIC A PPROPRIATION " IN A N ON GO Carolin e Cap d ep on

In 20 16, t h e m ag azin e Bon Ap p ét it , sp ecialized in recip es an d rest au ran t review s, released a vid eo ab ou t a Viet n am ese in sp ired ven u e t h at creat ed a scan d al on social m ed ia. Sin ce t h e so-called # Ph oGat e in cid en t , in k flew in t en sively ab ou t t h e alleg ed food cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion , arg u in g t h e m isu se of food cod es f rom a sp ecif ic cu lt u re b y an ot h er cu lt u ral g rou p (oft en econ om ically d om in an t ). Th e crit icism s h ave n evert h eless t en d ed t o g ive a really b lu rred d ef in it ion of w h at t h ey m ean t b y cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion , or even m ad e it sou n d like a st raig h t -forw ard in t erd ict ion for n on -in d ig en ou s p eop le t o cook or en joy t h e cu lin ary h erit ag e of on e p art icu lar t rad it ion . Th at h ost ilit y t o cu lt u ral t ran sfers g oes ag ain st

Fig .1: Food from the resta ura nt Stock Fishtown, in Phila delphia , the white-owned Ea st-Asia n style venue involved in the # PhoGa te. © Em ily Schindler.

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cu lt u ral d yn am ics, w h ich can h ard ly d evelop isolat ed , esp ecially in ou r alw ays m ore g lob alized w orld . It is t h en in t erest in g t o kn ow w h at w e m ean b y ?cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion ?, an d t h u s h ow it m ay (an d if it n eed s t o) b e avoid ed .

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

CA L " CULTURA L OIN G GLOBA LIZ ED W ORLD? At t h e Orig in s of Cu l t u ral Com m u n icat ion : Colon ialism

an asym m et rical form of d om in at ion b et w een cu lt u res, f rom w h ich resu lt s sociocu lt u ral M ost f irst cu lt u ral con t act ch an g es for all cu lt u ral g rou p s in volvin g food t ook p lace in in volved . In t h is p rocess of cu lt u ral con t ext s of exp lorat ion an d exch an g es, exog en ou s ob ject s colon ialism .

D iet ler d ef in ed su ch as food h ave b een in volved d yn am ic p roceed in g s of colon ialism as t h e ?p ract ices of in con t rol d ep loyed in in t eract ion s cu lt u ral evolu t ion : n ot ab ly in ?t h e d om est icat ion (or b et w een societ ies lin ked in select ive of form erly asym m et rical relat ion s of p ow er ?in d ig en izat ion ?) an d t h e p rocesses of social an d foreig n g ood s, p ract ices, an d cu lt u ral t ran sform at ion resu lt in g ? t ast es an d t h e reject ion of ot h ers?

(D iet ler 20 07, p 220 ).

So, (D iet ler 20 07, p 224 ). colon ialism can b e u n d erst ood as Fig .2: Europea n Em pires a nd Tra des a round 1770. © Philip?s Atla s of World History, a division of Octopus Publishing Ltd

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Tim e as a Cat alyzer of Nat u ralizat ion Now ad ays, m an y food s h ave ?b ecom e ?in d ig en ized ? t o t h e p oin t t h at t h ey com e t o b e con sid ered a fu n d am en t al m arker of local et h n ic cu isin e?

(D iet ler 20 07, p 223). Th rou g h t h e p rocess of in d ig en izat ion , som e alim en t s h ave b ecom e h ist orical m arkers, b efore b ein g slow ly n at u ralized u n t il t h eir in it ial con t ext of exch an g e g ot lost .

Som e cu lin ary it em s su ch as rice or eg g p lan t h ave kn ow n a very lon g jou rn ey an d en d ed u p b ein g p rod u ced an d con su m ed w orld w id e, losin g t h eir orig in al ?m ean in g s an d p ract ices? (D iet ler 20 07, p 229).

Th is lack of t raceab ilit y also in d u ces a loss of id en t it y con st ru ct ion , t h at n eed s t o b e ret raced t o u n d erst an d local evolu t ion s an d t h eir im p licat ion in g lob al cu lt u ral d yn am ics, an d t o realize h ow t h e role of t im e h as erased som e cu lt u ral con t act s f rom ou r m em ories.

In h is an alysis of Yu cat ecan g ast ron om y, Ayora-D iaz g ives t o D iet ler?s in d ig en izat ion t h e n am e of ?t errit orializat ion ? (Ayora-D iaz 20 12, p 57), t h at is t o say a local ad op t ion an d rou t in izat ion of sp ecif ic p rod u ct s. He aff irm s t h at t h e p rocess of n at u ralizat ion

Fig .3: The origina l vinda loo Portuguese vinha d?a lhos. © grea tcurry recipes.net Fig .4 : British tra ditiona l a fternoon tea . © The Leona rd Hotel

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b u ild s u p a ?cu lin ary ?t rad it ion ?? t h at g en erat es local id en t it y an d ?d raw s b ou n d aries b et w een g rou p m em b ers an d ou t sid ers?

(Ayora-D iaz 20 12, p 60 ).

So, d raw in g t h e m ap of cu lin ary t rad it ion s w it h t h eir sp ecif icit ies t akes p art in d ef in in g cu rren t cu lt u ral id en t it ies, b u t alon e is n ot en ou g h t o g et t h e u n iq u en ess of each cu lt u re if w e con sid er t h at several cu lt u ral g rou p s n at u ralized sim ilar p rod u ct s, w it h in d ifferen t con t ext s.

M oreover, ig n orin g the con st ru ct ion of cu lin ary id en t it ies, oft en b orn f rom t h e asym m et rical relat ion s evoked b efore, m ay lead to the n at u ralizat ion an d m ain t en an ce of t h e u n eq u al relat ion s t h em selves. Th at is w h at h as b een d en ou n ced as cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion in t h e last years.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Th e Perk s of Con sciou sn ess in Cu l t u ral Ap p reciat ion Accord in g t o t h ese crit icism s, p osit ive cu lt u ral exch an g es are st ill n ot p len t ifu l, an d ob viou sly it is h ard t o reach en lig h t en ed an d resp ect fu l exch an g es. Colon ialism an d it s n at u ralized p ract ices h ave let asym m et rical relat ion s an d circu lat ion of cu lt u ral feat u res st ron g ly an ch ored in ou r cu rren t societ ies. Bu t t h e d em on izat ion of cu lt u ral select ive ap p rop riat ion d oes n ot ackn ow led g e it as an in evit ab le p rocess t h at ?h ap p en s everyw h ere an d con t in u ou sly, g iven t h at societ ies h ave n ever exist ed in a st at e of isolat ion ?, an d t h at it is n ot ?u n iq u e t o colon ial sit u at ion s? (D iet ler 20 07, p 225).

Rog ers d ef in ed a con cep t u al f ram ew ork in w h ich cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion is n ot h in g b u t t h e ?act ive p rocess? of ad op t in g ot h ers? cu lt u ral elem en t s. Th is p rocess can h ap p en ?in variou s w ays, u n d er a variet y of con d it ion s, an d w it h varyin g fu n ct ion s an d ou t com es? (Rog ers 20 0 6). In t h is sch em e, cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion can ap p ear as cu lt u ral d om in an ce or exp loit at ion , in w h ich a d om in an t cu lt u re im p oses or t akes elem en t s f rom a su b ord in at ed cu lt u re, but also cu lt u ral exch an g e, in w h ich the t ran sm ission of cu lt u ral elem en t s is ?recip rocal? (Rog ers 20 0 6) in t h e sen se t h at it is m ad e volu n t arily an d w it h fu ll recog n it ion g iven t o t h e cu lt u re f rom w h ere t h e elem en t s com e.

Th e p rob lem of food cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion w ou ld t h en b e less in t h e act of t akin g it self t h an in t h e fact of d en yin g t h e h ist orical t ran sform at ion s t h at resu lt ed in cu rren t t rad it ion s an d cu lt u ral b ou n d aries. Con versely, b y b ein g con sciou s of h ist orical p rocesses an d ackn ow led g in g cu lt u ral t ran sfers, it is p ossib le t o avoid fallin g in t h e d efen sive reflex of cu lt u ral b elon g in g cu rren t ly

d om in an t . Cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion w ou ld t h u s t ake a m ore id eal form of cu lt u ral ap p reciat ion , an d allow to m ain t ain cu lt u ral com m u n icat ion t h rou g h food or ot h er cu lt u ral feat u res w it h ou t b lu rrin g cu lt u ral id en t it ies.

Rog ers d ef in ed a con cep t u al f ram ew ork in w h ich cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion is n ot h in g b u t t h e ?act ive p rocess? of ad op t in g ot h ers? cu lt u ral elem en t s. Th is p rocess can h ap p en ?in variou s w ays, u n d er a variet y of con d it ion s, an d w it h varyin g fu n ct ion s an d ou t com es? (Rog ers 20 0 6).

In t h is sch em e, cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion can ap p ear as cu lt u ral d om in an ce or exp loit at ion , in w h ich a d om in an t cu lt u re im p oses or t akes elem en t s f rom a su b ord in at ed cu lt u re, but also cu lt u ral exch an g e, in w h ich the t ran sm ission of cu lt u ral elem en t s is ?recip rocal? (Rog ers 20 0 6) in t h e sen se t h at it is m ad e volu n t arily an d w it h fu ll recog n it ion g iven t o t h e cu lt u re f rom w h ere t h e elem en t s com e.

Th e p rob lem of food cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion w ou ld t h en b e less in t h e act of t akin g it self t h an in t h e fact of d en yin g t h e h ist orical t ran sform at ion s t h at resu lt ed in cu rren t t rad it ion s an d cu lt u ral b ou n d aries. Con versely, b y b ein g con sciou s of h ist orical p rocesses an d ackn ow led g in g cu lt u ral t ran sfers, it is p ossib le t o avoid fallin g in t h e d efen sive reflex of cu lt u ral b elon g in g cu rren t ly d om in an t . Cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion w ou ld t h u s t ake a m ore id eal form of cu lt u ral ap p reciat ion , an d allow to m ain t ain cu lt u ral com m u n icat ion t h rou g h food or ot h er cu lt u ral feat u res w it h ou t b lu rrin g cu lt u ral id en t it ies.

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Fig .5: Interna tiona l Villa ge of Ga stronom y, Pa ris. ©Archives Villa ge Interna tiona l de la Ga stronom ie

Ref eren ces: Ayora-D iaz, S. I. ?Gast ron om ic In ven t ion s an d t h e Aest h et ics of Reg ion al Food : Th e Nat u ralizat ion of Yu cat ecan Tast e?, Et n ofoor, vol. 24 , n o. 2, 20 12. Accessib le b y h t t p s://w w w .research g at e.n et / Collin g h am , L. Cu rry : a t ale of cooks an d con q u erors, New -York : Oxford Un iversit y Press, 20 0 6.

Accessib le b y b ooks.g oog le.f r D iet ler, M . ?Cu lin ary En cou n t ers: Food , Id en t it y, an d Colon ialism ?

Th e Arch aeolog y of Food an d Id en t it y, ed it ed b y Kat h ryn Tw iss, n o. 34 , Carb on d ale: Sou t h ern Illin ois Un iv, 20 07. Accessib le b y acad em ia.ed u Rog ers, R. ?From cu lt u ral exch an g e t o t ran scu lt u rat ion : A review an d recon cep t u alizat ion of cu lt u ral ap p rop riat ion ?, Com m u n icat ion Th eory, vol. 16, n o. 4 , 20 0 6. Accessib le b y

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or : CAROLINE CAPD EPON

Carolin e Cap d ep on com p let ed h er B.A. in Art Hist ory at t h e Sch ool of t h e Lou vre. Sh e t h en m oved t ow ard s t h e M .A W orld Herit ag e St u d ies of BTU, Cot t b u s, in Germ an y, t o op en u p h er h orizon s. Th is allow ed h er t o d eep en h er p assion for cu lt u ral d iversit y an d in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e, w h ich sh e st u d ies an d celeb rat es in h er kit ch en an d cit ies?exp lorat ion s.

Sh e is cu rren t ly w rit in g h er t h esis on ?Fren ch g ast ron om y an d t h e Nom in at ion of t h e Gast ron om ic M eal of t h e Fren ch : a Crit ical Ap p roach ?.

Con t act d et ails:

Em ail: carocap d ep on @g m ail.com Lin ked In : Carolin e Cap d ep on In st ag ram : @eg g cellen t .m eals

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Co m m u n it ies a t t h e Fo r efr o nt o f Lo n g -Ter m Ru r a l To u r ism Pr o g r a m s.

Th e Ca se Ex a m p le o f t h e W W OOF M o v em ent Em ilia Sá nchez Gonzá lez

Fig .1: La ndca fe, cotta ge a nd orga nic fa rm .

Biei, Hokka ido.

Ja pa n. Photo by a uthor.

Every year, t h e u rg en cy t o ad op t su st ain ab le w ays of t ravelin g b ecom es clearer. Ou r n at u ral w on d ers an d h ist orical cit ies are n ot on ly b ein g d est royed b y over-t ou rism , but also by (u n )n at u ral d isast ers, clim at e ch an g e, an d d ef icien t t ou rism p lan n in g .

W h ile we kn ow alt ern at ives t o ou r t ravelin g h ab it s exist , t h e com fort of an easily org an ized t rip t o w ell-kn ow n d est in at ion s is som et im es t oo b ig of a t em p t at ion .

Relyin g on t h e exam p le of t h e W orld w id e Op p ort u n it ies in Org an ic Farm s (W W OOF) m ovem en t as a lon g -st an d in g ,

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com m u n it y-b ased alt ern at ive t o t ravel, I w ou ld like t o sh ow case t h e b en ef it s of ch an g in g ou r p ercep t ion of vacat ion d est in at ion s.

W h at is t h e Cu rren t Prob lem w it h Travel?

In it s b eg in n in g s, t ou rism w as an act ivit y reserved for t h e w ealt h y.

W it h t h e t u rn in t h e econ om ic con d it ion s of m an y cou n t ries arou n d t h e g lob e, risin g in com es, an d t ran sp ort at ion op t ion s b ecom in g m ore afford ab le, leisu re t ravel b ecam e m ore accessib le. Th ese w ere g reat n ew s

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

for cross-cu lt u ral learn in g , b u t t h e w orld ?s t h irst for t ravel h as b een reach in g a p oin t of con cern .

In t h e 70 s, d est in at ion s t h at h ad h it t h eir g old en t ou rism p eak b eg an t o see t h e resu lt s of p oor p lan n in g in t h e d ep let ion of t h eir resou rces. Th e ?g old en ag e of m ass t ou rism ? w as also t h e g old en ag e of t ravel ag en cies, w h ose m arket in g st rat eg ies d ict at ed t h e n ew sou g h t -aft er d est in at ion s an d in flu en ced t h e t ravelers? con su m p t ion ag en d a an d b eh avior. Th e d evelop m en t of t h e in t ern et g ave w ay t o t ravel jou rn alist s an d b log g ers on t h eir sid e. Now ad ays, t h e h ig h visib ilit y an d reach of in flu en cers on social m ed ia can b e con sid ered am on g ou r n ew est an d sig n if ican t t h reat s t o u n su st ain ab le form s of t ou rism . In an art icle b y Forb es M ag azin e, Jam es Sq u it h (20 19) says ?d est in at ion s h ave t aken a b ack seat ? w h en referrin g t o t h e self-cen t ered con t en t t h at cu rren t ly p lag u es t h e t ravel exp erien ce.

Th ere is a d iscon n ect ion w it h t h e m ean in g of t ravel t h at st em s f rom ?cou n t ry cou n t ers? an d ot h er ?p rivileg ed t ravelers.? Th e In st ag ram accou n t @d ecolon izin g t ravel likew ise d en ou n ces t h e cu rren t issu es w it h ou r con t em p orary w ay of t ravelin g , t akin g a st ep fu rt h er t o m ake u s reflect on t h e m ean in g of w h y w e d o it an d if t h ere is an yt h in g an d a w ay t o ch an g e for t h e b et t er. On e p rob lem m ay b e t h at w e keep p u t t in g ou r eg os on t h e f ron t seat an d t h e w ell-b ein g of t h e p laces an d t h e p eop le w e are visit in g at t h e very b ot t om of ou r p riorit ies.

W e m u st realize t h at ou r t ravelin g h ab it s are d et rim en t al t o t h e en viron m en t , societ y, an d even ou r m en t al h ealt h . W e m u st st rive t o b e m ore resp on sib le t ravelers.

Bu t h ow ?

Exp lorin g Su st ain ab le Al t ern at ives t o Travel I m en t ion ed earlier h ow m ass t ou rism h as w reaked h avoc sin ce over h alf a cen t u ry ag o. If t h e p rob lem s w it h t ravel are n ot n ew , it m u st m ean t h at w e h ave also b een lookin g for solu t ion s for a con sid erab le t im e n ow . W e w ill revisit on e of t h em b y t alkin g ab ou t t h e W W OOF com m u n it y.

Accord in g t o t h e off icial w eb p ag e of t h e Fed erat ion of W W OOF Org an isat ion s (FoW o), t h e W orld W id e Op p ort u n it ies in Org an ic Farm s (W W OOF) n et w ork st art ed 50 years ag o w it h a sh ared m ission to ?ed u cat e p eop le t h rou g h h an d s-on an d in sp irin g cu lt u ral exch an g es, an d su p p ort local farm ers w h o are feed in g t h eir com m u n it ies an d t rain in g t h e n ext g en erat ion of farm ers.?

Arou n d the w orld , the org an izat ion p rovid es u s w it h ext en sive su ccess st ories of m ed iu m an d lon g -t erm t ou rism d on e rig h t . Th ey aim t o p rovid e a p lat form for farm ers, fam ilies, an d an yon e in t erest ed in su st ain ab le livin g t o en g ag e in cu lt u ral an d ed u cat ion al exch an g e.

Th ey p lace n at u re at t h e foref ron t - on e of t h e key elem en t s d ef in ed b y t h e W orld Tou rism Org an izat ion (UNW TO) for su st ain ab le t ou rism exp erien ces. Accord in g t o t h e UNW TO, t h ese g u id elin es an d m an ag em en t p ract ices ap p ly t o all t yp es of t ou rism . W h ile f in d in g a b alan ce t h at w orks is n ot easy, u n d erst an d in g t h e b asic p rem ise of h arm on y b et w een t h e t h ree d im en sion s of su st ain ab ilit y is a g ood st art .

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Fig .2: Sim ple vent dia gra m of the dim ensions of susta ina bility.

Source: Author

locat ion s as a st art in g p oin t t o ju m p t o t h e b ig t ou rist ic cit y on t h e w eeken d s an d even in g s off, on ly t o d iscover t h e ch arm of ru ral d est in at ion s. Th e g oal is n ot t o rom an t icize livin g in the cou n t rysid e. Com m it t in g t o a su st ain ab le w ay of livin g in a ru ral en viron m en t also offers m an y ch allen g es. How ever, im m ersin g ou rselves in t h at lifest yle can h elp u s id en t ify w h ich p ract ices w e can in corp orat e in t o ou r ow n lives an d u n d erst an d the in t ercon n ect ed n ess of p eop le w it h ou r en viron m en t .

?Susta ina bility principles refer to the environm enta l, econom ic, a nd socio-cultura l a spects of tourism developm ent? - UNW TO

Th e n at u ral d im en sion em p h asizes t h e p reservat ion of ecolog ical p rocesses, n at u ral h erit ag e, an d b iod iversit y con servat ion . W OOF p roject s offer an op p ort u n it y t o learn ab ou t m et h od s t o con t rib u t e t o t h ese g oals f rom en g ag ed p eop le in t h e f ield . Th ey also creat e an en viron m en t t h at fost ers a p erson al con n ect ion t o n at u re.

Th e d iverse locat ion an d act ivit ies of t h e h om es an d fam ilies p rovid e a w id e ran g e of op t ion s an d cat er t o m an y d ifferen t in t erest s. Th is m ean s t h at the com m it t ed su st ain ab le t raveler in t erest ed in p erm acu lt u re, g reen -livin g , an d ren ew ab le en erg ies can ju st as easily f in d a h ost fam ily as t h e t raveler exp lorin g t h e ru ral sid e of d est in at ion s for t h e f irst t im e.

Cou n t less t est im on ials of su rp rised t ravelers w h o w ere lu red in t o t h e p roject s b y t h e p rem ise of accom m od at ion an d food in exch an g e for w ork t ell t h e st ory of d iscoverin g a far m ore rew ard in g exp erien ce t h an t h ey exp ect ed . M an y see t h e W W OOF

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Com m u n it ies Brid g in g the Nat u re-Cu l t u re D ivid e in Travel Th e p oin t raised b y t h e UNW TO w h en referrin g to the socio-cu lt u ral d im en sion p lead s for t h e resp ect of t h e livin g cu lt u ral h erit ag e an d t rad it ion al valu es of com m u n it ies. It p rom p t s u s t o con sid er su st ain ab le t ou rism t o recover t h e p eop le fact or of t ravel an d act ively con t rib u t e t o in t er-cu lt u ral u n d erst an d in g an d t oleran ce.

W W OOF is a p erfect exam p le of a n at u re-focu sed exp erien ce t h at d oes n ot sep arat e n at u re f rom cu lt u re.

It in corp orat es su st ain ab le livin g as a vit al p art of the livin g cu lt u re in the com m u n it ies you can visit . M ost im p ort an t ly, the en g ag ed com m u n it ies are t h e real d rivers of t h e in it iat ive. It is alw ays t h e h ost s w h o op en t h eir d oors an d sig n u p t o w elcom e t ravelers in t erest ed in learn in g .

Th e p rog ram fu n ct ion s an d relies on t ru st an d ag reem en t b et w een t h e h ost s an d t h e t ravelers, an d t h e reg u lat ion s of t h e Fed erat ion of W W OOF Org an izat ion s (FoW o) en su re t h at t h e exch an g e is alw ays fair. At t h e sam e t im e, t h e f ree n at u re of t h e p rog ram allow s for d iverse ag e seg m en t s, an d t h e d ifferen t kin d s of w ork an d w orkin g con d it ion s offered are

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

alw ays p re-ag reed u p on b y b ot h p art ies b efore t h e visit t akes p lace. Becau se a vit al t arg et of t h e p rog ram is to d iversify d est in at ion s an d p rolon g t h e t im e of st ay in ru ral areas, h ost s w it h in b ig cit ies an d sh ort visit s are lim it ed . Th e u su al h ost w ill req u ire you t o st ay for a m in im u m of 2 w eeks t o m ake en ou g h t im e for t h e learn in g exp erien ce.

Th e h ost s u su ally p rovid e a rich cu lt u ral exp erien ce to the volu n t eers, en cou rag in g the exch an g e of st ories, kn ow led g e, t rad it ion al food , p ract ices, m u sic, an d m u ch m ore. For exam p le, learn in g ab ou t t rad it ion al t ech n iq u es of m akin g ch eese an d

w in e in It aly m ig h t b e p art of t h e farm 's w ork . Th rou g h W W OOF, t ravelers m ay join h arvest celeb rat ion s, p art icip at e in t h e exch an g e of p rod u ct s b et w een d ifferen t p rod u cers an d fam ilies, an d learn ab ou t d ifferen t lifest yles. An ot h er exam p le t akes u s t o Jap an , w h ere t h e ch an g e of t h e season s is h ig h ly m on it ored an d revered . Food ch oices are f req u en t ly d ep en d en t on season al availab ilit y the su st ain ab le creed t each es u s t o en joy t h e w ait for sp ecif ic p rod u ct s ag ain st cap it alist -g en erat ed in st in ct s of h avin g everyt h in g availab le at all t im es.

Fig .3: Officia l Insta gra m of W W OOF network.

Source: W W OOF

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Fig .4 : Night out with host fa m ily a t the loca l Iza ka ya in Biei, Hokka ido.

Ja pa n. Photo by a uthor.

Ref lect ion s on t h e Fu t u re of Su st ain ab le Travel Fin ally, let ?s close b y t alkin g ab ou t the t h ird d im en sion of su st ain ab le t ravel, t h e econ om ic fact or. In t h is key, su st ain ab le t ou rism sh ou ld ?en su re viab le, lon g -t erm econ om ic op erat ion s, p rovid in g socio-econ om ic b en ef it s t o all st akeh old ers t h at are fairly d ist rib u t ed , in clu d in g st ab le em p loym en t an d in com e-earn in g op p ort u n it ies an d social services t o h ost com m u n it ies, an d con t rib u t in g t o p overt y alleviat ion ? (UNW TO).

In a CNBC in t erview in 20 11, GAP Ad ven t u res CEO Bru ce Poon Tip (a g ian t in t h e g ap year/w orld t ou rism m arket for you n g p eop le) n ot iced t h at su st ain ab ilit y h ad t o q u ick ly b e p laced at t h e foref ron t of t h eir b u sin ess m od el b ecau se the d em an d for it w as t rem en d ou s. He w as n ot t h e on ly on e t o com e t o t h is con clu sion .

Ten years forw ard , t h e offer for su st ain ab le t ravel can be con sid ered far m ore d iverse. Ou r t ask is n ow t o d ist in g u ish t h e g reen -w ash ed an d cu lt u re-w ash ed p rog ram s f rom t h e real on es. A p rom in en t role w ill b e p layed b y t h e research t im e sp en t b efore select in g an y op erat or or sig n in g u p for a t ou r t h at , in t h e en d , w ill b e w ort h it .

Th ere is a p op u lar t h ou g h t in t h e t ou rism sect or t h at t h e COVID -19 p an d em ic h as g iven u s t h e clean slat e w e n eed ed t o rest art an d resh ap e t ou rism . Let ?s g ive it a g o.

Ref eren ces: CNBC, 20 19. ?TRAVEL D OLLARS 20 11 Eco-Tou rism No Lon g er For Ju st Th e Rich An d Fash ion ab le?.

[Availab le on lin e] Accessed 17 Ju n e 20 21.

D ecolon izin g Travel, n .d ., @d ecolon izin g t ravel. [Availab le on lin e] Accessed 10 Ju n e 20 21.

Eart h -Ch an g ers, n .d . ?Su st ain ab le Travel Tren d s for 20 21?. Jan u ary 14 , 20 21 [Availab le on lin e] Accessed 10 Ju n e 20 21.

Asq u it h , Jam es, 20 19. "Have In st ag ram In flu en cers Ru in ed Travel For An En t ire Gen erat ion?". Forbes, 20 19, [Availab le on lin e] Accessed 12 Ju n e 20 21.

PAGE 39

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

EM ILIA SANCHEZ GONZALEZ

UNW TO, n .d ., "Su st ain ab le D evelop m en t ". Unwto.Org, [Availab le on lin e] Accessed 15 Ju n e 20 21.

W W OOF, n .d ., ?Ab ou t W W OOF?.

W woof.Net, [Availab le on lin e] h t t p s://w w oof.n et /fow o/.

Accessed 15 Ju n e 20 21.

Em ilia is an em erg in g Cu lt u ral Herit ag e Pract it ion er w it h exp erien ce in com m u n icat ion s, cap acit y-b u ild in g , p roject m an ag em en t , an d research . Sh e cen t ers h er w ork arou n d com m u n icat in g t h e valu e of t h e Art s & Cu lt u re as m ed iu m s for d ialog u e, p eace-b u ild in g , an d social w ell-b ein g . Her p assion s in clu d e lan g u ag es, cu lt u ral rou t es an d n et w orks, m u seu m ed u cat ion , t ran scu lt u ral id en t it ies, an d h u m an g eog rap h y. Sh e?s cu rren t ly b ased in Los An g eles as a Grad u at e In t ern of Pu b lic Affairs at t h e J. Pau l Get t y M u seu m

Con t act d et ails: W W OOF: w eb sit e In st ag ram : @g reen t ea.m orn in g Faceb ook : Em ilia Sán ch ez Gon zález Lin ked In : Em ilia Sán ch ez Gon zález

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BOHOB: Ca t a n ia Up sid e- Do w n

M a ria la ura Ca logero, La ura La Rosa , M a tteo Pennisi, Gra zia no Testa

Th e Set t in g

PAGE 41

In Cat an ia, a ?city of below ? ep isod ically ap p ears in t h e ?city of a bove? t h rou g h fen ced -in arch aeolog ical sit es in holes scat t ered arou n d t h e cit y cen t re.

In con t rast t o t h e ext raord in ary n at u re of t h is con d it ion is t h e w ork of t h ose resp on sib le for p rot ect ion : t h e arch aeolog ical areas are t h e d ram at ic exp ression of t h e ab sen ce of a st an ce on w h at t h ey can b e for t h e cit y. Th e p reciou sn ess of t h e cit y b elow is d eg rad ed t o t h e p oin t of b ein g u n w an t ed b y t h e in h ab it an t s of t h e ?city of a bove.?

st rikin g by the n at u ral cat a-st rop h ies (ka tá an d stréphein, "overt u rn in g ") t h at h ave d est royed it several t im es.

Th is m odus opera ndi is even m ore p ecu liar in a cit y like Cat an ia, w h ich h as an u n su sp ect ed arch aeolog ical su b st rat u m t h at h as n ot h in g t o en vy in com p arison w it h ot h er, b et t er-kn ow n h ist oric cit ies.

Un su sp ect ed p recisely b ecau se of t h e d iscrep an cy b et w een it s act u al ab u n d an ce an d it s lack of kn ow led g e, n ot m an y p eop le kn ow t h at Cat an ia is an exem p lu m of a cit y b u ilt on arch aeolog y, m ad e even m ore

Th e ?Boh ob ? Collect ive is w orkin g on t h is cit y t h rou g h two p ersp ect ives: t h e D raw in g of t h e cit y, a larg e t ap est ry of t h e form a urbis, an d t h e M in im u m Project s, p roject s sh ap ed on t h e g ap b et w een t h e h eig h t of t h e cit y an d t h e arch aeolog ical h eig h t .

Th e id ea u n d erlyin g all t h e research : arch aeolog y as invisible m a tter in t h e con st ru ct ion of t h e cit y's form an d it s f rag m en t s as p reciou sn ess set in t h e u rb an fab ric.

On e t h at st an d s ou t is t h e eru p t ion of 1669. Each cit y n ot on ly g row s h orizon t ally b u t also vert ically, at a rat e of ab ou t on e m illim et re p er year. It h ap p en ed t h at in on e m on t h t h e lava f ron t raised t h e h eig h t of t h e cit y b y 10 m et res, t ran sp osin g sp ace in t o t im e: in an in st an t 10,0 0 0 years fell on t h e cit y in t h e form of cu b ic kilom et res of lava.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Fig .1: Bohob?s m a nifesto: Itta r, the D ra wing a nd the M inim un Projects.

Th e D raw in g of t h e Cit y Seb ast ian o It t ar's "La Pia nta Topogra fica della città di Ca ta nia " is t h e referen ce for ou r w ork for t w o reason s: f irst ly, it is t h e f irst scien t if ic rep resen t at ion of t h e sh ap e of t h e cit y of Cat an ia an d secon d ly, it b rin g s t o lig h t all t h e an t iq u it ies u n d erlyin g t h e sh ap e of t h e cit y.

b et rayin g t h e m od el, t o really m ake t h e It t ar Plan t od ay, t o really m ake t h at d raw in g , it is n ecessary t o m ake a d ifferen t on e t h at is fait h fu l t o t h e p rin cip les an d n ot t o t h e form : Boh ob 's D raw in g is a 1:50 0 scale constructive representa tion of t h e cit y of Cat an ia.

How ever, t h e Pia nta is a t yp olog ical rep resen t at ion of t h e cit y: it is com p osed of b locks.

Boh ob 's D raw in g asp ires t o sh ap e t h e It t ar 20 0 years lat er.

D raw in g t h e cit y on t h is scale m ean s d raw in g it on the arch it ect u ral scale, thus u n eq u ivocally st at in g t h at t h e cit y an d arch it ect u re are t h e sam e t h in g , t h e sam e m at erial. Boh ob 's

Takin g

it

as a m od el

m ean s

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effort is t o p u t in t o p ract ice t h rou g h a d raw in g the assu m p t ion t h at t h ere is n o d ifferen ce b et w een arch it ect u re an d t h e cit y.

Boh ob 's D raw in g is com p osed of t h ree syn t ag m s: roofs, p u b lic b u ild in g s an d arch aeolog ies.

Th e roofs, w h ile d ef in in g t h e sha pe of the block, g ive b ack t h e size of the houses. In t h e t ran sit ion f rom b lock t o h ou ses lies all t h e effort Boh ob h as p u t

Fig .2: the D ra wing of the City: whole pla n (560x560 cm )

PAGE 43

in t o red esig n in g Cat an ia's roofs, m akin g it clear: the roof is a n elem ent of the construction, instea d of the block. Th e sh ap e of t h e b lock is t h e resu lt of in d ivid u al act s of con st ru ct ion n o lon g er recog n isab le in t h at form , w h ile t h e roof, in t h e ext rem e syn t h esis of it s few lin es, exp resses all t h e com p lexit y of t h e p lan , allu d in g t o an in visib le b u t p resen t rich n ess.

A p iece of cit y in w h ich a b lock is m ad e u p of m an y sm all h ou ses is d ifferen t f rom on e in w h ich a b u ild in g occu p ies t h e en t ire b lock .

Som e b u ild in g s are ab le t o sp ecify t h e n at u re of a cit y b y t h eir sh ap e, size an d set t lem en t issu es. Th ese are t h ose b u ild in g s t h at w e call p u b lic an d are rep resen t ed in t h e p lan . W e con sid er t h e p lan of t h e p u b lic b u ild in g s as a "fu t u re arch aeolog ical sect ion ", as if t o an t icip at e t h eir p ersist en ce on t h e fu t u re sit e of t h e cit y: on ly w h at w ill rem ain of t h e b u ild in g s in a fu t u re in w h ich t h ey, t oo, w ill

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

To w h at ext en t is an in visib le cit y ab le t o g ive sh ap e t o a visib le on e? Th e ob ject of t h e d raw in g is t h e form of t h e cit y an d t h e aim is t o rep resen t it s h id d en form t h at h as p reju d iced it s con st ru ct ion .

Ou r in t erest is in t h ose f rag m en t s t h at h ave p ref ig u red t h e cit y's form : on ly t h ose t h at t h erefore "b elon g " t o t h e cit y b ecau se t h ey h ave affect ed it s st ru ct u re. Th ey are rep resen t ed in p lan b u t , u n like t h e p u b lic b u ild in g s, t h is t im e t h e sect ion is f ield ed b ecau se t h ese f rag m en t s are alread y arch aeolog y. «Th e h id d en form is m ore p ow erfu l t h an t h e m an ifest form » (Ip p olit o 1916).

Fig .3: the D ra wing of the City: one of the fra m es (80x80 cm ).

Fig .4 : the D ra wing of the City: fra gm ent.

Belonging t o t h e cit y, it is w ort h sp ecifyin g , d oes n ot h ave t o d o w it h t h e visib ilit y of t h e ru in b u t w it h h avin g con t rib u t ed t o it s con st ru ct ion : w it h resp ect t o ou r id ea, t h e p ossib ilit y of t h e ru in b ein g op en air or su b m erg ed is com p let ely in d ifferen t .

Th e M in im u m Project s

b e arch aeolog ical. Grassi w rit es: «Alb ert i is in t erest ed ab ove all in t h e cit y as it is, t h e cit y t h rou g h t im e; h e is in t erest ed in t h e cit y an d it s h ist ory, in w h at h e can st ill t ou ch w it h h is ow n h an d s, su ch as t h e an cien t cit y t h at h as com e d ow n t o h im , t h e cit y an d it s arch it ect u re, t h at cit y w h ich , t h rou g h t h e sig n s left b y t im e on it s form , allow s h im t o d ist in g u ish w h at is d u rab le f rom w h at is t em p orary, w h at is im p ort an t an d t h erefore p erm an en t f rom w h at is elim in at ed w it h t im e» (Grassi 20 07).

Th e M in im u m Project s are t h e con st ru ct ive m an ifest at ion of t h e id ea of g ivin g d ig n it y an d valu e t o sp aces t h at cu rren t ly h ave n on e.

In Cat an ia, h ist orically the p reciou sn ess of a p lace, it b ein g excep t ion al w it h resp ect t o u rb an sp ace, h as alw ays b een ren d ered b y t h e u se of w h it e st on e in con t rast t o b lack lava st on e: t h e M in im u m Project s are w h it e.

Th erefore, each p roject con sist s of a w h it e st on e sh rin e t o h ou se t h e ru in . Each sh rin e is d ef in ed b y a reg u lar, clear g eom et ry t h at m akes t h e p lace a public spa ce, an excep t ion t o it s su rrou n d in g s.

Several w h it e cases scat t ered arou n d t h e cit y w ill m ake t h e sm all ru in s t h ey con t ain read like f rag m en t s b elon g in g t o a w h ole.

Th ey are n ot p u n ct u al resp on ses t o t h e n eed s of a sp ecif ic area b u t ap p licat ion s of the sam e

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Fig .5: the M inim um Projects: the triptych a nd the view

a rchitectura l construct, variat ion s on a t h em e t h at , d ep en d in g on t h e ch aract erist ics of t h e sp ecif ic sit e, t ake on d ifferen t asp ect s each t im e (p avin g , p arap et , st aircase, slop in g p lan e, et c.).

Th e fu n d am en t al q u est ion of t h e m in im al p roject is locat ed in t h e g ap b et w een t h e cu rren t an d t h e an cien t levels, a con st it u t ive p rob lem of t h e arch aeolog y-cit y relat ion sh ip . W e st an d "on t h e ed g e" of t h e arch aeolog ical excavat ion , sh ap in g t h e p roject on t h e g ap b et w een t h ese t w o h eig h t s, an d su d d en ly t h at vert ical d iscon t in u it y b et w een t h e excavat ion an d t h e cit y, t od ay on ly ap p aren t ly accid en t al, w ou ld b ecom e visible t h an ks t o t h e p roject : a t em p oral an d n ot sp at ial g ap t h at sep arat es an d join s two w orld s.

Th e M in im u m Project s: Th e Trip t ych Th e d raw in g cap ab le of exp ressin g a p roject is alw ays on e, rarely m ore; t h e st ron g er t h e id ea, t h e less m at erial is n eed ed t o exp ress it . In ou r case, it is a t rip t ych , u sefu l t o u s b ot h as a t ool t o verify t h e p roject an d as an evocat ive rep resen t at ion of t h e id ea.

Th e t rip t ych is com p osed of t h ree scales: 1:20 0, 1:50, 1:10, in w h ich on e is n ever an en larg em en t of t h e ot h er; on t h e con t rary, t h e p roject is d on e syn ch ron ou sly at all scales. Each scale is n ecessary t o say som et h in g t h at t h e ot h ers

PAGE 4 5

can n ot .

Th e 1:20 0 scale p lan sh ow s t h e city in t h e sen se t h at it sh ow s t h e p osit ion of t h e p roject in relat ion t o t h e u rb an sp ace, m in d fu l of t h e g reat t each in g t h at "t h e p osit ion is 70 % of t h e su ccess of a p roject ".

Th e 1:50 scale p lan b rin g s t o lig h t t h e relat ion sh ip b et w een t h e p roject an d arch aeolog y. Th e cit y arou n d it d isap p ears an d t h e building em erg es, t h e size of t h e arch aeolog ical room , w h ich , like a sh rin e, con t ain s t h e ru in s in sid e.

Th e m easu re of t h e an cien t an d the con t em p orary m easu re coexist in a sin g le rep resen t at ion .

Th e sect ion on a scale of 1:10 g ives b od y to the a rchitectura l construct, t h e con st ru ct ive id ea of t h e sp ecif ic p roject an d of every m in im al p roject . It is of t h e t h ree, t h e on ly vert ical sect ion p recisely b ecau se t h is is t h e d raw in g in w h ich t h e resolu t ion of t h e g ap b et w een t h e t w o elevat ion s of t h e cit y is sh ow n .

Th e M in im u m Project s: Th e View Th is is a p ersp ect ive rep resen t at ion of t h e p roject at t h e en d of t h e reason in g of t h e t rip t ych com p osed of t h ree elem en t s: the cit y, the in t erven t ion , an d arch aeolog y.

Each view , u n like t h e t rip t ych , is a fake.

Non e of the view s corresp on d s fait h fu lly t o t h e sp at ial p rop ort ion s d et ect ab le in

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Fig .6: the M inim um Projects: the view.

t h e cit y, each of t h em alt ers t h e relat ion sh ip s b et w een t h e p art s: the form a l ina ccura cy is necessa ry to m a ke the idea unequivoca lly clea r.

In con t rast t o t h e renderings, a su b st an t ial p art of t h e view is t reat ed w it h a st ron g ab st ract ion .

In fact , t h e u rb an con t ext is b arely id en t if iab le, u n like the in t erven t ion , w h ich is in st ead ren d ered w it h m axim u m p h ot orealism .

Th e con t rast b et w een t h e ab st ract ion of t h e cit y an d t h e h yp errealism of t h e in t erven t ion is a nother ga p, h ere h ow ever in rep resen t at ive t erm s, w h ich m akes it evid en t t h rou g h a

rep resen t at ion t h at is n ot at all realist ic t h at it is on the border, t h e ap p earan ce of t w o w orld s p ow erfu lly facin g each ot h er.

Th e view is t h erefore t h e am b it ion t o m ake evid en t a ga p in thought t h rou g h a ga p in representa tion.

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Con clu sion

Ref eren ces

Th e con st ru ct ion of t h e cit y is a com p lex issu e. W h at ap p ears t o u s as a sin g le "t im eless" art efact is in t ru t h t h e resu lt of d ifferen t m om en t s t h at h ave b u ilt it , of d ifferen t id eas of t h e w orld carried ou t b y a crow d of m en .

Grassi, Giorg io. Leon Bat t ist a Alb ert i e l?arch it et t u ra rom an a.

M ilan o: Fran co An g eli, 20 07.

Th e aim of t h e collect ive is, st art in g f rom t h is id ea, t o fu lly u n d erst an d t h e act ive role p layed b y arch aeolog y in sh ap in g t h e cit y.

To d o t h is, w e m ove t h rou g h a "d ou b le t rack ", t h e D esig n of t h e Cit y an d t h e M in im u m Project s.

Th e form er relat es the arch aeolog ical f rag m en t t o t h e sh ap e of t h e cit y; t h e lat t er red esig n s it s su rrou n d in g s t o b rin g t h e p ieces b ack in t o t h e fab ric of t h e cit y.

Tw o p arallel research d irect ion s, b ot h n ecessary t o recog n ise t h e cen t ral role p layed b y p ersist en ce in p ref ig u rin g t h e form a urbis.

Cat an ia, f rom t h is p oin t of view , is t h e b est t est case: h ere n at u ral cat aclysm s an d h u m an act ion h ave sh ap ed a cit y u n iq u e in it s con st ru ct ion .

PAGE 47

Ip p olit o.

Refu t at io om n iu m h aeresiu m . 1916. Hild esh eim -New York : Pau l W en d lan d , 1977. Fr. B 54

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ab ou t t h e Au t h ors:

M ARIALAURA CALOGERO, g rad u at ed in Arch it ect u re at Polit ecn ico d i M ilan o in 20 15. Aft er u n iversit y, sh e h as b een research in g an d p u rsu in g a m an u al ap p roach t o con st ru ct ion .

Sh e lives in M essin a, M ilan , M ad rid , Tu rin an d Qu it o. In 20 18 sh e d ecid ed t o m ove t o Cat an ia w h ere sh e w orks as an arch it ect an d as a m em b er of ?Boh ob ?.

LAURA LA ROSA , g rad u at ed f rom t h e D ep art m en t of Arch it ect u re of t h e Un iversit y of Cat an ia, w it h a p roject on u rb an arch aeolog ical h erit ag e. Sin ce 20 19, sh e h as b een p art of ?Boh ob ?, a collect ive of arch it ect s. In 20 20 sh e st art ed collab orat in g w it h t h e st u d io ACA.

M ATTEO PENNISI, g rad u at ed f rom t h e S.D.S. of arch it ect u re in Syracu se in 20 18. He carries ou t h is p rofession al act ivit y at ?Ellen ia+3 Arch it et t u ra In g eg n eria? st u d io. Sin ce 20 19, h e h as b een p art of "Boh ob ". He h as b een con d u ct in g research on t h e arch aeolog ical h erit ag e, p art icip at in g in con feren ces an d w rit in g for som e scien t if ic jou rn als.

GRAZIANO TESTA , g rad u at ed f rom t h e S.D.S of Arch it ect u re in Syracu se in 20 18.

D u rin g an d aft er t h e u n iversit y h e t ook p art in variou s Erasm u s p rog ram s in Port u g al, Sp ain an d Brazil. Sin ce 20 19, h e h as b een w orkin g an d collab orat in g w it h d ifferen t d esig n st u d ies in Sicily. He is on e of t h e m em b ers of "Boh ob ?.

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COM M UNICATING CULTURE

Her it a g e a n d In n o v a t io n : a Su m m a r y o f t h e ILUCIDA RE Su m m er Sch o o l Elena -M a ria Ca uti?

Th is year, t h e ILUCIDARE Su m m er Sch ool t ook p lace in Krakow an d Krosn o in Polan d b et w een t h e 18 an d 24 of Ju ly. W it h it s t h em e b ein g ?Herit ag e an d in n ovat ion : Cen t ral Eu rop e an d b eyon d '', t h e six d ays lon g sch ool g ave p art icip an t s t h e op p ort u n it y t o at t en d t op exp ert session s on h erit ag e-led in n ovat ion in variou s relat ed sect ors. In p art icu lar, t h ese w ere com b in ed w it h w orksh op s focu sed on p roject d evelop m en t t h rou g h d esig n t h in kin g m et h od s for t h e Krosn o Glass Herit ag e Cen t er.

Fig . 1: ILUCIDARE Sum m er School 20 21 a t Krosno Gla ss Herita ge Center. Photo by D ennis M itschke, CC BY-SA.

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Th e m ain n arrat ive t h at g u id ed t h e even t w as focu sed on recon cilin g in n ovat ion an d h erit ag e, a relat ion sh ip w h ich t oo oft en in t h e p ast h as b een reg ard ed as an t it h et ical.

Th rou g h n u m erou s p resen t at ion s an d d eb at es ab ou t case st u d ies f rom Eu rop e an d b eyon d , t h e p oin t w as m ad e t h at cu lt u ral h erit ag e, if in t eg rat ed in t o a w id er scen e of d evelop m en t , can act u ally b ecom e a sou rce of in sp irat ion an d a d rivin g force for all sort s of in n ovat ion : p olit ical,

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Th e ILUCIDARE Project an d t h e Su m m er Sch ool

econ om ic, social, t ech n olog ical, leg al an d en viron m en t al. In t h is en d eavor, 20 p art icip an t s w it h d ifferen t p rofession al b ackg rou n d s f rom across Eu rop e an d b eyon d w ere in vit ed t o in t eract w it h t h e w orld w id e ren ow n ed exp ert s as w ell as t o con t rib u t e t o t h e d eb at e. Th e resu lt w as an in t erg en erat ion al an d in t erd iscip lin ary t ran sfer of kn ow -h ow , w h ich ren d ered t h e su m m er sch ool a sig n if ican t an d t ru e su ccess.

ILUCIDARE is an EU fu n d ed p roject , u n d er t h e u m b rella of t h e Horizon 20 20 research an d in n ovat ion p rog ram m e, led b y t h e Un iversit y of Leu ven t og et h er w it h a w id e n et w ork of cu lt u ral an d acad em ic in st it u t ion s, am on g w h ich are Eu rop a Nost ra an d t h e In t ern at ion al Cu lt u ral Cen t er (ICC) in Krakow . It s m ain p h ilosop h y is t o est ab lish a w orld w id e n et w ork of h erit ag e p rofession als an d org an izat ion s in com p lian ce w it h the EU st rat eg ies for in t ern at ion al cu lt u ral relat ion s. Th is is ach ieved t h rou g h ad vocat in g the im p ort an ce of h erit ag e as a sou rce of in n ovat ion an d t errit orial su st ain ab le d evelop m en t .

Th e t h ree areas of act ion , as st at ed in it s vision , are h erit ag e-led in n ovat ion , assim ilat ion of in n ovat ion f rom ot h er sect ors of act ivit y an d h erit ag e-led d ip lom acy.

Fig . 2: D esign thinking workshop. Photo

by D ennis M itschke, CC BY-SA.

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COM M UNICATING CULTURE

Fig . 3: Gla ss m a king technique a t the Krosno Gla ss Herita ge Center.

Photo by D ennis M itschke, CC BY-SA.

Fig . 4 : Project pla nning process. D ennis M itschke, CC BY-SA.

Th e m ain act ivit ies en com p assed in t h e p roject are: -

Creat in g cap acit y b u ild in g m od u les ad ap t ed t o local feat u res; Est ab lish in g a n et w ork of h erit ag e p rofession als an d org an izat ion s; Org an izin g a com p et it ion for b est p ract ices in t h e sect or, in the Eu rop a Nost ra/Eu rop ean Herit ag e Aw ard s con t ext , called t h e ?ILUCIDARE Sp ecial Prizes?, accord in g t o crit eria sp ecif ic t o t h e p roject .

Am on g t h e act ivit ies foreseen in t h e p roject , t h ere is also t h e org an izat ion of su m m er sch ools for you n g p rofession als in t h e f ield an d everyon e in t erest ed in t h e lin k b et w een cu lt u ral h erit ag e an d in n ovat ion . Th e ap p roach of t h is sch ool in p art icu lar g oes b eyon d t h e id ea t h at h erit ag e an d in n ovat ion can b e recon ciled .

It sh ow cases con cret e case st u d ies of h erit ag e p roject s w h ich are alread y im p lem en t in g t h is ap p roach t o n ot on ly t ran sform

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t h e sect or an d it s p h ilosop h y b u t also t o b rin g a t ru ly t an g ib le ch an g e in societ y overall.

W h ile p art icip an t s g ain ed kn ow led g e f rom all of t h ese case st u d ies, t h ey also h ad t h e ch an ce t o w ork collab orat ively am on g t h em selves an d w it h t h e sch ool org an izers t o d evelop a p roject for t h e d evelop m en t of t h e Krosn o Glass Herit ag e Cen t er. Th e key ap p roach t o creat in g su ch a p roject w as ap p lyin g d esig n t h in kin g m et h od s, w h ich are alread y w id ely u sed in t op org an izat ion s f rom all sect ors.

Th erefore, p lacin g d esig n t h in kin g at t h e h eart of h erit ag e p ract ices con st it u t ed in it self an in n ovat ive t ool.

A h ig h ly in t erd iscip lin ary t eam , f rom d ifferen t sect ors, su ch as sociolog y, b u sin ess m an ag em en t , h erit ag e an d law , am on g ot h ers, en ab led t h is p rocess.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Th e Top ics D iscu ssed Th e sch ool st art ed w it h an in form al g at h erin g of the p art icip an t s on t h e even in g of t h e 18t h in t h e UNESCO cit y of Krakow . Th e p lan n ed act ivit ies for t h e f irst off icial d ay on t h e 19t h t ook p lace at t h e ICC an d w ere op en ed b y it s d irect or. Th is w as follow ed b y a rou n d t ab le b et w een rep resen t at ives of t h e ILUCIDARE p roject an d Eu rop ean p rofession als an d acad em ia ab ou t t h e cu rren t st at e of t h e h erit ag e sect or. Th e d eb at e g ravit at ed arou n d t h e id ea t h at cu rren t ly p eop le d o n ot associat e t h e con cep t of h erit ag e t o t h at of in n ovat ion an d reven u e or t h at at least for t h e m ost p art t h ey ap p reciat e h erit ag e b u t lack a

clear id ea of h ow t o im p lem en t h erit ag e p roject s w it h t h e aim t o t ran sform it in t o a resou rce.

In t h e follow in g exp ert session s, p art icip an t s w ere p resen t ed w it h case st u d ies t h at sh ow cased su ccessfu l p roject s ch allen g in g t h is m iscon cep t ion . Th e t h em es varied f rom ch allen g in g n at ion al an d Eu rop ean id en t it ies t h rou g h t h e rein t erp ret at ion of h erit ag e, t o the im p ort an ce of h erit ag e n arrat ives for t h e social in clu sion of t h e Rom a m in orit y an d t h e est ab lish m en t of self-d et erm in at ion .

On a m ore p rag m at ic level, t h ere w ere p roject s w h ich sh ow cased h erit ag e as a sou rce of reven u e t h rou g h ap p an d vid eo-g am es

Fig . 5: St. M a ry?s Ba silica in Kra kow. Photo by Elena Ca uti?.

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Fig . 6: W ine ta sting.

Photo by Aleksa ndra Vla dim irova , CC BY-SA.

d evelop m en t , as w ell as a fu ll session exp lain in g t h e cop yrig h t syst em .

Sh ow casin g the im p ort an ce of h erit ag e for social in n ovat ion , Eu g en Vaid a p resen t ed the p roject ?Th e Am b u lan ce for M on u m en t s'' f rom Rom an ia, w h ich also w on t h e Pu b lic Ch oice Aw ard s in t h e Eu rop ean Herit ag e Aw ard s Cerem on y in 20 20.

Th e safeg u ard in g of m on u m en t s w as p resen t ed in t h is case as a t ool for creat in g p lace-at t ach m en t an d local p rid e, w h ilst sim u lt an eou sly creat in g a sp ace of com in g t og et h er for t h e local com m u n it y.

Fig . 7: The W innica W idokowa vineya rd.

Photo by D ennis M itschke, CC BY-SA.

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Th ese are ju st a few of t h e case st u d ies p resen t ed an d t h e t op ics d eb at ed . D u rin g t h e six d ays, t h e id ea in everyon e?s m in d w as t h at h erit ag e is m ore t h an som et h in g f rag ile w h ich n eed s t o b e p reserved . Rat h er, if u sed w isely, it can b ecom e a sou rce of in n ovat ion in all sect ors of life.

Cu lt u ral h erit ag e can b ecom e, as d em on st rat ed t h rou g h the p roject s, a d rive for d evelop m en t .

Crea tivity is the key.

Th e Glass Herit ag e Cen t er of Krosn o Before arrivin g in Polan d , p art icip an t s w ere p rovid ed w it h w rit t en m at erials t o fam iliarize t h em selves w it h the Glass Herit ag e Cen t er in Krosn o an d t h e D esig n Th in kin g m et h od olog y.

D u rin g t h e w orksh op s, h eld b ot h in Krakow an d on -sit e, at t h e Glass Herit ag e Cen t er it self, t h ey g at h ered n ew kn ow led g e t h at w as ap p lied to p rop ose a d evelop m en t p roject for t h e Cen t er. Th e p art icip an t s w ere carefu lly d ivid ed in t o in t erd iscip lin ary t eam s to m axim ize t h e d eg ree of creat ivit y.

Th e resu lt s w ere p resen t ed in a f in al p it ch session in f ron t of a com m it t ee of exp ert s alon g sid e t h e m em b ers of t h e com m it t ee of the Cen t er, who d eclared t h em selves p leased w it h t h e id eas an d n ot ed t h at t h ey w ill con sid er t h em for t h e fu t u re p lan n in g of t h e sit e.

Th is allow ed t h e p art icip an t s t o n ot on ly acq u ire n ew kn ow led g e, b u t also p u t it in t o p ract ice as p roject p lan n in g .

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Beyon d t h e Of f icial Set t in g Krakow an d t h e Sou t h -East ern area of Polan d offer a b eau t ifu l an d in sp irin g scen e for reflect in g u p on h erit ag e an d d evelop in g relat ion sh ip s w h ich st ret ch b eyon d p rofession al life. D u rin g the sch ool, the org an izers en su red p len t y of occasion s for p art icip an t s t o n et w ork an d est ab lish con n ect ion s. Th ere is n ot h in g like ch at t in g over a Polish m eal (t h e d eliciou s sou p s an d t rad it ion al pierogies w ere su b ject s of d eb at e as m u ch as w as h erit ag e). An ot h er su re w ay t o b in d p eop le t og et h er is a w in e t ast in g visit t o a b eau t ifu l vin eyard .

Beyon d t h e com m on in t erest for h erit ag e an d it s u se in societ y, t h ose w h o at t en d ed t h is su m m er sch ool sh ared t h e op p ort u n it y t o d ive in t o Polish cu lt u re, t o est ab lish t ran sn at ion al relat ion s an d fost er t h e p ossib ilit y for fu t u re collab orat ion s.

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

ELENA-M ARIA CAUTIS From Rom an ia an d cu rren t ly b ased in It aly, Elen a h old s a Bach elor in Hist ory an d a M ast er in Cu lt u ral Herit ag e f rom t h e Un iversit y of Bu ch arest . Cu rren t ly, sh e is on e of t h e Eu rop ean Herit ag e You t h Am b assad ors ad vocat in g for t h e im p ort an ce of Herit ag e in b rid g in g cu lt u res. Her m ain in t erest is exp lorin g h ow Cu lt u ral Herit ag e con t rib u t es t o su st ain ab le d evelop m en t , a t op ic w h ich sh e is research in g as a Ph D st u d en t at t h e Un iversit y of Ferrara an d as an in t ern for ICOM OS Ph ilip p in es offerin g assist an ce for localisin g t h e SD Gs. Con t act d et ails: Em ail: cau t ise@g m ail.com

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ESACH Talks! Ap ril 20 21 · Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est

Th e con f eren ce p resen t at ion of t h e Ap ril session of t h e ESACH Talk s, d ed icat ed t o t h e t op ic of W orld Herit ag e, of f ered f resh p ersp ect ives on : M an ag em en t , m ain t en an ce, t ou rism , an d local im p act ; Nom in at ion an d d esig n at ion p rocess; Valu es, Prin cip les, D eg rees, an d Crit eria f or In t er ven t ion s in W orld Herit ag e sit es; D ef in in g an d assessin g Ou t st an d in g Un iversal Valu e.

W ORLD HERITA GE CHA LLEN GES& OPPORTUN ITIES PHOTOGRA PHY A N D V ISUA L A RTS CONTEST M ah laq a Fah am i An arch it ect an d h erit ag e en t h u siast g rad u at ed f rom Ch it t ag on g Un iversit y of En g in eerin g & Tech n olog y in 20 18, an d cu rren t ly p u rsu in g m ast er ?s d eg ree on W orld Herit ag e St u d ies at Bran d en b u rg Un iversit y of Tech n olog y, Cot t b u s-Sen ft en b erg . M y research in t erest p revails on t h e f ield of com m u n it y arch it ect u re, h erit ag e an d m ig rat ion . Cu rren t ly, I am associat ed w it h d ifferen t org an izat ion s t h at p rom ot e su st ain ab le livin g an d h erit ag e p reservat ion at larg e. Creat in g visu al art s d ig it ally is on e of m y p erson al in t erest s t h at I h ave b een p u rsu in g f rom m y b ach elor st u d ies, an d I b elieve an art h as t h e p ow er t o reach m ore au d ien ces in t h e cu rren t d ig it al w orld .

Em ail: m ah laq afah am i1993@g m ail.com Lin ked In : M ah laq a Fah am i In st ag ram : M ah laq a Fah am i Faceb ook : M ah laq a Fah a

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n°2 - Ap ril 20 22

?

W h en w e sp eak of "W orld Herit ag e", en d an g ered cu lt u res, b ot h t an g ib le an d in t an g ib le, an d n at u ral sp ecies sh ou ld b e focu sed on as larg ely as t h e ot h er h erit ag es for it s vu ln erab ilit y t ow ard s m od ern izat ion , con flict s, an d t h e cou rse of t im e. Th is visu al collag e art illu st rat es d ifferen t seg m en t s of cu lt u re, n at u re, an d p eop le arou n d t h e w orld t h at req u ires ap p reciat ion an d ap p rop riat e act ion t o p rot ect t h eir core valu es, cu lt u re, an d en viron m en t t o u n it e w it h ot h er h erit ag es of t h e w orld sim u lt an eou sly.

-- M ah laq a Fah am i

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W ORLD HERITAGE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

RECONV ERSION A N D A UTHENT THE CASE OF HA GIA SOPHIA IS Sh ah eera Pesn an i, Valen t in e M areau Flam b eau x

Hag ia Sop h ia - A Beat in g Hear t of Ist an b u l In Ju ly 20 20, Hag ia Sop h ia in Ist an b u l, Tu rkey, op en ed it s d oors t o receive M u slim w orsh ip p ers, aft er fu n ct ion in g as a m u seu m for t h e p ast 86 years. Th e sixt h cen t u ry Byzan t in e ch u rch , w h ich w as con st ru ct ed u n d er t h e reig n of Ju st in ian I (W eg n er 20 0 4 ), w as a su b ject of m an y coffee-t ab le con versat ion s, n ew sp ap er h ead lin es, an d off icial g overn m en t st at em en t s an d p ress releases. Un d er t h e reig n of Su lt an M eh m et II, an Ot t om an Em p eror, Hag ia Sop h ia in 14 53 b ecam e a sym b ol of t h e Em p ire?s p ow er an d p rid e. Sin ce Hag ia Sop h ia is recog n ised as an arch it ect u ral w on d er t h at u p h old s sym b ols of b ot h Ch rist ian it y an d Islam , it s con version in t o a m osq u e cau sed an u p roar.

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Hag ia Sop h ia form ed a p art of t h e ?Hist oric Areas of Ist an b u l?, w h ich g ain ed it s in scrip t ion as a W orld Herit ag e Sit e (W HS) b y t h e Un it ed Nat ion s Ed u cat ion al, Scien t if ic an d Cu lt u ral Org an isat ion (UNESCO) in 1985 (W orld Herit ag e Com m it t ee 1985). Th e en t ire Hist oric Areas of Ist an b u l m eet s fou r ou t of six UNESCO?s crit eria for a cu lt u ral W HS. In 1935, M u st afa Kam al At at ü rk (1881-1938), p resid en t of t h e n ew Rep u b lic of Tu rkey, d ecid ed t o con vert Hag ia Sop h ia in t o a m u seu m an d a lib rary t o alig n it w it h t h e t h ree p illars of t h e revolu t ion : ?secu larism , m od ern it y, su p eriorit y of scien ce?

(Kat ip o? lu an d Can er-Yü ksel 20 10 ). Th rou g h ou t cen t u ries, t h e arch it ect u re of Hag ia Sop h ia h as evolved arou n d it s m an y

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

TICITY: STA N BUL, TURK EY Fig .1: View of the m useum of Ha gia Sophia in Februa ry 20 19.

Photo by M ura t Ca n Kirm izigul.

Source: The Conversa tion

con version s, riot s, an d rise an d fall of em p ires. Each of t h ese h ist orical even t s an d con version s w ere in fact d on e t o p rove t h e su p eriorit y an d st ren g t h of t h e n ew ly vict oriou s. Th erefore, it can b e st at ed t h at t h e con q u est of Hag ia Sop h ia rep resen t ed a p olit ical st at em en t ever sin ce - a m at t er w h ich h as con t in u ed t o-d at e. Th e d ecision t o ch an g e t h e fu n ct ion of t h e sit e in t o a m u seu m f rom a m osq u e in t h e early 20 t h cen t u ry, an d f rom a m u seu m t o a m osq u e in t h e 21st cen t u ry, h as d eep p olit ical root s, raisin g issu es on it s au t h en t icit y an d Ou t st an d in g Un iversal Valu e (OUV).

On Bu il t Herit ag e an d Au t h en t icit y W it h t h e Tu rkish g overn m en t ?s d ecision t o ch an g e t h e fu n ct ion an d p u rp ose of Hag ia Sop h ia, t h is raised q u est ion s on t h e sit e?s au t h en t icit y, access, an d it s st at u s as a W HS. In t h is resp ect , w h o w ill b e allow ed an d w h en b ecam e an essen t ial an d a cru cial q u est ion .

Accord in g t o ICOM OS (20 20 ), t h e m u sealisat ion of Hag ia Sop h ia p reserved t h e OUV, as w ell as ju st if ied t h e in scrib ed st at u s of b ein g a W HS. How ever, w h at is

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W ORLD HERITAGE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

t h e au t h en t icit y t h at is n ow alleg ed ly b ein g im p act ed , an d h ow d o w e u n d erst an d it in lig h t of t h e exist in g Ch art ers an d in t h e con t ext of arch it ect u ral sp aces?

Accord in g t o ou r research an d u n d erst an d in g , au t h en t icit y h as t w o m ain asp ect s:

-

-

Fig .2: Ha gia Sophia ?s a rchitectura l evolution 1453-14 81, 14 81-1640, 1640 -1861.Source: ICONARP

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On t olog ical au t h en t icit y w h ich can b e d ef in ed as t h e con g ru en ce b et w een the w orld -view of an arch it ect u ral sp ace an d t h e w orld -view of t h e p eop le w h o ap p rop riat ed it . It refers t o b ein g t ru e t o t h e p ast t h rou g h t h e p resen t u se.

Au t h en t icit y of Con ser vat ion - w h ich can be b est u n d erst ood t h rou g h t h e ICOM OS New Zealan d Ch art er of t h e Con servat ion of Places of Cu lt u ral Herit ag e Valu e 20 10. W h erein , t h e Ch art er n ot on ly d ifferen t iat es b et w een t h e form s of con servat ion p rocesses an d p ract ices, b u t also exp lain s au t h en t icit y as ?t ru t h fu ln ess? of ?t h e cu lt u ral h erit ag e valu e of a p lace? b y ackn ow led g in g t h e t an g ib le an d in t an g ib le valu es t h at are at t ach ed w it h it .

In ad d it ion t o t h at , t h e Ven ice Ch art er of 1964 , t h e Rig a Ch art er of 20 0 0, an d t h e Nara D ocu m en t of 1994 also refer t o t h e issu e of au t h en t icit y, h ow ever, t h ey d o so in t erm s of recon st ru ct ion for con servat ion p u rp oses in a lim it ed sen se. For in st an ce, w h ile the NARA D ocu m en t d oes elu cid at e t h e id ea of au t h en t icit y b y referrin g t o t h e valu es t h e sit e m u st h ave h ad in t h e p ast or t h rou g h ou t it s life, it d oes so in a con servat ion sen se.

Preser vat ion of Au t h en t icit y or D isru p t ion?

Th e m ain q u est ion t h at arises n ow is, d oes t h e reversion of Hag ia Sop h ia in t o a m osq u e alt ers it s au t h en t icit y or d oes it , t o an ext en t , ad d s t o it s sig n if ican ce an d m ean in g ? Th erefore, w e h ave at t em p t ed t o p rob lem at ize h ow au t h en t icit y b ecom es an issu e as p art of t h e con versat ion p rocess.

Can on e fu n ct ion of t h e sit e b e m ore au t h en t ic t h an t h e ot h er?

For in st an ce, if t h e fu n ct ion of Hag ia Sop h ia as a m u seu m is con sid ered m ore au t h en t ic ? an id ea w h ich w as su p p ort ed b y ICOM OS an d t h e Un ion of ch am b ers of Tu rkish Arch it ect s an d En g in eers (UCTEA 20 20 ) ow in g t o it s Un iversal valu e an d accessib ilit y t o all h u m an it y ? b y ext en sion , it im p lies t h at Hag ia Sop h ia?s fu n ct ion in g as a m osq u e w ou ld h am p er t h e au t h en t icit y of it s con servat ion . Th e arg u m en t ,

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

t h en , t h at is p resen t ed in favou r of m u sealisat ion is t h at it n ot on ly en ab les t o p reserve an d m ain t ain t h e arch it ect u ral in t eg rit y of t h e sit e, b u t it also p reserves t h e ?h ist orical m em ory, an d the u n iversal, h olist ic n at u re of t h e cu lt u re sh ared by n at ion s?

(ICOM OS Tu rkey 20 20 ). On t h e ot h er h an d , the id ea of m u sealisat ion is also crit icised t o b e on t olog ically in au t h en t ic as it t u rn s a on ce ?livin g h erit ag e? in t o a ?st ag ed art efact ? (Aykaç 20 18) w h ich , in t u rn , m ig h t affect , likew ise, the p rod u ct ion of h ist orical m em ory, alt h ou g h in a d ifferen t form .

Hen ce, it can b e arg u ed t h at au t h en t icit y d oes n ot h ave a sin g le layer but layers of au t h en t icit ies, d ep en d in g on h ow t h e h erit ag e sit e in t eract s w it h h u m an it y an d h ow p eop le localise t h e h erit ag e as p art of t h eir id en t it y an d m ean in g -m akin g p rocess. It cou ld be con clu d ed t h at the au t h en t icit y of Hag ia Sop h ia is creat ed , b u ilt an d t h rived arou n d t h e com m u n ion of cu lt u res.

Th ou g h , it is im p ort an t t o t ake in t o accou n t t h at t h e ch an g e in p u rp ose of Hag ia Sop h ia m ig h t h ave an im p act on it s h ist orical, cu lt u ral, p olit ical, relig iou s, arch it ect u ral an d social sig n if ican ce, if an y.

Con clu sion Th e reversion of Hag ia Sop h ia in t o a m osq u e h as u n d ou b t ed ly d isru p t ed t h e im ag e of it b ein g a sim p le h erit ag e t h at rep resen t s a cert ain cu lt u re. In st ead , it fu rt h er p olit icised an d exacerb at ed t h e con t roversies on a con t est ed h erit ag e sit e. Hag ia Sop h ia as a m u seu m facilit at ed t h e p rocess of ext en sive rest orat ion , m on it orin g of it s arch it ect u ral in t eg rit y an d of it s variou s stra ti, an d on e can on ly h op e t h at the p reviou s con servat ion w ill b e con t in u ed for all fab ric of Hag ia Sop h ia.

Con sid erin g the n ovel an d p rog ressin g n at u re of the con version , t h e q u est ion t h en rem ain s? h as t h e au t h en t icit y of Hag ia Sop h ia ch an g ed or is it st ill in t act ? On a b road er scop e, h ow do we really u n d erst an d au t h en t icit y as it b ears m an y layers? Last ly, h ow d o w e, as in d ivid u als, m ake sen se of W HS in lig h t of p olit ical in t erven t ion s?

Ref eren ces Aykaç, Pin ar. ?M u sealisat ion as a st rat eg y for t h e recon st ru ct ion of an id ealised Ot t om an p ast : Ist an b u l?s Su lt an ah m et d ist rict as a ?m u seu m -q u art er.?

Interna tiona l Journa l of Herita ge Studies, vol. 25, n o. 2, 20 18, p p .

160 -177.

ICOM OS. Interna tiona l Cha rter for the Conserva tion a nd Restora tion of M onum ents a nd Sites (The Venice Cha rter1964).

IIn d In t ern at ion al Con g ress of Arch it ect s an d Tech n ician s of Hist oric M on u m en t s, Ven ice, 1964 .

Accessed 2 Ju n e 20 21.

ICOM OS. The NARA D ocum ent on Authenticity. 1994 . Accessed 2 Ju n e 20 21.

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Fig .3: M en working on m osa ics of St. John Chrysostom a nd St. Igna tius Theophoros in the north tym pa num of Ha gia Sophia , 1940. Source: D um ba rton Oa ks Resea rch Libra ry a nd Collection

ICOM OS. New Zea la nd Cha rter for the Conserva tion of Pla ces of Cultura l Herita ge Va lue. 20 10.

Accessed 2 Ju n e 20 21.

ICCROM , Lat vian Nat ion al Com m ission for UNESCO, St at e In sp ect ion for Herit ag e Prot ect ion of Lat via, W orld Herit ag e Com m it t ee an d Cu lt u ral Cap it al Fou n d at ion of Lat via.

Riga Cha rter on Authenticity a nd Historica l Reconstruction in Rela tionship to Cultura l Herita ge.

23-24 Oct ob er 20 0 0. Accessed 2 Ju n e 20 21.

m od if ied Ju ly 11, 20 20. Accessed 2 Ju n e 20 21.

THE HAGIA SOPHIA should continue to be presented with a ll its la yers, a s a sym bol of interfa ith brotherhood a nd world pea ce.

New s, ICOM OS Tu rkey, 10 Ju ly 20 20. Accessed 2 Ju n e 20 21.

W eg n er, Em m a. Ha gia Sophia , 532-37. Th e M ET, Oct ob er 20 0 4 .

Accessed 2 Novem b er 20 20.

W orld Herit ag e Com m it t ee, UNESCO. Convention Concerning Kat ip o? lu , Ceren an d the Protection of the World Can er-Yü ksel, Ça? la. ?Hag ia Cultura l a nd Na tura l Herita ge.

Sop h ia ?M u seu m ?: A Hu m an ist UNESCO Head q u art ers, 1985.

Project of t h e Tu rkish Rep u b lic.?

Constructing Cultura l Identity, Nin t h ord in ary session . Accessed Representing Socia l Power, vol. 2 Ju n e 20 21.

30 6, n o. 21, 20 10, p p . 20 5-25. ?M ?M ARLAR ODASI: ?NSANLI? IN ORTAK M ?RASI AYASOFYA?NIN EVRENSEL D E? ERLER? KORUNM ALID IR.?

Un ion of Ch am b ers of Tu rkish En g in eers an d Arch it ect s (TM M OB), last

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ab ou t t h e Au t h ors:

SHAHEERA PESNANI Sh ah eera Pesn an i?s sch olarsh ip lies at t h e crossroad s of t h e st u d y of h erit ag e an d com m u n it ies. W it h a p reviou s acad em ic b ackg rou n d in social d evelop m en t an d Islam ic St u d ies, Sh ah eera recen t ly com p let ed an M Sc in Arch it ect u ral Con servat ion f rom t h e Un iversit y of Ed in b u rg h . Sh e is also a p art icip an t of t h e In d ian Ocean Exch an g es art h ist ory research fellow sh ip . Cu rren t ly, Sh ah eera is w orkin g as a Research Assist an t w it h t h e Sou t h Asian St u d ies Un it at t h e In st it u t e of Ism aili St u d ies Lon d on .

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: sh ah eerap esn an i@g m ail.com

VALENTINE M AREAU FLAM BEAUX Valen t in e M areau Flam b eau x is a Fren ch arch it ect w it h a sp ecialisat ion in con servat ion . Sh e w orked for m ore t h an t w o years in AREP as an on -sit e/con cep t ion arch it ect for t h e rest orat ion an d reh ab ilit at ion of variou s Parisian t rain st at ion s b efore join in g t h e Un iversit y of Ed in b u rg h . Sh e recen t ly com p let ed w it h d ist in ct ion an M Sc in Arch it ect u ral Con servat ion , an d p lan s t o ap p ly t h ose t each in g s t o arch it ect u ral p ract ice. Cu rren t ly, Valen t in e is w orkin g at t h e Nat ion al Tru st of Scot lan d b efore m ovin g b ack t o Fran ce at t h e b eg in n in g of t h e year t o u n d ert ake a n ew p osit ion as p roject arch it ect in a con servat ion -led p ract ice in Paris.

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: valen t in e.m flam b eau x@g m ail.com

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W ORLD HERITAGE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

PART II

UN ESCO A sso cia t ed Sch o o ls in Ger m a n y : t h e Ex p er ien ce o f Ba m b er g Iuliia Erem enko

Keyw ord s - Sch ool ed u cat ion - UNESCO Associat ed Sch ools - In t ern at ion al ed u cat ion al p rog ram s - Sch oolt each ers

Ab st ract Nowa da ys, m ore a nd m ore schools in the world a re using project-ba sed tra ining m ethods, for exa m ple, on issues of interna tiona l intera ction a nd prom oting World Herita ge. In Germ a ny, a bout three hundred schools integra te the educa tiona l a pproa ches of UNESCO in their progra m s.

As pa rt of this study, the a uthor views the system for a cquiring the sta tus of a «UNESCO Associa ted Schools» by schools in Germ a ny a nd UNESCO's role in this process.

The a uthor a im s to revea l the position of this interna tiona l orga niza tion a nd the role of the World Cultura l Herita ge progra m m es in introducing new projects in the fra m ework of the school curriculum a nd extra curricula r progra m s.

The em pirica l ba se of the study is represented by expert sem i-interviews with tea chers of upper seconda ry schools pa rticipa ting in the project of a ssocia ted schools in Ba va ria . The resea rch hypothesis wa s built a round the a ssum ption tha t UNESCO will prom ote the idea s of dem ocra tic educa tion in schools by a ssigning specia l sta tus to educa tiona l institutions a nd encoura ging tea chers to design a ctivities. However, this a ssum ption wa s not confirm ed.

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The study showed tha t tea chers a re the m a in engine of dem ocra tic educa tion projects in schools. The role of UNESCO a s a n interna tiona l orga niza tion turns out to be a kind of fra m ework: the m a in direction of its a ctivity is to crea te a spa ce where tea chers ca n rea lize their potentia l, ga in a dditiona l knowledge, experience, connections, a nd funding for educa tiona l projects. The scientific a nd pra ctica l significa nce of this a rticle is tha t it will be useful to those who wa nt to understa nd the system of intera ction of schools with interna tiona l orga niza tions in ca se of cultura l herita ge a nd those who wa nt to a pply for this progra m .

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Org an izat ion of t h e Process in t h e Field in t h e Bam b erg Gym n asiu m In the E.T.A. Hoff m an n Gym n asiu m f ive t o eig h t t each ers an d t w o UNESCO coord in at ors w ere in volved in t h e org an izat ion of t h e p roject . Coord in at ors, resp ect ively a t each er of h ist ory an d social st u d ies an d a t each er of Germ an an d En g lish , h ave n ot ch an g ed sin ce 20 11. Th ere are n o d iscip lin ary req u irem en t s for org an izin g p roject s or b ecom in g a coord in at or:

p roject w ere an in it iat ive of on e coord in at or an d on e sch oolt each er. Th ey d evelop ed t h e id ea of a sit e w h ere you can learn in several lan g u ag es ??ab ou t t h e sig h t s of several cit ies in clu d ed in t h e p roject (E.T.A. Hoff m an n -Gym n asiu m Bam b erg 20 10 ).

Th e sch ool in volved 15 st u d en t s. ?Ou r aim w as t o f irst g ive p u p ils t h e op p ort u n it y t o learn n ew t h in g s in lib raries an d arch ives ab ou t t h eir ow n W orld Cu lt u ral Herit ag e, locat ed in ou r cit y, an d t h en sh ow an d t ell ab ou t it t o p eop le all over t h e w orld ?. Th e last m ajor p roject w as t h e creat ion of ?Anyone sufficiently m otiva ted to t h e b ook ?BAM ! Berg - you n g work a s a coordina tor ca n p eop le d iscover t h eir w orld becom e one. This does not cu lt u ral h erit ag e? (?BAM ! Berg ? directly a ffect the officia l position Ju g en d lich e en t d ecken ih r a nd ca reer developm ent.? W elt ku lt u rerb e?) ab ou t Bam b erg b y t een ag ers for t een ag ers.

In each cit y, in con n ect ion w it h it s sp ecif icit y an d select ed areas, t h eir ow n ?flag sh ip p roject s? ap p ear. So, in t h e n earest m ajor cit y t o Bam b erg ? Nu rem b erg ? t h e focu s is p rim arily on p roject s relat ed t o h u m an rig h t s an d d em ocrat ic valu es ??in con n ect ion w it h t h e W W II h ist ory: ?It is im porta nt for children to visit the m useum tha t exists in the city in order to know the pa st to try to prevent som ething like this in the future.?

As t h e st u d y sh ow ed , t h e m ain focu s in t h e sch ool t h at w as st u d ied w as on W orld Cu lt u ral Herit ag e. Th e larg est p roject w as t h e 20 0 8?20 10 on e, w h en t h e sch ool received fu n d in g for t h e im p lem en t at ion of t h e p rog ram ?You n g p eop le learn t h eir W orld Herit ag e?: ?W e t ried t o com b in e ou r ow n g oals (UNESCO) w it h t h e Erasm u s+ Prog ram , an d we looked for ot h er cit ies in Eu rop e t h at w ere UNESCO W orld Herit ag e sit es?. Th is search an d

Eleven st u d en t s p art icip at ed in t h e in it iat ive d u rin g t h e w h ole year: m id d le an d h ig h sch ool st u d en t s t h em selves w rot e t ext s, t ook p h ot og rap h s, w orked w it h arch ives an d cit y resid en t s t o search for p h ot og rap h s, an d in t eract ed w it h sp on sors. Th e p resen t at ion of t h e b ook w as at t en d ed b y t h e m ayor of Bam b erg , t h e d irect or of t h e W orld Herit ag e Cen t er, as w ell as resid en t s of t h e cit y. Th e b ook w as also p resen t ed at a reg ion al con feren ce for g ift ed st u d en t s in f ron t of h u n d red s of p u p ils.

M oreover, t h e b ook can b e n ow b ou g h t on t h e In t ern et f rom an yw h ere in t h e w orld t h rou g h t h e on lin e st ore. Accord in g t o t h e off icial w eb sit e of t h e sch ool, an ot h er p roject area p rop osed b y UNESCO, w h ich w as ch osen b y Hoff m an n Gym n asiu m , is ?in t ercu lt u ral learn in g , livin g t og et h er in a m u lt icu lt u ral en viron m en t ?. For acq u ain t an ce w it h foreig n cu lt u res, t h e sch ool org an izes exch an g e p rog ram s w it h Tan zan ia, Great Brit ain , Ukrain e an d Nep al, as w ell as

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Fig .1: The Old Town Ha ll (Altes Ra tha us) of Ba m berg.

Photo: Iuliia Erem enko

reg u lar in t eract ion w it h foreig n t each ers f rom arou n d t h e w orld t h rou g h t h e org an izat ion of g u est lect u res.

Teach ers see t h e m ain valu e of t h e in it iat ive in en h an cin g t h e p u p ils' st u d y of t h e cu lt u re, cu st om s an d valu es ??of ot h er cou n t ries, as w ell as in fost erin g op en n ess, t oleran ce an d in t erest in ot h er p eop les an d cu lt u res.

Ot h er g oals of UNESCO (su ch as en viron m en t al p rot ect ion , p rot ect ion of h u m an rig h t s, an d t h e p reservat ion of p eace) are reflect ed in t h e d aily in t eract ion of t each ers w it h sch oolch ild ren (E.T.A. Hoff m an n -Gym n asiu m Bam b erg 20 0 6). Also, in t h e sch ool w e are st u d yin g t h ere is a sp ecial ext racu rricu lar cou rse

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called t h e UNESCO Cou rse, w h ich p art icip at es in sm all p roject s. For exam p le, in D ecem b er 20 18, a Hu m an Rig h t s D ay w as org an ized , in w h ich h ig h sch ool st u d en t s d iscu ssed cases violat in g t h e UN Hu m an Rig h t s D eclarat ion in t h e m od ern w orld : ?Th e in t eract ion of sch oolch ild ren d u rin g su ch even t s is very im p ort an t for at t ract in g ch ild ren 's at t en t ion t o su ch acu t e p rob lem s of ou r t im e.

"This not only ra ises questions a bout the consequences of hum a n rights viola tions, but a lso encoura ges the younger genera tion to think a bout how to prevent such viola tions in the future?.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Each UNESCO Associat ed Sch ool t ries t o in clu d e UNESCO t op ics in as m an y act ivit ies as p ossib le.

Th ese even t s can b e classif ied as follow s: 1. Lesson s w h ere UNESCO valu es are in clu d ed in t h e su b ject of st u d ies (lect u res on w orld h erit ag e in Germ an y, en viron m en t al p rob lem s in b iolog y, et c.); 2. Sp ecial p roject s for classes / g rou p s (W W I p roject , b ook p roject , b ee g ard en ); 3. Project s in clu d in g all classes, b u t n ot ext ern ally fu n d ed (each class su p ervises a ch ild in Nep al, an d t h ey raise m on ey for it ); 4 . Project s org an ized an d fu n d ed by the EU (Com en iu s / Erasm u s +), in w h ich st u d en t s f rom d ifferen t classes t ake p art ; 5. In t ern at ion al exch an g e p rog ram s.

Th e m ot ivat ion of sch oolch ild ren t o p art icip at e in t h ese p roject s varies. St u d en t s d o n ot receive g rad es for p art icip at ion in t h ese p rog ram s. Th e sch ool con d u ct s a sp ecial su rvey, accord in g t o w h ich t h e m ain m ot ivat ion for t h e p art icip at ion of sch oolch ild ren in p roject s u n d er t h e UNESCO Associat ed Sch ool p rog ram is t h eir p art icip at ion in creat in g a ?cu lt u re of p eace?. Th e t erm com es f rom t h e off icial d ef in it ion of t h e UN: ?in clu d es valu es, at t it u d es an d b eh aviors t h at reflect an d in sp ire social in t eract ion an d coop erat ion b ased on t h e p rin cip les of f reed om , ju st ice an d d em ocracy, all h u m an rig h t s, t oleran ce an d solid arit y, w h ich reject violen ce an d are aim ed at con flict p reven t ion b y ad d ressin g t h eir root cau ses, in ord er t o solve p rob lem s t h rou g h d ialog u e an d n eg ot iat ion , an d w h ich g u aran t ee t h e op p ort u n it y t o fu lly en joy all

rig h t s an d m ean s, To p art icip at e fu lly in t h e d evelop m en t p rocess of t h eir societ y? (Un it ed Nat ion s 1998). Th is is also con f irm ed b y in t erview s w it h t each ers: ?Th eir m ain m ot ivat ion is t o h elp creat e a ?cu lt u re of p eace? as p art of a g lob al n et w ork ? at least w e h op e so?. Th e coord in at ors b elieve t h at t each ers are in volved in t h e im p lem en t at ion of p roject s p recisely b ecau se t h ey see t h e h ig h m ot ivat ion of sch oolch ild ren w h o d ecid e t o t ake p art in on e or several p roject s: ?M ost often, tea chers see a high level of m otiva tion precisely beca use schoolchildren a re interested in com m unica ting, m eeting new cultures a nd in contributing to the developm ent of the future, for exa m ple, the environm enta l progra m .?

Th e focu s of alm ost all t h e p roject s cu rren t ly b ein g im p lem en t ed w ere form ed as a resu lt of t h e in t eract ion b et w een several t each ers an d st u d en t s, or as a p rop osal f rom t h e sch ool ad m in ist rat ion . Th e lat t er in clu d e t h e in clu sion of sp ecial lect u res for sch oolch ild ren on t h e cu lt u ral cu st om s of t h e cou n t ries f rom w h ich ext ern al t each ers com e t o sch ool as p art of ad van ced t rain in g p rog ram s. Based on t h e ab ove d at a, w e can con clu d e t h at t h e in it iat ive for all p roject s rem ain s in t h e h an d s of t each ers, t h e p rop osals are m ad e b y sch oolch ild ren an d the ad m in ist rat ion , but n ot by UNESCO. As t each ers p oin t ou t , t h e Bavarian St at e M in ist ry for Ed u cat ion an d Cu lt u re in volvem en t in t h e UNESCO Associat ed sch ools p roject in creased d u rin g t h e last 15 years.

Th e St at e In st it u t e for Sch ool Qu alit y an d Ed u cat ion Research (Sta a tsinstitut für Schulqua litä t und Bildungsforschung)

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p u b lish ed a b roch u re ab ou t UNESCO sch ools in Bavaria t h at su m m arizes w h at is exp ect ed f rom t h is st at u s. M ain ly, t h e m in ist ry's su p p ort con sist s of allow in g t h e Bavarian UNESCO Associat ed Sch ools t o m eet an n u ally in t h e Acad em y for Teach er Train in g an d Person n el D evelop m en t in D illin g en for t h ree d ays.

Th e Role of UNESCO Th e st u d y sh ow ed t h at in it ially, at t h e st ag e of ap p lyin g for t h e st at u s of "in t erest ed sch ool at t h e reg ion al level", UNESCO as an org an izat ion d id n ot in flu en ce t h e sch ool.

E.T.A. Hoff m an n -Gym n asiu m it self in it iat ed an ap p licat ion for t h e n et w ork of UNESCO p roject sch ools. Th is w as n ot an in it iat ive im p lem en t ed b y UNESCO. Th e fou n d at ion w as laid n ot b y t h e d irect or, it w as t h e id ea of ??t w o t each ers.

Th ey received in form at ion f rom colleag u es f rom ot h er sch ools in Bavaria t h at su ch a p roject exist ed an d in vit ed t h e sch ool p rin cip al t o p art icip at e:

d id n ot f in d su p p ort f rom UNESCO d id n ot st art : ?I d on ?t kn ow an y p roject s in ou r sch ool t h at UNESCO it self w ou ld in it iat e?.

Sch ools can p art icip at e in p roject s d esig n ed an d orig in ally org an ized b y ot h er sch ools: ?W e cam e u p w it h a p roject w it h au d io g u id es an d in vit ed ot h er sch ools f rom t h e Czech Rep u b lic, Sp ain an d Hu n g ary t o t ake p art ?.

Th e on ly ob lig at ory even t for t h e p art n ered in st it u t es is the In t ern at ion al Project D ay. Each sch ool sh ou ld for t h is lau n ch a sp ecial d ay w it h w orksh op s, lect u res, d iscu ssion s, b u t t h e ch oice of t h e act ivit ies is n ot rest rict ed .

Th is p rog ram for t each ers h as b ecom e a sou rce of st ren g t h for t h e im p lem en t at ion of t asks t h at t h ey con sid ered im p ort an t . For exam p le, as t h e t each ers n ot e, m an y sch oolch ild ren d o n ot live in Bam b erg it self, b u t in it s vicin it y, t h u s it is im p ort an t t o t ell t h em m ore ab ou t t h e cit y, so t h at t h is is n ot p erceived b y t h em sim p ly as t h e p lace w h ere t h e sch ool is locat ed . Project s im p lem en t ed w it h in t h e f ram ew ork of t h e associat e sch ool p rog ram h elp t o at t ract m ore st u d en t s: ?Th ese ?We just hea rd a bout it a nd p roject s h elp sh ow t h e Cu lt u ral thought it wa s a good Herit ag e t h at w e h ave. Th ese opportunity for the gym na sium .? p roject s are im p ort an t for t h ose w h o d o n ot live h ere, b u t on ly st u d y. Th ese p roject s g ive u s t h e At t h at t im e t h ere w ere on ly a few st ren g t h t o d o it ?.

UNESCO sch ools in Bavaria. An d t h e valu es ??t h at t h is p roject is Takin g in t o accou n t all t h e ab ove p rom ot in g w ere also im p ort an t fact s, it can b e said t h at t h e for t each ers w h o ap p lied an d for t each ers t h em selves w ere t h e t h e sch ool ad m in ist rat ion : ?It w as m ain en g in e of t h e d em ocrat ic som et h in g really n ew .

An ed u cat ion p roject s, n ot UNESCO. in t ern at ion al p lat form t h at Th e role of UNESCO as a w h ole is su p p ort s very im p ort an t valu es?. of f ram ew ork , sin ce t h e m ain act ivit y of the in t ern at ion al Lat er, in the p roject s' org an izat ion is t o creat e a sp ace im p lem en t at ion , t each ers an d w h ere you can realize you r coord in at ors also b ased on t h e p ot en t ial as an act ive t each er, valu es ??of UNESCO t h at t h ey g ain ad d it ion al kn ow led g e, sh are, an d w it h in t h is t h ey ch ose exp erien ce, con n ect ion s an d d irect ion s an d realize in it iat ives. fu n d in g for ed u cat ion al p roject s.

Also, variou s p roject s w h ich d id or Th e org an izat ion con t rols

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

on g oin g p art n ered p rog ram s an d sh ow su ccessfu l p roject s t o ot h er sch ools, b u t t h ey d o n ot im p ose t h em .

Un fort u n at ely, t h e f reed om t o ch oose p roject s d oes n ot m ean f reed om in the form s of p rod u cin g off icial p rog ress rep ort s. Over t h e last few years, t h e n at ion al off ice (UNESCO Germ an y) h as b ecom e m ore act ive in m on it orin g UNESCO Associat ed Sch ools' w ork an d req u irem en t s for sch ool act ivit ies an d rep ort in g h ave b een form ed (Qu alit ät sp ap ier d es Net zw erks d er UNESCO Projek t sch u len in D eu t sch lan d 20 19).

Th ese con clu sion s can be rein forced by the follow in g t h eoret ical con cep t s: m od ern izat ion accord in g t o S. Hu n t in g t on , the t h eory of d iffu sion of in n ovat ion s, as w ell as g rassroot s in it iat ives. For exam p le, it is b elieved t h at civic en g ag em en t an d civic ed u cat ion

w ill flou rish on ly if g rassroot s act ivism is su p p ort ed by exp erien ced org an izat ion s (Sh u lt z an d Gu im araes-Iosif 20 12). In ou r case, su ch an org an izat ion is UNESCO, w h ich is read y t o su p p ort t h e in it iat ive of t each ers an d d irect t h e scop e of t h eir act ivit ies, a d em on st rat ion of h ow t h e t h eory of m od ern izat ion w orks (Hu n t in g t on 1971). Alon g t h is lin e, the in t ern at ion al com m u n it y is an exam p le of an ext ern al en viron m en t con d u cive t o local d evelop m en t . Also, t o exp lain t h e p h en om en on w e h ave id en t if ied , it is relevan t t o t u rn t o the t h eory of ?g rassroot s in it iat ives?, w it h in w h ich it is b elieved t h at civil act ivit y em an at in g d irect ly f rom local act ors (in ou r case, f rom in it iat ive sch ool t each ers) is a p ow erfu l en g in e of d evelop m en t (Seyfan g an d Sm it h 20 07). How ever, at t h e sam e t im e, in view of t h e lack of exp erien ce an d in form at ion , as w ell as in ord er t o avoid p ossib le

Fig .2: Little Venice D istrict.

Photo: Iuliia Erem enko

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con flict s of in t erest , su ch act ivist s n eed the h elp of m ore exp erien ced b od ies an d in st it u t ion s (in ou r case, UNESCO).

Th erefore, w e can con clu d e t h at w it h in t h e f ram ew ork of t h e p roject of t h e associat ed sch ools, UNESCO w ill m ore likely p lay t h e in d irect role of a facilit at or an d coord in at or, rat h er t h an t h e m ain in it iat or of an y p roject s.

Con clu sion Th e n ovelt y of ou r research lies in t h e fact t h at t h e focu s of con sid erat ion w as aim ed at id en t ifyin g the d eg ree of UNESCO's in volvem en t in t h e d evelop m en t of associat ed sch ools, w h ich w as n ot p reviou sly covered in acad em ic lit erat u re. In ad d it ion , w e h ave con sid ered n ot on e sp ecif ic st ag e in the form at ion of UNESCO associat ed sch ools, as ou r p red ecessors d id , b u t t h e w h ole p rocess an d t h e role of UNESCO in it .

Th e h yp ot h esis form u lat ed b y u s at t h e b eg in n in g of ou r w ork t h at UNESCO, by in it iat in g the creat ion of ?Associat ed Sch ools? at variou s levels of m em b ersh ip in the p rog ram , en cou rag es t each ers to im p lem en t in t ern at ion al p roject s aim ed at d evelop in g a g lob al com m u n it y as p art of t h e ed u cat ion al p rocess, h as n ot b een con f irm ed . At all st ag es, t h is org an izat ion , g ivin g t h e sch ool n ew st at u s, rat h er f ixes t h e p ract ices of im p lem en t in g variou s p roject s of t h e local an d in t ern at ion al level t h at h ave alread y b een est ab lish ed in t h e sch ool.

UNESCO m on it ors t h rou g h t h e an alysis of off icial d ocu m en t s b u t d oes n ot force sch ools t o p art icip at e in t h eir sp ecif ic p roject s. UNESCO g ives t h em t h e f reed om t o im p lem en t t h e con solid at ion of id eas for t h e d evelop m en t of the g lob al com m u n it y, su ch as h u m an rig h t s, su st ain ab le d evelop m en t ,

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an d d em ocrat ic valu es. In t h is p rocess, UNESCO d oes n ot en cou rag e t each ers t o im p lem en t in t ern at ion al p roject s as p art of t h e ed u cat ion al p rocess; t h is is volu n t ary for all p art icip an t s f rom sch ools.

Th e st u d en t s t h em selves d ecid e w h et h er t h ey w an t t o p art icip at e in t h e p roject act ivit ies of UNESCO an d w it h in w h at sp ecif ic p roject , w h ile the t each ers t h em selves t ake t h e in it iat ive t o im p lem en t the p roject an d d et erm in e t h e d eg ree of t h eir in volvem en t in t h is p rocess. In t u rn , t h e sch ool ad m in ist rat ion su p p ort s, b u t d oes n ot in sist on t h e p art icip at ion of t each ers an d st u d en t s in variou s p roject s relat ed t o UNESCO. Th ese st u d ies h ave sh ow n t h at t h e in it iat ive t o p art icip at e in t h e UNESCO Associat ed Sch ools p rog ram com es at each st ag e f rom t h e sch ool it self, an d n ot f rom UNESCO as an org an izat ion .

In t h is case st u d y, t h e in it iat ive d id n ot com e f rom t h e sch ool ad m in ist rat ion , b u t f rom t h e t each ers. Th eir m ain m ot ivat ion for p art icip at ion w as t h e in clu sion in t h e in t ern at ion al com m u n it y of t each ers an d t h e op p ort u n it y for p rofession al an d career g row t h .

All t each ers n ot ed t h at it w as im p ort an t for t h em t o p art icip at e in p roject s w h ose valu es ??t h ey sh are, an d t h is w as t h e m ain reason for t h eir p art icip at ion . In t h e fu t u re, w e see it n ecessary t o in vest ig at e w h et h er t h e sit u at ion is t h e sam e w it h t h e associat ed UNESCO sch ools t h rou g h ou t t h e w orld , or su ch a f ram ew ork role is ch aract erist ic of t h is org an izat ion on ly in Germ an y.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ack n ow led g m en t s Th e p ap er h as b en ef it ed f rom t h e su p p ort of t h e Cen t re for Germ an an d Eu rop ean St u d ies (St . Pet ersb u rg St at e Un iversit y an d Bielefeld Un iversit y) su p p ort ed b y t h e DAAD w it h fu n d s f rom t h e Germ an Foreig n Off ice.

Ref eren ces: Berry Fran ces St okes, Berry W illiam D. Berry "In n ovat ion an d D iffu sion M od els in Policy Research ." Th eories of t h e p olicy p rocess. Rou t led g e. (20 18): 263?30 8.

Bu erg en t h al, Th om as, an d Ju d it h V. Torn ey. "Exp an d in g t h e in t ern at ion al h u m an rig h t s research ag en d a." In t ern at ion al St u d ies Qu art erly 23.2 (1979): 321?334 .

Carr, Pau l. "Ed u cat ors an d ed u cat ion for d em ocracy: M ovin g b eyon d ?t h in ? d em ocracy." In t erAm erican jou rn al of ed u cat ion for d em ocracy 1.2 (20 0 8): 147?164 ; D eu t sch e UNESCO-Kom m ission .

UNESCO-Projek t sch u le w erd en .

20 18, h t t p s://w w w .u n esco.d e/b ild u n g / u n escop rojek t sch u len /u n escop rojek t sch u le-w erd en . (Accessed 9 M arch 20 21).

E.T.A. Hoff m an n -Gym n asiu m Bam b erg . Un ser W elt ku lt u rerb e.

20 10, h t t p s://et a.aiacs.n et /UNESCO/W elt ku lt u rerb e/in d ex.h t m .

(Accessed 9 M arch 20 21).

E.T.A. Hoff m an n -Gym n asiu m Bam b erg . UNESCOW elt ku lt u rerb est ad t h at jet zt au ch UNESCO-Projek t sch u le. D as E.T.A. Hoff m an n -Gym n asiu m Bam b erg erh ält d en St at u s 'm it arb eit en d e UNESCOProjek t sch u le. 20 0 6, h t t p ://et a.b n v- b am b erg .d e/ku lt u r/UNESCO/St at u s/Projekt sch u le.h t m l. (Accessed 9 M arch 20 21).

Hu n t in g t on , Sam u el P. "Th e ch an g e t o ch an g e: M od ern izat ion , d evelop m en t , an d p olit ics." Com p arat ive p olit ics 3.3 (1971): 283?322.

Jon es, Ph illip W . In t ern at ion al p olicies for Th ird W orld ed u cat ion : UNESCO, lit eracy an d d evelop m en t . Rou t led g e, 20 18.

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In g leh art , R. "Post m od em it y: Ch an g in g Valu es an d Ch an g in g Societ ies." Polis. Polit ical St u d ies 4 .4 (1997).

Lu n t in en , Pert t i. "Sch ool h ist ory t ext b ook revision b y an d u n d er t h e au sp ices of UNESCO: Part II." In t ern at ion ale Sch u lb u ch forsch u n g (1989): 39?4 8.

M eh lin g er, How ard D. "UNESCO Han d b ook for t h e Teach in g of Social St u d ies." (1981).

M eyer, Joh n W ., ed . Nat ion al d evelop m en t an d t h e w orld syst em : ed u cat ion al, econ om ic, an d p olit ical ch an g e; 1950 ?1970. Un iversit y of Ch icag o Press, 1979.

Rau n er, M ary. "UNESCO as an org an izat ion al carrier of civics ed u cat ion in form at ion ." In t ern at ion al Jou rn al of Ed u cat ion al D evelop m en t 19.1 (1999): 91?10 0.

Sh u lt z, Lyn et t e, an d Ran ilce Gu im araes-Iosif. "Cit izen sh ip ed u cat ion an d t h e p rom ise of d em ocracy: A st u d y of UNESCO Associat ed Sch ools in Brazil an d Can ad a." Ed u cat ion , Cit izen sh ip an d Social Ju st ice 7.3 (20 12): 241?254 .

Seyfan g , Gill, an d Ad rian Sm it h .

"Grassroot s in n ovat ion s for su st ain ab le d evelop m en t : Tow ard s a n ew research an d p olicy ag en d a."

En viron m en t al p olit ics 16.4 (20 07): 584 ?603.

St on e, D ian e. "Tran sfer an d t ran slat ion of p olicy." Policy st u d ies 33.6 (20 12): 4 83?499.

Su árez, D avid F., Fran cisco O. Ram irez, an d Jeon g -W oo Koo. "UNESCO an d t h e associat ed sch ools p roject : Sym b olic aff irm at ion of w orld com m u n it y, in t ern at ion al u n d erst an d in g , an d h u m an rig h t s." Sociolog y of Ed u cat ion 82.3 (20 0 9): 197?216.

Su árez, D avid . "Ed u cat ion p rofession als an d t h e con st ru ct ion of

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h u m an rig h t s ed u cat ion ." Com p arat ive Ed u cat ion Review 51.1 (20 07): 4 8?70.

UNESCO Associat ed Sch ools Net w ork . M em b ersh ip , 20 16, h t t p s://asp n et .u n esco.org /en u s/Pag es/M em b ersh ip .asp x. Accessed 9 M arch 20 21.

Un it ed Nat ion s (1998) Th e In t ern at ion al D ecad e for a Cu lt u re of Peace an d Non -Violen ce for t h e Ch ild ren of t h e W orld . Resolu t ion 53/25, ad op t ed b y con sen su s on 10 t h Novem b er 1998 p roclaim ed t h e p eriod 20 0 1?20 10.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

IULIIA EREM ENKO Iu liia Erem en ko collect ed m at erial for t h is st u d y as p art of h er w ork at t h e Sociolog ical In st it u t e, Fed eral Cen t er of Th eoret ical an d Ap p lied Sociolog y, Ru ssian Acad em y of Scien ces in St . Pet ersb u rg , Ru ssia.

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: erem en ko.iu liia@g m ail.com

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Sla v er y M em o r y, Deco lo n iza t io n a n d Geo p o lit ics o f t h e W o r ld Her it a g e List : Int er v iew w it h a r ep r esent a t iv e o f t h e Br a zilia n Deleg a t io n , M r s. Ká t ia Bo g éa M a ria Thim oteo

In t erview er: M a ria Thim oteo, Herita ge Conserva tion a nd Site M a na gem ent M a ster Student a nd BTU D at e: 2 Ja nua ry 20 20 Locat ion : Ita ly/Bra zil phone ca ll

Keyw ord s - Sen sit ive Sit es - M em ory of Slavery - D ecolon ialit y - W orld Herit ag e List

Ab st ract Th e Valon g o W h arf, in t h e cen t ral b ay of Rio de Jan eiro (Brazil), is an arch aeolog ical sit e on t h e cit y?s h arb ou r.

Bu ilt b y t h e en d of t h e 18t h cen t u ry, d u rin g t h e Port u g u ese colon isat ion , it w as in scrib ed on t h e UNESCO W orld Herit ag e List in 20 18 as a ?sen sit ive sit e? an d a ?sit e of m em ory?. On ce op erat in g as a p ort of en t ran ce for arou n d on e m illion en slaved p eop le, n ow ad ays Valon g o ow n s valu es t h at are reach in g b eyon d it s m at erial fab ric. Th e sit e b ecam e an exam p le of t h e violen ce an d in h u m an it y b eh in d t h e racist colon ial syst em an d , at t h e sam e t im e, a sym b ol of t h e at t em p t t o d ecen t ralise t h e W orld Herit ag e List , in creasin g it s rep resen t at iven ess in b ot h g eop olit ical an d id eolog ical asp ect s.

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Th e follow in g in t erview is an at t em p t t o u n d erst an d h ow M rs. Kát ia Bog éa (t h e ex-p resid en t of t h e Brazilian In st it u t e for Hist oric an d Art ist ic Nat ion al Herit ag e) p rep ared , con d u ct ed , an d m on it ored t h e su ccessfu l can d id at u re of t h e f irst sit e relat ed t o t h e m em ory of slavery in scrib ed on t h e UNESCO W orld Herit ag e List .

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Fig .1: Fronta l corner of Va longo's W ha rf a rcheologica l site a t Rio de Ja neiro's city centre. Source: Ha lleypo, via W ikiCom m ons (CC Attribution-Sha re Alike 3.0 Unported)

Q1: M rs. Bogéa , tha nk you so m uch for conceding m e this interview. As a Bra zilia n a nd a herita ge pra ctitioner m yself, it is a plea sure to be here ta lking to som eone who ha s led for m a ny yea rs the m ost im porta nt institution rela ted to Bra zil?s cultura l a nd a rtistic herita ge. I would like to sta rt by a sking you to describe the role of IPHAN (Institute for Historic a nd Artistic Na tiona l Herita ge) in the process of nom ina ting a site for the UNESCO World Herita ge List.

Th an k you , M aria, it is m y p leasu re! IPHAN is resp on sib le for rep resen t in g t h e "cu lt u ral h erit ag e" session of Brazil in t h e W orld Herit ag e Com m it t ee, as f ram ed b y t h e W orld Herit ag e Con ven t ion . It act s t h rou g h t h e old M in ist ry of Cu lt u re, n ow t h e M in ist ry of Tou rism , w h ile, on t h e ot h er h an d , w h o resp on d s t o t h e "n at u ral h erit ag e? session is t h e M in ist ry of En viron m en t .

In t h e d eleg at ion p resen t at t h e Com m it t ee, w e u su ally h ave a com m ission f rom IPHAN an d an ot h er f rom t h e M in ist ry of En viron m en t . How ever, in t h is n ew g overn m en t led by Bolson aro, t h e M in ist ry of En viron m en t w it h d rew it self f rom it s seat in t h e Com m it t ee.

Th erefore, at t h e m om en t , t h ere is no ot h er in st it u t ion resp on sib le for it s fu n ct ion . In w h at con cern s t h e ?cu lt u ral h erit ag e?, t h ou g h , IPHAN is st ill t h e m ain resp on sib le.

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Q2: W hich wa s the biggest m otiva tion for nom ina ting Va longo to the World Herita ge List?

p ort of arrival of on e m illion en slaved p eop le, an d t o b rin g t h eir m em ories b ack t o life.

I rem em b er t h at aft er t h e session in w h ich Valon g o w as Th e IPHAN h as alw ays b een an in scrib ed on t h e List , all t h e avan t -g ard ist in st it u t ion , Af rican d eleg at ion s h ead ed t o in t ern at ion ally recog n ized for t h e Com m it t ee?s p resid en t , t h at .

Th e n om in at ion of M ech t ild Rössler, an d asked h er Valon g o m ean t t ou ch in g a t o p rovid e a m eet in g room w it h w ou n d t h at for a lon g t im e Brazil. W e h ad a reu n ion w it h p eop le t ried t o close: t h e slavery t h em w h ere all t h e Af rican issu e. An d t h is issu e w as on ly cou n t ries m ad e a p u b lic b rou g h t t o t h e d iscu ssion ackn ow led g m en t to Brazil. b ecau se of con st ru ct ion w orks Th eir am b assad ors an d in Rio's h arb ou r zon e rep resen t at ives t h an ked t h e u n d ert aken for the 20 16 Brazilian d eleg at ion for Olym p ics. Th ose con st ru ct ion p resen t in g a n om in at ion t h at , w orks m ad e t h e w h arf reap p ear alt h ou g h p rop osed b y ou r t o t h e su rface: t h is sp ecif ic cou n t ry, b elon g ed t o all Af rican p lace w h ere m ore t h an on e p eop le. It w as a b eau t ifu l m illion en slaved p eop le arrived m om en t , very t ou ch in g . d u rin g t h e colon ial p eriod . Th e h ist ory, t h at w as on ce sed im en t ed , t h en cam e t o lig h t . Q3: D uring the World Herita ge As soon as w e u n d erst ood t h e Com m ittee?s 41st Session in valu e of Valon g o w e kn ew it Kra kow, when Va longo wa s h ad g reat p ot en t ial t o b e inscribed on the List, different congra tula ted in scrib ed u n d er t h e cat eg ory of delega tions for involving loca l "sen sit ive sit e", t h at is, a Bra zil in the h ist orical p lace t h at h ost ed com m unities even t s h u m an it y sh ou ld n ever m a na gem ent pla ns. This ta ctic forg et . In t ot al, t h ere are 11 of seem s to ha ve been a key t h em in t h e W orld Herit ag e List , concept for the developm ent of an d Valon g o is n ow p art of t h e its nom ina tion. I wonder if this is a usua l pra ctice of IPHAN, or if it g rou p . wa s done exceptiona lly in Alt h ou g h slavery h as occu rred Va longo?s ca se? sin ce An t iq u it y, it b ecam e a very syst em at ic an d org an ized Th is is t h e w ay IPHAN h as p ract ice d u rin g M od ern it y w orked u n t il n ow . Valon g o?s w h en it t u rn ed it self ag ain st n om in at ion w as p rep ared in a Af rican p eop le m ore larg e p rocess of d iscu ssion w it h rep resen t at ives of p art icu larly.

To m e, t h is t h e p h en om en on can b e p arallel t o af ro-d escen d an t s, of t h e b lack t h e at om ic b om b s t h at w ere com m u n it ies, of t h e b lack d rop p ed in Hirosh im a an d m ovem en t s, et c. W e h ad d eep Nag asaki or t h e Nazi g en ocid e. con versat ion s w it h t h em , w h ich We w orked on Valon g o?s w ere p ossib le t h an ks t o t h e n om in at ion w it h t h is d em ocrat ic con d it ion s of t h e m ot ivat ion in m in d : t o sh ow t h e cou n t ry b ack t h en . Com m u n it y en g ag em en t w as ext rem ely n ecessary for w orkin g w it h t h is

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

sit e, an d t h at w as t h e fact or t h at m ad e ou r d ossier so p ow erfu l.

I can also g ive you an ot h er exam p le. Th e n om in at ion of Parat y an d Ilh a Gran d e, w h ich h ap p en ed aft er Valon g o, w as a m ixed on e (cu lt u ral an d n at u ral).

We creat ed a m an ag in g com m it t ee t h at cou n t ed w it h the d irect p art icip at ion of caiçaras? com m u n it ies. It w as n ecessary t o g et t o kn ow t h e lan d ?s h an d lin g an d t h ose p eop le?s exp erien ces in ord er t o w rit e a p rop er n om in at ion .

Q4 : I rem em ber wa tching the 41st Session online a nd feeling extrem ely ha ppy to see how well Va longo?s nom ina tion wa s received! Although it wa s a very successful inscription, I wonder which a re the m a in cha llenges of Va longo?s m a na gem ent pla n?

At t h is m om en t , w e are facin g a lot of d iff icu lt ies w it h t h e m an ag em en t p lan . Th is is a h erit ag e sit e t h at in t erest s on e g rou p , b u t n ot t h e ot h ers. An d t h e g rou p t o w h ich Valon g o b elon g s is losin g it s st ren g t h .

Th erefore, it is b ecom in g h ard t o im p lem en t t h e safeg u ard in g p ract ises an d all t h e ot h er g u id elin es w e p rom ised t o follow t og et h er w it h UNESCO. Th e M in ist ry of Cu lt u re w as ext in g u ish ed an d sw allow ed b y t h e M in ist ry of Tou rism u n d er Bolson aro?s g overn m en t , an d Valon g o is n ot a t op ic t h at in t erest s the M in ist ry of Tou rism . W h en it com es t o cu lt u ral p olicies, t h is g overn m en t h as n o in t erest in w orkin g w it h t h e ?collect ive" or w it h social m ovem en t s. Th ere is

also n o in t erest in w orkin g w it h in t ern at ion al ag en cies like UNESCO. Everyt h in g is a sn ow b all effect . Th at is w h y I can aff irm t h at t h e m ain ch allen g e of Valon g o is n ot on ly a m at t er of b u d g et : it is an id eolog ical p rob lem .

Th e b u d g et exist s as lon g as w e d o w h at ever is id eolog ically p lan n ed for t h e areas of cu lt u re an d ed u cat ion .

Q5: Still on the topic of "cha llenges", do you believe the COVID -19 crisis is a ffecting sm a ll sites, such a s Va longo, m ore intensively tha n others?

Th e p rob lem of Valon g o is n ot COVID. It is racism . Th e p rob lem is p eop le n ot w an t in g t o t alk ab ou t w h at Valon g o rep resen t s.

Th is is an arch aeolog ical sit e.

W ill COVID d ecrease visit at ion?

D ep en d s. W h ich visit at ion? Of Brazilian s, w h o n eed s t o face t h eir h ist ory? Th e m on u m en t can b e visit ed , it lies in t h e op en -air... W ill t h e visit of foreig n t ou rist s d ecrease?

M ayb e... Bu t if you h ave a referen ce cen t re t h at can w ork w it h Valon g o in social m ed ia an d a st ab le com m it t ee t h at can d evelop a st ron g in t erp ret at ion p lan , t h e sit e w ill n ot b e in g reat d an g er. W h at I w an t t o say is t h at Valon g o is on ly g oin g t o g et t h e su p p ort it n eed s if Brazil loses t h e fear of facin g t h e p rob lem of racism , slavery, an d social in ju st ice.

Valon g o scream s ou t lou d , b u t t h is voice n ot everyon e w an t s t o h ear.

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Q6: It is very frustra ting to hea r tha t. However, I believe we ca n a ll a gree tha t the m ere fa ct tha t a site rela ted to the m em ory of sla very is inscribed in the World Herita ge List is a lrea dy a grea t a chievem ent!

Especia lly beca use the World Herita ge List ha s been criticised for being Eurocentric a nd unba la nced. W hich would be, in your opinion, the role of countries such a s Bra zil in this a ttem pt to decentra lise the List? Are there pla ns of a ction in this sense?

In the W orld Herit ag e Com m it t ee, Brazil h as alw ays p resen t ed ch allen g in g an d avan t -g ard ist n om in at ion s t h rou g h IPHAN. Th e f irst cou n t ry to p resen t a n om in at ion for a cu lt u ral lan d scap e w as Brazil, w it h Rio d e Jan eiro. Th e f irst cou n t ry t o p resen t t h e n om in at ion of a sen sit ive sit e ab ou t slavery w as Brazil. Th e f irst on e t o w ork a m ixed n om in at ion , as Parat y an d Ilh a Gran d e, w h ere a h u g e en g ag em en t of all t h e social g rou p s con n ect ed to the h erit ag e w as d on e, w as Brazil an d t h is n om in at ion w as accep t ed w it h a st an d in g ovat ion ! -. So Brazil h as b een u sin g , in a very p osit ive w ay, t h e Con ven t ion s of 1972 an d 20 03.

In t h e case of t h e 20 03 Con ven t ion for the Safeg u ard in g of t h e In t an g ib le Herit ag e, ou r cou n t ry con t rib u t ed a lot , b ein g p ract ically t h e on e w h ich p rop osed all t h e su b sid ies for it .

M u ch in sp irat ion w as t aken f rom D ecision n .3511, w h ich creat ed the p olit ics for in t an g ib le h erit ag e in Brazil. So I w ou ld say t h at w e h ave (an d m u st h ave) a very act ive role in p u sh in g for n ew p ersp ect ives w it h in t h e Com m it t ee. Bu t

PAGE 77

u n fort u n at ely, rig h t n ow , in Brazil w e are exp erien cin g a huge reg ression in t h ose p olicies t h at are so su ccessfu l an d recog n ized arou n d t h e w orld .

Q7: Since you m entioned the topic of inta ngible herita ge, I would like to close our interview by a sking your opinion on the following m a tter... Considering your experience working with IPHAN a nd UNESCO, do you believe tha t in the future the distinction between ta ngible a nd inta ngible herita ge will disa ppea r from the List?

I b elieve t h at t h is is a t ren d an d t h at w e can see it . How ever, it seem s like t h e 20 03 Con ven t ion st ill d oes n ot h ave t h e sam e w eig h t as t h e on e f rom 1972.

Som et im es cert ain n om in at ion s are b rou g h t t o t h e Com m it t ee w h ich w ou ld f it b et t er in t h e 20 03 Con ven t ion .

I'll g ive you an exam p le. In Bah rain (W HC 4 2n d session ), It aly p resen t ed t h e n om in at ion of t h e Prosecco Hills. Th eir m ain arg u m en t w as t h at in t h is reg ion t h ere is a w ay of p rod u cin g w in e t h at is d eep ly con n ect ed w it h kn ow led g e, t ech n iq u es, an d t rad it ion s of com m u n it ies in t h e reg ion . So, on ce ag ain , w e cou ld see t h is t ren d of forcin g a n om in at ion t h at is d eep ly relat ed t o "in t an g ib le valu es" t h rou g h t h e t op ics of "lan d scap e" or "m at erial fab ric" ju st so it can en t er t h e List .

An ot h er exam p le... For som e Asian cu lt u res, t h eir w ays of t h in kin g ab ou t t h e w orld are n ot so f ixed in t h e m at erial elem en t s as t h e Eu rop ean s.

Th ere are Jap an ese

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

con st ru ct ion s, p ag od as, in w h ich t h e m ain t h in g t o b e p reserved is n ot n ecessarily t h e m at erial fab ric but m ost im p ort an t ly t h e kn ow led g e of it s con st ru ct ion . How t o reb u ild it w it h t h e sam e t ech n iq u e in case an eart h q u ake d est roys it , for exam p le. For t h em , even if t h e m at erial is n ot ?orig in al?, b u t t h e t ech n iq u e is t h e sam e, t h e valu e of t h e h erit ag e is au t h en t ic. Bu t for t h e 1972 Con ven t ion , it w ou ld n ot b e. I Ab ou t t h e Au t h or : b elieve, t h erefore, t h at t h is d iscu ssion st ill n eed s to ad van ce a lot .

M oreover, t h ere are ot h er t w o elem en t s I w ou ld like t o p oin t ou t reg ard in g n ew t ren d s w it h in t h e Com m it t ee. Th e st ren g t h of Eu rocen t rism is b ein g b alan ced n ow w it h t h e p ow er of Ch in a?s m on ey. Ch in a is in a ru n t o su rp ass, on e b y on e, the w orld ?s b ig g est h erit ag e ow n er: It aly. Th e p olit ical asp ect of t h e W orld Herit ag e List is g et t in g m ore an d m ore visib le. Besid es, t h e p resen ce of am b assad ors in t h e Com m it t ee h as b een in creasin g in d irect com p arison w it h t h e at t en d an ce of h erit ag e p rofession als an d sp ecialist s, for exam p le. Th e n om in at ion s are n ow b ein g valu ed b y p olit ician s an d t h is is som et h in g t h at , in my op in ion , puts the Con ven t ion at risk .

Th is g eop olit ical sid e of the Con ven t ion - t h at of sh ow in g a n at ion ?s p ow er t h rou g h it s h erit ag e - is in evit ab le, b u t also u n h ealt h y. W e are n ot in p olit ical com p et it ion , an d t h is is n ot w h at t h e W orld Herit ag e List sh ou ld b e ab ou t .

M ARIA THIM OTEO M aria Th im ot eo is a M ajor in Social Hist ory an d com p let in g a secon d M ast er in Herit ag e Con servat ion an d Sit e M an ag em en t at BTU (Germ an y). Sh e h as w orked for m an y years as a h ist ory t each er an d cu lt u ral t ou r g u id e an d is cu rren t ly research in g h ow d ecolon ial t h eories cou ld con t rib u t e t o d em ocrat isin g h erit ag e in t erp ret at ion p ract ises.

Con t act d et ails: In st ag ram : @m ariap ost in g t h in g s Em ail: m ariad m t h im ot eo@g m ail.com

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W ORLD HERITAGE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

Reflect io n s o f St o n eh en g e: Th e Int a n g ib le Cu lt u r a l Her it a g e o f Co nt em p o r a r y Pa g a n ism Lisa Brown

Herit ag e Herit ag e?s b road d ef in it ion con t in u ou sly exp an d s as ou r p ercep t ion s of h erit ag e evolve an d b ecom e m ore in clu sive.

Th e 20 03 UNESCO Con ven t ion for t h e Safeg u ard in g of t h e In t an g ib le Cu lt u ral Herit ag e In t rod u ct ion d ef in es in t an g ib le cu lt u ral In t an g ib le cu lt u ral elem en t s h erit ag e as ?t h e p ract ices, g ive t an g ib le h erit ag e rep resen t at ion s, exp ression s, m an ifest at ion s t h eir d eep er kn ow led g e, [an d ] skills?t h at m ean in g . Th e con t em p orary com m u n it ies, g rou p s, Pag an an d D ru id com m u n it y an d ?in d ivid u als recog n ise as claim s t h eir h erit ag e is reflect ed p art of t h eir cu lt u ral h erit ag e? in t h e m an y an cien t st on e (UNESCO, 20 03).

Un like circles locat ed in t h e Brit ish p reviou s con cep t ion s of Isles, b u t sch olars refu t e t h is h erit ag e, t h is d ef in it ion assert ion . D esp it e t h e lack of p resen t s an exp erien t ial su p p ort in g h ist orical evid en ce, u n d erst an d in g of h erit ag e an d t h is m od ern exp ression of focu ses on p eop le over art ifact s, in t an g ib le cu lt u re can n ot b e b asin g it on w h at p eop le ig n ored . p erceive as t h eir h erit ag e.

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Com m u n it y

[t h em ]? (Pou lios, 20 11). Th ese ?an cien t m on u m en t s d o n ot Com m u n it ies are ?p eop le w h o h ave on e m ean in g , b u t [t h eir sh are a self-ascrib ed sen se of m ean in g s] are recreat ed con n ect ed n ess,? an d t h ey t h rou g h su ccessive p erp et u at e the in t an g ib le in t erp ret at ion s, reflect in g h erit ag e as it ?exist s on ly in it s ch an g in g cu lt u ral m em ories? en act m en t b y p ract it ion ers? (Harvey, 20 03). Th e in t an g ib le (Lab ad i, 20 12). Fu rt h erm ore, it h erit ag e p ract ices associat ed ?is con st an t ly recreat ed b y w it h t h em also ch an g e as t h eir com m u n it ies an d g rou p s in com m u n it ies evolve. resp on se t o t h eir en viron m en t , t h eir in t eract ion w it h n at u re W h en St on eh en g e an d an d t h eir h ist ory, an d p rovid es Aveb u ry w ere in scrib ed as t h em w it h a sen se of id en t it y W orld Herit ag e sit es in 1986, an d con t in u it y?

(UNESCO, off icials recog n ised t h at ?t h ey 20 03).

Becau se of t h is, ret ain sp irit u al sig n if ican ce for ?au t h en t icit y can n ot ap p ly t o som e p eop le? (UNESCO, 20 20 ). in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e? Th e u n sp ecif ied p eop le h ere (Lab ad i, 20 12).

In t an g ib le are con t em p orary Pag an s an d cu lt u ral h erit ag e is m an ifest ed D ru id s w h ose b eliefs an d t h rou g h ?oral t rad it ion s an d p ract ices are closely alig n ed exp ression s?; p erform in g art s; w it h n at u re an d t h e ch an g in g social p ract ices, rit u als an d season s. Th ou san d s of m od ern fest ive even t s; kn ow led g e an d Pag an s at t en d D ru id rit u als at p ract ices con cern in g n at u re St on eh en g e each year. Th e an d the u n iverse; [an d ] in t an g ib le asp ect s of Pag an t rad it ion al craft sm an sh ip ? an d D ru id cu lt u ral b eliefs an d (UNESCO, 20 03). Th is d ef in it ion p ract ices im b u e t h e sit es w it h a allow s a w id e ran g e of cu lt u ral d eep er sig n if ican ce b eyon d t h e act ivit ies t o b e con sid ered b u ild ers? t an g ib le arch it ect u ral in t an g ib le h erit ag e, in clu d in g ach ievem en t s. M an y Pag an con t em p orary Pag an rit u als g rou p s con sid er t h ese sit es an d n at u re-b ased p ract ices. sacred b ecau se t h ey b elieve t h ey w ere u sed for an cien t D ru id ic rit u als. D esp it e sch olarly refu t es, t h ese associat ion s D if f eren t In t erp ret at ion s p ersist an d are p erceived as Th e m ost g en erally accep t ed b ein g p art of t h is com m u n it y?s sch olarly in t erp ret at ion is t h at cu lt u ral h erit ag e.

St on eh en g e is ?a p reh ist oric t em p le alig n ed w it h the m ovem en t s of the su n ,? Hist orical Back g rou n d (?Hist ory of St on eh en g e,? 20 20 ).

Pag an s an d St on eh en g e is on e of over a Con t em p orary arg u e t h at t h eir t h ou san d st on e circles in t h e D ru id s Brit ish Isles, w h ich su g g est s a p ract ices are a con t in u at ion of an cien t Celt ic sp irit u al sim ilar p u rp ose as p reh ist oric an rit u al sit es. Th ese an cien t st on e t rad it ion . Sch olars con t est t h is circles are livin g h erit ag e sit es, claim an d assert t h at ?t h e w h ich are sit es w h ere t h eir m od ern D ru id s are a com p let e ?com m u n it y claim s a sp ecial rein ven t ion w it h n o leg it im acy? st ron g social, sp irit u al, or ot h er (Cu n liffe, 20 10 ). How ever, t h is cu lt u ral associat ion w it h sh ou ld n ot affect t h e leg it im acy

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Fig .1: Ancient D ruid, illustra tion by John Sha rkey.

Source: Celtic M ysteries: The Ancient Religion (20 13).

of t h is cu lt u ral p ract ice.

W it h ou t Celt ic w rit in g s, t h e on ly h ist orical accou n t s of D ru id s com e f rom b iased f irst h an d Greek an d Rom an ob servat ion s, Irish an d W elsh oral m yt h s record ed b et w een t h e 8t h an d 11t h cen t u ries, an d an t iq u arian accou n t s creat ed f rom t h e 17t h t o 19t h cen t u ries. M oreover, t h e D ru id ic t each in g s? secrecy left room for in t erp ret at ion an d im ag in at ion . Fict ion al w orks f illed t h is g ap , creat in g ?a m issin g t rad it ion .' In t h e 16t h cen t u ry, t h e Scot t ish w ere t h e f irst t o say t h at t h e st on e circles ?h ad b een con st ru ct ed ?in t h e Iron Ag e b y?t h e D ru id s? (W h it e, 20 14 ).

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Lat er, t h e an t iq u arian Joh n Au b rey (1626-1697) also con clu d ed t h at t h e n at ive Celt ic Brit on s w ere resp on sib le for t h ese Neolit h ic m on u m en t s t h rou g h h is w ork su rveyin g St on eh en g e. W illiam St u keley (1687-1765) ext en sively exam in ed t h e p h ysical asp ect s of St on eh en g e an d b u ilt u p on t h e con clu sion t h at Celt ic p riest s w ere con n ect ed w it h t h e sit e an d ot h er st on e circles, lead in g t o a D ru id revival as t h is ?id ea of a con n ect ion b et w een t h e an cien t D ru id s an d t h e p reh ist oric m eg alit h s soon sp read t h rou g h ou t Brit ain , p erm eat in g it s m an y reg ion s an d classes an d en t erin g in t o folk lore? (W h it e, 20 14 ). No

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

au t h orit at ive st ory of t h e D ru id s exist ed t h en , so p eop le cou ld ch oose b et w een com p et in g op in ion s t o p ain t t h eir ow n D ru id p ict u re ?accord in g t o t h eir ow n t ast e, n eed s, p u rp oses, an d p reju d ices?

(Hu t t on , 20 11).

Con t em p orar y D ru id s Con t em p orary D ru id g rou p s b eg an p erform in g Solst ice rit u als at St on eh en g e in 190 5, w h ich h ave g row n exp on en t ially ever sin ce, in d icat in g t h at t h is in t an g ib le cu lt u ral p ract ice h as b ecom e w id esp read an d st ill su rvives t h rou g h the rit es of it s p ract it ion ers. In t erest g rew in t h e 1960 s an d 1970 s w h en m ore Pag an s b eg an id en t ifyin g as D ru id s. In t h e m id -1970 s D ru id s b eg an h old in g Free Fest ivals at St on eh en g e, w h ich even t u ally d rew crow d s of 50,0 0 0 p eop le.

Th e cu rren t W orld Herit ag e sit e recog n izes t h at ?t h e p rop ert y h as sp irit u al associat ion s for som e,? w h ich allow s t h ese D ru id -led cerem on ies to con t in u e in h arm on y w it h h erit ag e off icials (UNESCO, 20 20 ). Th ou g h an cien t D ru id ry rem ain s a m yst ery, it s p resen t form is a t yp e of con t em p orary Pag an ism t h at h on ors ?t h e livin g w orld an d ? an cest ral sacred sit es? (Harvey, 20 11).

Tod ay, m an y Pag an s of varyin g t rad it ion s ?h ave t aken a g reat in t erest in the p reh ist oric?m eg alit h s, seein g t h em as visib le sym b ols of an cien t Pag an ism in the lan d scap e? t h at con n ect t h eir t an g ib le h erit ag e w it h t h eir rit u alist ic Celt ic in t an g ib le h erit ag e (W h it e, 20 14 ).

Th e D ru id com m u n it y h as g row n st ead ily sin ce t h e 18t h

cen t u ry, an d t od ay it exist s w orld w id e. How ever, ?n ot all of t h em are Pag an ,?h ave Celt ic an cest ors,?sp eak Celt ic lan g u ag es, [or]? ag ree on w h at ?D ru id ? m ean s? (Harvey, 20 11).

Th ou g h Pag an ism in clu d es varyin g b eliefs t h at d iffer b et w een in d ivid u als, en ou g h com m on alit y exist s for p ract it ion ers t o claim a sim ilar h erit ag e an d feel a st ron g sen se of com m u n it y am on g st each ot h er. Th rou g h ou t t h e 19t h an d 20 t h cen t u ries, ?Celt icit y in creasin g ly seem ed t o b e reg ard ed as an id en t it y?t h at cou ld b e acq u ired ? b y ?p eop le w h o feel in t h eir h eart s t h at t h ey are Celt ic? (Bow m an , 20 14 ).

Th is in clu d ed p eop le of Scot t ish , Irish , an d W elsh d escen t an d t h ose claim in g a sacred con n ect ion w it h t h e ?Sp irit u al Celt .? Alt h ou g h m an y sch olars ?f in d m an y asp ect s of con t em p orary Celt ic sp irit u alit y n on -au t h en t ic or n on -em p irical,?t h at d oes n ot n eg at e it as a relig iou s p h en om en on ? b elon g in g t o a self-ascrib ed com m u n it y w h o t ran scen d s ?au t h en t ic' claim s of et h n icit y an d sh ares a com m on con n ect ion t h rou g h t h eir p erceived in t an g ib le cu lt u re (Bow m an , 20 0 0 ).

Con t em p orar y Pag an s Con t em p orary Pag an s are sig n if ican t h erit ag e st akeh old ers w h o t ake t h e p ast seriou sly. M an y w ou ld ag ree t h at con t em p orary D ru id ry is at t em p t in g to revive an d au t h en t ically recreat e an cien t Celt ic folk p ract ices t h rou g h t h e u se of exist in g evid en ce con cern in g an cien t D ru id ric t h eolog y an d p ract ices. M an y form s of Pag an ism p lace

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W ORLD HERITAGE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

Fig .2: W inter Solstice a t Stonehenge, photo by M a tt Ca rdy. Source: Getty Im a ges.

im p ort an ce on con n ect ion s w it h t h e an cest ors, em b race d eit ies f rom several p re-Ch rist ian p an t h eon s, an d st ron g ly em p h asize n at u re?s im p ort an ce. Based on ?t races an d record s of an cien t p ract ices,? the eig h t con t em p orary Pag an Sab b at s celeb rat e t h e cycle of n at u re, b u t ?w e can n ot b e su re t h at an y p art icu lar com m u n it y in an cien t t im es celeb rat ed all eig h t ? (Coop er, 20 0 9). How ever, t h is evid en ce leg it im ises D ru id ry?s h ist oricit y, an d it sh ow s t h at Pag an s are au t h en t ically ?follow in g t h e old p at h as [t h ey] t h in k it w as follow ed ,?

(Coop er, 20 0 9).

Fu rt h erm ore, w h ile con t em p orary D ru id s st ron g ly id en t ify w it h an cien t D ru id s, ?D ru id ry as p ract iced t od ay is a m od ern m ovem en t ? t h at is u n d en iab ly a livin g in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e t rad it ion (Hed en b org -W h it e, 20 14 ).

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Con t em p orary Pag an ism assert s t h at every in d ivid u al is resp on sib le for t h eir ow n sp irit u alit y an d m u st d iscover t h e sp irit u al asp ect s t h at w ork for t h em . Th erefore, t h ere is an ?id en t it y t h at resu lt s [f rom ] t h e exp erien t ial? t h at is n ot b ased solely on ?h ist orical valid it y, b u t also u p on t h e in d ivid u al?s exp erien ce,? w h ich alig n s w it h t h e Con ven t ion ?s d ef in it ion of in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e (Coop er, 20 0 9). Rit u als at an cien t st on e circles rein force a sen se of an cest ral con n ect ion s, w h ich allow con t em p orary D ru id s an d ot h er Pag an s t o feel lin ked w it h a Celt ic p ast an d sp irit u alit y as t h ey ?[p art icip at e] in an d [d evelop ] a vib ran t form of m od ern relig iosit y, d raw in g on a ran g e of h ist orical, cu lt u ral, an d folk loric resou rces?

(Bow m an , 20 14 ).

Th ese ?p ract it ion ers h ave a d eep sen se of an ascrib ed id en t it y in t h at t h ey are id en t ifyin g w it h an an cest ry t h ey h ave

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

in h erit ed ? (Coop er, 20 0 9). Th u s, t h is con t em p orary id en t it y exh ib it s b ot h con t in u it y an d ch an g e. A u n iq u e cu lt u re exist s in t h ese in d ivid u ally creat ed id en t it ies, an d t h is com m u n it y?s p ract ices sh ou ld b e recog n ized as t h e in t an g ib le h erit ag e t h ey are.

Con clu sion Con t em p orary Pag an an d D ru id rit u al p ract ices u n d ou b t ed ly q u alify as in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e. As a m od ern revival of an cien t Celt ic sp irit u al t rad it ion s, con t em p orary p ract it ion ers p reserve Celt ic cu lt u re b y p erform in g rit u als at an cien t h erit ag e sit es in t h e Brit ish Isles.

For cen t u ries, a sen se of sh ared com m u n it y an d h erit ag e id en t it y h as b een root ed in t h e m in d s an d h eart s of m illion s of con t em p orary Pag an s, w h ich w ill con t in u e for g en erat ion s, d esp it e a lack of h ist orical evid en ce. Un fort u n at ely, as n om in at ion rem ain s at t h e d iscret ion of g overn m en t s, t h ese p ract ices h ave lit t le ch an ce of b ecom in g in scrib ed as in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e d u e t o t h e Pag an an d D ru id com m u n it ies rem ain in g on t h e ou t skirt s of m ain st ream Brit ish societ y. On ly w h en in d ivid u al com m u n it ies can d ef in e an d n om in at e t h eir ow n in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e w ill the leg it im at e Pag an an d D ru id p ract ices receive the in t ern at ion al recog n it ion t h ey d eserve.

Ref eren ces: An czyk , Ad am . "Th e Im ag e Of D ru id s In Con t em p orary Pag an ism : Con st ru ct in g Th e M yt h ". Wa lking The Old Wa ys: Studies In Contem pora ry Europea n Pa ga nism , Ad am An czyk an d Halin a Grzym ala-M oszczyn ska, Sacru m Pu b lish in g Hou se, Kat ow ice, 20 12, p p . 99-118. Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

Bow m an , M arion .

"Con t em p orary Celt ic Sp irit u alit y". New D irections In Celtic Studies, Am y Hale an d Ph ilip Payt on , 1st ed ., Un iversit y Of Exet er Press, Exet er, 20 0 0, p p . 69-91, Accessed 9 Au g 20 21.

Bow m an , M arion . "Vern acu lar Relig ion , Con t em p orary Sp irit u alit y An d Em erg en t Id en t it ies: Lesson s From Lau ri Hon ko". Approa ching Religion, vol 4 , n o. 1, 20 14 , p p . 10 1-113.

Approa ching Religion, d oi:10.30 664 /ar.6754 2. Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

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W ORLD HERITAGE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

Coop er, M ich ael T. p p . 315-330, Accessed 9 Au g Contem pora ry D ruidry: A 20 21.

Historica l And Ethnogra phic Of St on eh en g e".

Study. Sacred Trib es Press, 20 10. "Hist ory English Herita ge, 20 20.

Coop er, M ich ael T. "Th e Roles Of Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

Nat u re, D eit ies, An d An cest ors In Con st ru ct in g Relig iou s Hu t t on , Ron ald . Blood And Id en t it y In Con t em p orary M istletoe: The History Of The D ru id ry". Pom egra na te: The D ruids In Brita in. Yale Un iversit y Interna tiona l Journa l Of Pa ga n Press, 20 11.

Studies, vol 11, n o. 1, 20 0 9.

Equinox Publishing, Hu t t on , Ron ald . Pa ga n Brita in.

1st ed ., Oxford Un iversit y Press, d oi:10.1558/p om e.v11i1.58.

20 14 .

Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

Cu n liffe, Barry. D ruids: A Very Lab ad i, Sop h ia. "Th e In t an g ib le Short Introduction. 1st ed ., Cu lt u ral Herit ag e Con ven t ion : Com p lem en t in g W orld Oxford Un iversit y Press, 20 10.

Herit ag e?". UNESCO, Cultura l Outsta nding Cu sack , Carole M . "Ch arm ed Herita ge, And Universa l Va lue: Va lue-Ba sed Circle: St on eh en g e, Con t em p orary Pag an ism , An d Ana lyses Of The World Herita ge Inta ngible Cultura l Alt ern at ive Arch aeolog y". And Num en, vol 59, n o. 2-3, 20 12, p p . Herita ge Conventions, Sop h ia 138-155.

Brill, Lab ad i, Alt am ira Press, Lan h am , 20 12, p p . 127-14 5, Accessed 9 d oi:10.1163/156852712x630752.

Au g 20 21.

Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

Harvey, D avid C. "'Nat ion al' Lew is, Jam es. "Celt s, D ru id s An d Id en t it ies An d Th e Polit ics Of Th e In ven t ion Of Trad it ion ".

An cien t Herit ag e: Con t in u it y Ha ndbook Of Contem pora ry An d Ch an g e At An cien t Pa ga nism , M u rp h y Pizza an d M on u m en t s In Brit ain An d Jam es Lew is, Brill, Leid en , 20 0 9, Irelan d , C.1675-1850 ". p p . 479-496. Accessed 22 Feb Tra nsa ctions Of The Institute Of 20 21.

British Geogra phers, vol 28, n o.

4 , 20 03, p p . 473-4 87. W iley, Pou lios, Ioan n is. "Is Every d oi:10.1111/j.0 0 20 -2754 .20 03.0 0 10 5.x.Herit ag e Sit e A 'Livin g ' On e?

Lin kin g Con servat ion To Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

Com m u n it ies' Associat ion W it h Harvey, Grah am . Contem pora ry Sit es". The Historic Environm ent: Pa ga nism : Religions Of The Policy & Pra ctice, vol 2, n o. 2, Ea rth From D ruids And W itches 20 11, p p . 14 4 -156.. Accessed 22 To Hea thens And Ecofem inists Feb 20 21.

(Religion, Ra ce, And Ethnicity).

2n d ed ., New York Un iversit y Silverm an , Helain e. "Con t est ed Cu lt u ral Herit ag e: A Select ive Press, 20 11.

Hist oriog rap h y".

Contested Cultura l Herita ge, Helain e Hed en b org -W h it e, M an on .

Silverm an , Sp rin g er, New York , "Con t em p orary Pag an ism ".

20 11, p p .

1-49.

Accessed 22 Feb Controversia l New Religions, 20 21.

Jam es Lew is an d Jesp er Pet erson , 2n d ed ., Oxford Un iversit y Press, Oxford , 20 14 ,

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

UNESCO. "Text Of Th e Con ven t ion For Th e Safeg u ard in g Of Th e In t an g ib le Cu lt u ral Herit ag e". UNESCO Inta ngible Cultura l Herita ge, 20 03. Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

UNESCO. "St on eh en g e, Aveb u ry An d Associat ed Sit es". UNESCO World Herita ge List, 20 20, h t t p s://w h c.u n esco.org /en /list /373/.

Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

Uzzell, Jen n ifer. "God s, W ig h t s An d An cest ors: Th e Variet ies Of Pag an Relig iou s Exp erien ce At An cien t Sacred Sit es". Journa l For The Study Of Religious Experience, vol 4 , n o. 1, 20 18, p p .

64 -80. Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

W allis, Rob ert J., an d Jen n y Blain . "?Sacred ? Sit es, Art efact s An d M u seu m Collect ion s: Pag an En g ag em en t s W it h Arch aeolog y In Brit ain ".

Ha ndbook Of Contem pora ry Pa ga nism , M u rp h y Pizza an d Jam es Lew is, Brill, Leid en , 20 0 9, p p . 591-610. Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

W h it e, Et h an . "D evil's St on es An d M id n ig h t Rit es: M eg alit h s, Folk lore, An d Con t em p orary Pag an W it ch craft ". Folklore, vol 125, n o. 1, 20 14 , p p . 60 -79., d oi:10.10 80/0 0 15587x.20 13.860766.

Accessed 22 Feb 20 21.

LISA BROW N Lisa Brow n is a W orld Herit ag e St u d ies m ast ers st u d en t at Bran d en b u rg Un iversit y of Tech n olog y. Aft er receivin g a b ach elors in In t ern at ion al Relat ion s, sh e t au g h t En g lish in Sou t h Korea for t h ree years. Now sh e in t en d s t o w ork t ow ard s m akin g t h e w orld a b et t er p lace an d b u ild in g a su st ain ab le fu t u re t h rou g h h erit ag e.

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: Lisa.Brow n @b -t u .d e

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ESACH Talks! M ay 20 21 · Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est

Th e con f eren ce p resen t at ion of t h e M ay session of t h e ESACH Talk s, d ed icat ed t o t h e t op ic of Com m u n it y En g ag em en t f or Cu l t u ral Herit ag e, exp lored p roject s, org an izat ion s, in it iat ives, an d p ract ical exp erien ces relat ed t o t h e in clu sion of local com m u n it ies in d ecision m ak in g an d m an ag em en t p lan n in g , as w ell as su ccessf u l com m u n it y d riven p roject exam p les

COM M UN ITY EN GA GEM ENT

FOR CULTURA L HERITA GE PHOTOGRA PHY A N D V ISUA L A RTS CONTEST HERIT? GE

Th e Herit ag e M an ag em en t Org an izat ion (HERIT? GE), recog n izin g t h e valu e of t h e w orld 's cu lt u ral h erit ag e, aim s t o t ran sform t h e w orld ?s h erit ag e asset s f rom d ecayin g ob ject s of st u d y t o d yn am ic sou rces of learn in g , com m u n it y id en t it y an d su st ain ab le econ om ic d evelop m en t . W orkin g w it h p art n ers in t ern at ion ally, it d esig n s, org an izes an d im p lem en t s cap acit y b u ild in g p rog ram s w it h t h e aim of ret rain in g p rofession als in cu lt u ral h erit ag e m an ag em en t in sp ecialt ies t h at are n ow n ecessary for t h e in t eg rat ed execu t ion of t h eir w ork . HERIT? GE t ill t od ay h as t rain ed m ore t h an 1,50 0 in d ivid u als in 85 cou n t ries arou n d t h e w orld an d is act ively w orkin g in m u lt ip le cou n t ries in Af rica, in t h e M id d le East an d in Eu rop e.

Em ail: in fo@h erit ag em an ag em en t .org W eb sit e: Su m m er Sch ool 20 22 Tw it t er: @Herit ag e_Nat ion In st ag ram : @t h e_h erit ag e_n at ion Faceb ook : @Th eHerit ag eNat ion

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n°2 - Ap ril 20 22

?

In ou r w ork w it h com m u n it ies, w e are con st an t ly on t h e lookou t for ap p roach es t h at creat e sp aces for creat in g an d learn in g t og et h er. Sin ce 20 14 , HERIT? GE h as b een ru n n in g yearly an in t ern at ion al su m m er sch ool w h ere locals b ecom e exp ert in st ru ct ors on all asp ect s of t h eir h erit ag e. For t h e f irst f ive years, t h e sch ool w as h ost ed b y t h e ru ral com m u n it y of Gon ies, in cen t ral Cret e, w h ile, cu rren t ly, w e are g rat efu lly h ost ed b y t h e com m u n it y of Paroikia on t h e islan d of Paros in Greece. Sin ce t h e last t w o years, t h e act ivit y can b e at t en d ed on lin e b y in t ern at ion al p art icip an t s, an d t h e ap p licat ion s for t h e 20 22 session are cu rren t ly op en .

-- Th e Herit ag e M an ag em en t Org an izat ion

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BEYON D EN GA GEM ENT: COM M N OM IN ATIONS OF IN DIGEN OU Sh ari Bon e

How ever, t h e en g ag em en t of com m u n it ies is n ot , an d sh ou ld n ot b e, t h e f in al ob ject ive an d t h ere is a sm all b u t g row in g m ovem en t t ow ard s g oin g b eyon d t h is. Bot h m y ow n an d con t em p orary research are callin g for t h e h an d in g over of lead ersh ip t o t h e com m u n it ies, d ef in ed as p eop le w h o live w it h in , arou n d , or h ave a st ron g in t erest in t h e sit e (Cou rt & W ijesu riya 20 15). W h en a sit e is in scrib ed b y ot h ers an d ag ain st In t h e n om in at ion of W orld t h e w ish es of t h e p eop le it Herit ag e Sit es, en g ag in g w it h im p act s, t h ere are a n u m b er of com m u n it ies, an d in t h is case, n eg at ive ou t com es w h ich can In d ig en ou s com m u n it ies, h as an d h ave occu rred . Ad vocat in g lon g b een ackn ow led g ed as for t h e lead ersh ip of In d ig en ou s in t eg ral. As su ch , it h as b een p eop les in t h e W orld Herit ag e st ron g ly em b ed d ed in t o t h e n om in at ion of t h eir sig n if ican t Op erat ion al Gu id elin es of t h e sit es is on e w ay t o f ig h t t h is, W orld Herit ag e Con ven t ion an d w it h t h e b en ef it s, b ot h at t h e w as ad d ed t o t h e St rat eg ic local an d g lob al level, b ein g m an ifold .

Ob ject ives of UNESCO in 20 07.

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Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

M UN ITY LED W ORLD HERITA GE US SITES IN A USTRA LIA Fig .1: M urujuga Cultura l La ndsca pe, a site in the process of a n Indigenous led World Herita ge Nom ina tion.

Source: Author.

Persona l Im a ge.

Au st ralian Exam p les of In d ig en ou s Led W orld Herit ag e Nom in at ion s Bu d j Bim , in Vict oria an d M u ru ju g a, in W est ern Au st ralia, are ju st t w o of m an y h erit ag e sit es w it h in Au st ralia t h at h old im m en se valu e t o t h e cou n t ry?s old est in h ab it an t s. Th e form er w as su ccessfu lly in scrib ed u p on t h e W orld Herit ag e List in 20 19 an d t h e lat t er, is cu rren t ly u n d ert akin g t h at sam e p rocess, w it h the exp ect at ion for in scrip t ion in 20 23. At each sit e, it is t h e t rad it ion al ow n ers, t h e Gu n d it jm ara an d the Ng u rra-Ng arli resp ect ively, w h o h ave led t h e d esire for an d p rocess of in scrip t ion . Th ese case st u d ies are rep resen t at ive of In d ig en ou s led n om in at ion s in t h at t h e t rad it ion al ow n ers h ave p art icip at ed an d h ave d eg rees of con t rol in each sect ion of t h e n om in at ion d ossier, alon g w it h t h e f in al w ord on w h et h er or n ot t o su b m it t h e d ocu m en t t o t h e W orld Herit ag e Cen t re.

Th rou g h t h ese exam p les, it is evid en t t h at t h e n om in at ion of a W orld Herit ag e Sit e req u ires facilit at ion f rom ou t sid e act ors, of w h ich t h e reason s are n u m erou s. W orld Herit ag e is a h ig h ly t ech n ical an d in creasin g ly com p licat ed syst em , t h ere is a lack of cap acit y t o u n d ert ake t h e p rocess in d ep en d en t ly an d t h ere are a p let h ora of act ors w h ich m u st b e in volved for reason s su ch as fu n d in g as w ell as com p lex syst em s of lan d ow n ersh ip an d g overn an ce.

In t ern al & Ext ern al Ben ef it s W orld Herit ag e List in g carries a n u m b er of oft -cit ed b en ef it s, yet t h ese rarely t rick le d ow n t o t h e local com m u n it ies (Larsen 20 17). It b ecom es evid en t t h at w h en g overn an ce is g ran t ed , t h e op p ort u n it y for a fair d ist rib u t ion of b ot h in t ern al an d

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COM M UNITY ENGAGEM ENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig .2: M a p illustra ting loca tion of two Austra lia n ca se studies.

Source: Author.

Infogra phic crea ted via ca nva .com .

Fig .3: Budj Bim Cultura l La ndsca pe: a successful Indigenous led World Herita ge Nom ina tion.

Photo by Lovett-M urra y 20 17. Source: UNESCO. Gunditj M irring Tra ditiona l Owners Aborigina l Corpora tion.

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In t ern ally, In d ig en ou s led n om in at ion s resu lt in the creat ion of resp ect an d ap p reciat ion of In d ig en ou s com m u n it ies an d the kn ow led g e t h ey h old , g ran t in g leg it im acy to alt ern at ive kn ow led g e syst em s an d b rid g in g t h e d ivid e b et w een w est ern an d t rad it ion al m et h od s. In each of t h e case st u d ies, t h e f ig h t for W orld Herit ag e st at u s g reat ly con t rib u t ed t o t h e recoverin g of lan d an d cu st od ial rig h t s t h rou g h ou t t h e sit e (Brow n ext ern al b en ef it s is p ossib le, 20 21, Lin d say 20 21). exem p lif ied t h rou g h t h e Sig n if ican t ly, t h is p rocess Au st ralian case st u d ies. t ow ard s W orld Herit ag e Nom in at ion h as resu lt ed in a Ext ern ally, In d ig en ou s led form of social coh esion am on g n om in at ion s can su p p ort a d iverse g rou p of p eop les at su st ain ab ilit y at all levels, each sit e, com in g t og et h er con t rib u t in g t o t h e lon g -t erm t h rou g h a sh ared d rive for con servat ion of sit es. Su ch in t ern at ion al recog n it ion an d n om in at ion s ch allen g e resp ect . p erp et u at in g d iscou rses arou n d exp ert au t h orit y, Fu t u re in t rin sic valu e an d the leg it im acy of p art icu lar form s of A n u m b er of sig n if ican t kn ow led g e (Sm it h 20 0 6). ch allen g es rem ain , creat in g a Ult im at ely, t h ere is t h e b arrier t o t h e m ean in g fu l op p ort u n it y t o alt er t h e W orld realisat ion of In d ig en ou s Herit ag e Syst em in ord er for it lead ersh ip . Au st ralia, an d t h ese t o b et t er alig n w it h t h e g lob al select ed case st u d ies, p resen t d iversit y of kn ow led g e syst em s com p arat ively p osit ive an d w orld view s.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

exam p les as t h e in st an ces in w h ich In d ig en ou s rig h t s are con t in u ou sly b ein g in f rin g ed u p on are st ill b ein g felt at b ot h t h e n at ion al an d g lob al scale.

W h ile n ot an exh au st ive list , it is clear t h at t h e b en ef it s of m ovin g b eyon d the en g ag em en t of In d ig en ou s com m u n it ies in W orld Herit ag e n om in at ion s, t ow ard s em p ow erm en t t h rou g h lead ersh ip , is a fu n d am en t ally im p ort an t st ep in the im p rovem en t of t h e W orld Herit ag e Syst em , an d on e in w h ich h erit ag e p ract it ion ers can , an d sh ou ld , st rive t o facilit at e.

Ref eren ces: Brow n , St eve.

Person al In t erview . 6 Jan u ary 20 21.

Cou rt , Sarah , an d W ijesu riya, Gam in i. ?People-Centred Approa ches to the Conserva tion of Cultura l Herita ge: Living Herita ge?. ICCROM Guida nce Note, ICCROM , 20 15.

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

SHARI BONE

Orig in ally f rom Au st ralia w it h a b ackg rou n d in Arch aeolog y an d An t h rop olog y, m y M ast ers?d eg ree h as b rou g h t m e t o Germ an y an d Eg yp t t o st u d y ?Herit ag e Con servat ion an d Sit e M an ag em en t ?. Cu rren t ly w rit in g m y t h esis an d w orkin g as an in t ern for ESACH, Eu rop a Nost ra an d Eu rop ean Herit ag e Volu n t eers, I am p assion at e ab ou t w orkin g w it h p eop le an d m akin g an y sm all d ifferen ce I can on t h e local level.

Larsen , Pet er B., ed it or. World Herita ge a nd Hum a n Rights: Lessons from the Asia -Pa cific Con t act d et ails: a nd Globa l Arena .

Oxon , Rou t led g e, 20 18.

In st ag ram : @b ackp ackerb on e Lin d say, Jessica.

Person al In t erview . 5 Feb ru ary 20 21.

Faceb ook : sh ari.b on e

Sm it h , Lau rajan e. Uses of Lin ked In : sh ari-b on e Herita ge. Lon d on , Rou t led g e, 20 0 6. Zisch ka, Kat h y & Razian , Hala. Keeping the Outsta nding Exceptiona l: Sna pshot Report on World Herita ge M a na gem ent, In t ern at ion al Un ion for Con ven t ion of Nat u re-Au st ralian Com m it t ee, 20 12.

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Co n n ect in g Yo ut h t o Her it a g e t h r o u g h M in ecr a ft : Ex p lo r in g N ew A p p r o a ch es t o Her it a g e Ed u ca t io n - M I.M OM O.FA RO Tia go Ca ndeia s

Keyw ord s:

- Herit ag e ed u cat ion ; - D ig it al t ech n olog y; - Gam e-b ased learn in g ; - Ed u cat ion t h rou g h h erit ag e.

prom ising future for a ll. We live in tim es of strong im pa cts ca used by digita l tra nsform a tion a nd it ha s the obliga tion to a da pt a nd a nswer to these cha llenges. It is crucia l tha t peda gogica l a pproa ches integra te the potentia l of technologies known for a dding va lue to the tea ching-lea rning process.

Ab st ract Educa tion is understood a s the construction of opportunities tha t a llow the developm ent of skills, wa ys of thinking, a nd prepa ra tion for a ctive a nd responsible citizenship.

As a key fa ctor in developm ent, educa tion is a lso consta ntly a da pting to the world. Toda y, we know the extrem e im porta nce of Cultura l Herita ge in the Educa tion of our young people, in developing the perception a nd understa nding of the pa st a s a solid a nd indispensa ble ba sis for building a

PAGE 93

Through the ca se study a na lysis of the M I.M OM O.FARO project, we intend to explore new a pproa ches to herita ge educa tion, esta blishing an interdisciplina ry m odel tha t includes, crosses a nd interconnects them es a nd contents from different disciplina ry a rea s, thereby contributing to the understa nding of cultura l herita ge a s a possible ba sis for tra nsversa l educa tion.

W ith Fa ro's M odernist Architecture a s the centra l them e, Ga m e & Project ba sed lea rning a pproa ches were explored using the M inecra ft: Educa tion Edition pla tform . It is concluded tha t the use of videoga m es ha s a significa nt positive im pa ct on the tea ching-lea rning process, especia lly in term s of herita ge educa tion, contributing to the understa nding, a pprecia tion, a wa reness, a nd consequent sa fegua rding of herita ge a ssets.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Fig . 1: D evelopm ent of M I.M OM O.FARO in the cla ssroom , using M inecra ft.

Source: Fa ro 20 27.

Herit ag e Ed u cat ion : Previou s q u est ion s Th e con cep t of cu lt u ral h erit ag e assu m ed in t h e Council of Europe Fra m ework Convention on the Va lue of Cultura l Herita ge for Society, sig n ed in 20 0 5 an d m ore com m on ly kn ow n as t h e Faro Con ven t ion , h olist ically en com p asses m at erial, im m at erial an d d ig it al d im en sion s, alt h ou g h for d ecad es t h e con cep t h as n ot h ad t h is ext en d ed ch aract er. It w as w it h t h is b road d ef in it ion an d t h e g row in g in t erest in cu lt u ral h erit ag e t h at it s u se h as b ecom e in creasin g ly f req u en t in t each in g en viron m en t s, alt h ou g h the relat ion sh ip w it h ed u cat ion oft en con sist s on ly of ob servat ion s, lackin g in relat ion t o t h e con t ext or p reviou s exp erien ces of st u d en t s.

Ed u cat ion , u n d erst ood h ere in it s b road est sen se, as the con st ru ct ion of op p ort u n it ies, is also con st an t ly ad ap t in g t o t h e w orld . Un d erst ood as a key fact or in d evelop m en t , Ed u cat ion t od ay

is g oin g t h rou g h a p eriod of g reat ch an g es, accelerat ed b y t h e p an d em ic con t ext , w h ich forced a sig n if ican t sh ift in t rad it ion al t each in g -learn in g m et h od s.

Nevert h eless, t h e ed u cat ion al com m u n it y h as d isp arat e resu lt s in t ech n olog ical an d d ig it al skills an d in the access an d ap p reciat ion of cu lt u re. It is, t h erefore, cru cial to ret h in k m et h od s an d g oals, in ord er t o in t eg rat e t h e cu lt u ral an d d ig it al d im en sion in a con st an t ly ch an g in g syst em , w h ich h as an op p ort u n it y in the d ig it al t ran sit ion .

Th e fu n d am en t al role of cu lt u re, an d con seq u en t ly of cu lt u ral h erit ag e, in t h e p rog ress of social kn ow led g e in u n d erst an d in g t h e ot h er an d in t h e t ran sm ission of valu es as a reflect ion of cit izen sh ip , is clear, esp ecially w h en art icu lat ed w it h in ed u cat ion . It is an en g in e of creat ivit y an d sen sit ivit y w h ich en h an ces the relat ion sh ip

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COM M UNITY ENGAGEM ENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig . 2: Exa m ples of M odernist Buildings in Fa ro.

Source: Fa ro 20 27.

b et w een t h e t errit ory an d t h e ed u cat ion al syst em an d p rom ot es su st ain ab le d evelop m en t .

Th e im p ort an ce of t h e h erit ag e d im en sion in ed u cat ion is clear at t h e Eu rop ean level, as sh ow n b y t h e Specia l Euroba rom eter 466: Cultura l Herita ge (20 17), carried ou t t o assess t h e at t it u d es an d op in ion s of Eu rop ean cit izen s on cu lt u ral h erit ag e, in w h ich 88 p ercen t said it sh ou ld b e t au g h t in sch ools an d sh ou ld be in t eg rat ed in t o the sch ool cu rricu lu m . How ever, d esp it e t h is assu m ed in t erest an d t h e effort of som e ag en t s w h o see cu lt u re an d cu lt u ral h erit ag e as an im p ort an t d evelop m en t t ool, t h e ed u cat ion sect or con t in u es t o rem ain im p rison ed b y t h e lack of flexib ilit y, fu n d in g , an d ad eq u at e h u m an resou rces, w h ich lead s h erit ag e ed u cat ion t o focu s oft en on u n iq u e in it iat ives, w it h few exam p les t h at ad op t a lon g -t erm p ersp ect ive. It is im p erat ive t o u se h erit ag e ed u cat ion as a facilit at or in t h e p rocess of b reakin g w it h the t rad it ion al vert ical t ran sm ission of kn ow led g e, in con t rib u t in g t o an in creasin g ly in d ivid u al d em an d , an d in ad d in g valu e t o t h e t each in g -learn in g p rocesses.

Herit ag e as a t ool, an sw er, an d su p p or t Gesch é-Kon in g (20 18) d ist in g u ish es t h ree d ist in ct form s of h erit ag e ed u cat ion : 'in', 'for' an d 'through' h erit ag e. Th e f irst is

PAGE 95

resp on sib le for d iscoverin g t h e rich n ess of h erit ag e it self, t h e secon d for t h e sh ared exp erien ces an d the vision for fu t u re t ran sm ission , an d , f in ally, t h e t h ird for t h e role of h erit ag e as a learn in g t ool - t o d iscover t h e w orld , it s ow n id en t it y an d t o b u ild kn ow led g e an d skills. W it h t h ese t h ree d im en sion s, t h e im p ort an ce t h at ed u cat in g 'for' an d 't h rou g h ' h erit ag e assu m es in t h e creat ion of con n ect ion s an d an ch orin g of kn ow led g e b ecom es evid en t , en h an cin g the m ot ivat ion an d q u alit y of acq u ired kn ow led g e: ?Not only do the students lea rn som ething a bout herita ge, m a ybe m ost im porta ntly they a re a ble to do som ething with this knowledge, eventua lly going on to develop other a bilities? (Gesch é-Kon in g , 20 18).

Herit ag e can b e u n d erst ood as a veh icle for learn in g an d p erson al d evelop m en t , w h ich act ively en cou rag es t h e in t erp ret at ion of on e's ow n exp erien ces an d t h e search for an ap p rop riat e an d relevan t con t ext . Herit ag e as a t ool, an sw er, an d su p p ort - i.e. a learn in g t ool, a w ay of an sw erin g q u est ion s d u rin g t h e learn in g p rocess, an d su p p ort for t h at sam e learn in g .

Accord in g ly, h erit ag e ed u cat ion , t h erefore, en h an ces t ran sversal skills an d h elp s t o b u ild creat ive, au t on om ou s, an d resp on sib le cit izen s, w h ilst sim u lt an eou sly q u est ion in g social fu t u res an d

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

in t rod u cin g m u lt ip le lit eracies.

For t h is, w e n eed t o review t h e school culture, w h ich aim s t o en su re t h e rig h t t o p art icip at e in cu lt u ral life an d elim in at e st ru ct u ral an d f in an cial b arriers t o access t o it , in ord er t o ach ieve fu ll, in t eg rat ed an d alig n ed h erit ag e ed u cat ion w it h t h e ed u cat ion al p rog ram m es.

D ig it al Tech n olog ies an d Vid eog am es on ap p roach in g Herit ag e Ed u cat ion Cu lt u ral h erit ag e is p art of ou r d aily life an d ?exploiting its full potentia l for tea ching a nd lea rning is a never-ending job?

(Pat eraki an d Scim eca, 20 18). Th e evolu t ion of D ig it al Tech n olog ies, an d the con seq u en t on lin e availab ilit y of in form at ion , h ave b een op en in g u p m ore d oors t o n ew op p ort u n it ies for in t eract ion an d u se of h erit ag e in an ed u cat ion al con t ext , sh ort en in g the d ist an ces (p h ysical an d in t ellect u al) b et w een t h e p u b lic an d h erit ag e asset s, red u cin g cost s an d recon f ig u rin g w ays t o t ran sm it an d receive in form at ion , allow in g t each ers, ed u cat ors an d ot h er p rofession als t o b rin g d ig it al cu lt u ral d at a in t o classroom s t o m ake t h em m ore in t u it ive, creat ive, an d d yn am ic. ?An a ppropria te a doption of ICT tools a nd m ethods in Cultura l Herita ge Educa tion m a y ha ve a strong peda gogica l im pa ct? (Ot t an d Pozzi, 20 10 ) an d t h ere are several d ig it al t ools t h at allow t h is ap p roach t o h erit ag e, like d ig it al rep osit ories, w it h Europea na b ein g t h e g reat est exam p le, accom p an yin g t h e in t rod u ct ion of in n ovat ive p ract ices, t h e d esig n of m ot ivat in g learn in g exp erien ces, an d the d evelop m en t of cu lt u ral an d d ig it al skills in t each in g . Th is is d u e t o t h e p ossib ilit y of ob servin g in d et ail t h e con t ext s, lan d scap es, an d virt u al recon st ru ct ion s. As

w ell as en g ag in g w it h m et h od olog ies t h at allow a b et t er in t erp ret at ion of cu lt u ral h erit ag e an d p rom ot e an in creasin g ly p erson alized , in d ivid u al, an d collab orat ive ap p roach t o learn in g syst em s, in w h ich vid eog am es can p lay a key p oin t in t h e ed u cat ion al p ersp ect ive of cu lt u ral h erit ag e. ?W ithin the field of D H [D igita l Herita ge], rea l world-sim ula tion videoga m es represent a strong opportunity to enga ge com m unities with the protection a nd reva loriza tion of cultura l herita ge a ssets.?

(Garcia-Fern an d ez an d M ed eiros, 20 19) Th e u se an d accep t an ce of vid eog am es h as b een st u d ied an d t h e resu lt s con f irm t h at m an y ed u cat ors an d p rofession als in t h e f ield of cu lt u ral h erit ag e h ave t h e am b it ion t o in t eg rat e t h e p rin cip les of ga m ing, in ord er t o im p rove t h e exp erien ce in learn in g scen arios t h rou g h ed u t ain m en t g am es t h at p rovid e im m ersive exp erien ces, p rom ot e in t rin sic m ot ivat ion , an d fait h fu lly rep resen t t h e b u ilt en viron m en t an d it s in t eract ion s.

W h at if M in ecraf t w as m ore t h an a g am e?

Th u s, M in ecraft h as em erg ed as on e of t h e m ost d iscu ssed g am es in acad em ia over t h e last years, for it s w id e u se as a veh icle for com m u n icat ion , research an d learn in g in cu lt u ral p roject s of a d iverse n at u re.

It is on e of t h e p rim e exam p les of t h e u se of vid eog am es ap p lied t o cu lt u ral h erit ag e, b ecau se g am e skills are n ot n ecessary for t h e creat ion of con t en t , w h ich b ecom es esp ecially relevan t in an ed u cat ion al con t ext .

Garcia-Fern an d ez an d M ed eiros (20 19) also claim t h at : ?M inecra ft ha s im plem ented the possibility of m odifying the ga m e script

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a ccording to the pla yer?s decisions a nd to do it colla bora tively. This em powers the public with a lea ding role (a s storytellers), while a llowing a stronger connection between ga m e na rra tives a nd persona l a nd cultura l va lues.?

It s u se as an ed u cat ion al t ool is also p oin t ed ou t in a very p ract ical w ay b y eTw in n in g (20 18), in it s e-b ook Lea rning from the pa st, designing our future: Europe's cultura l herita ge through eTwinning, as an exem p lary t ool for t h e 12-18 ag e g rou p , b y allow in g t h e re-creat ion of b u ilt h erit ag e an d t h e creat ion of n ew d im en sion s.

Faro, a m od ern ist cit y in Sou t h ern Eu rop e Faro st an d s ou t as a m od ern ist cit y in Sou t h ern Eu rop e, w it h arou n d 50 0 b u ild in g s (Ag arez, 20 16), in a rat h er u n iq u e w ay for b ein g st ron g ly ad ap t ed t o t h e clim at e of t h e Alg arve reg ion an d in flu en ced b y Lat in Am erican m od ern ist arch it ect u re. It w as in t h e p ost -w ar p eriod t h at t h e m od ern ist ren aissan ce of a cit y like Faro t ook p lace, resu lt in g in a b u ilt -u p fab ric t h at can b e con sid ered t od ay as an ad m irab le Fig . 3: Som e of the fina l products in M inecra ft.

Source: Fa ro 20 27.

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exam p le of reg ion al m od ern ism , h avin g b een m ad e p ossib le t h an ks to a p art icu lar com b in at ion of p olit ical, econ om ic, an d social circu m st an ces.

D u e t o it s excep t ion al ch aract er in arch it ect u ral an d u rb an p lan n in g t erm s, an im p ort an t m u n icip al u rb an com p lex w as classif ied in 20 20 as of m u n icip al in t erest , rep resen t in g a rem arkab le u rb an exam p le of t h e 4 0 s-60 s cit y. W it h a cen t ral locat ion in Faro, t h is u rb an area is con st it u t ed b y an axis m ost ly d et erm in ed b y p rivat e b u ild in g s, larg ely in t en d ed for an u p p er m id d le class, an d arisin g f rom t h e g u id elin es of arch it ect João Ag u iar's Prelim in ary Urb an izat ion Plan (194 5). Here, t h e M od ern ist Arch it ect u re d ialog u es w it h t h e m ore t rad it ion al on e associat ed w it h t h e d ict at orial reg im e. It w as follow in g it s classif icat ion p rocess an d t h e collect ive m em ory it rep resen t s t h at t h is p art of t h e cit y w as ch osen as t h e su b ject of st u d y in t h is p roject .

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

M I.M OM O.FARO ? M in ecraf t an d t h e M od ern ist Arch it ect u re in Faro Th e p roject M I.M OM O.FARO ?

M in ecraft an d M od ern ist Arch it ect u re in Faro is a n on -form al h erit ag e ed u cat ion p ilot p roject , w h ich em erg ed at t h e in it iat ive of t h e Faro Cit y Cou n cil, w it h in t h e scop e of Faro's Can d id acy for Eu rop ean Cap it al of Cu lt u re 20 27.

Fram ed in t h e con t ext of cu lt u ral h erit ag e ed u cat ion , in it s d ig it al com p on en t , an d u sin g M inecra ft: Educa tion Edition as a t ool, t h is p roject aim ed t o alig n it self w it h t h e p rovision s t h rou g h ou t t h is essay, resp on d in g ab ove all t o t h e p u rp oses an d sp irit of t h e Faro Con ven t ion (20 0 5) an d p rom ot in g t h e recen t classif icat ion of t h e referred u rb an com p lex. Based on a com p reh en sive vision reg ard in g in t erd iscip lin arit y, it w as in t en d ed t h at t h is p roject w ou ld n ot focu s on ly on su b ject s form ally associat ed w it h t h e t h em e of h erit ag e, in ord er t o con t rib u t e t o t h e u n d erst an d in g of cu lt u ral h erit ag e as a p ossib le b asis for a t ran sversal ed u cat ion .

W e kn ow , t od ay, t h e ext rem e im p ort an ce of t h is t h em e in t h e ed u cat ion of you n g p eop le, in t h e p ercep t ion an d u n d erst an d in g of the p ast as a solid an d in d isp en sab le b asis in b u ild in g a p rom isin g fu t u re for all. On t h e ot h er h an d , as m en t ion ed , w e live in t im es of st ron g im p act s cau sed b y d ig it al t ran sform at ion , an d ed u cat ion h as an ob lig at ion t o ad ap t an d resp on d t o t h ese ch allen g es.

Con sid erin g t od ay's you n g p eop le as digita l na tives, it is cru cial an d fu n d am en t al t h at p ed ag og ical ap p roach es in t eg rat e the p ot en t ial of t ech n olog ies t h at are kn ow n t o ad d p ed ag og ical valu e t o t h e t each in g -learn in g p rocess, an d t o w h ich h erit ag e ed u cat ion is n ot alien .

In t h is sen se, an d in an in n ovat ive an d m ot ivat in g p ersp ect ive for st u d en t s an d t each ers, t h e p rim ord ial in t eract ion ap p roach of M I.M OM O.FARO focu sed on exp lorin g t h e t h em e of Faro's M od ern ist Arch it ect u re t h rou g h t h e M in ecraft : EE p lat form . W it h t h e su p p ort of several p art n ers su ch as t h e Nat ion al Plan of Art s, M icrosoft an d Eu rop ean a Ed u cat ion , t h e p roject sou g h t t o in creasin g ly in t eg rat e t h e t h em e of cu lt u ral h erit ag e in the cu rricu lu m an d d aily life of sch ools.

In lin e w it h t h e 21st Cen t u ry Skills an d t h rou g h ga m e & project-ba sed lea rning ap p roach es, M I.M OM O.FARO w as d evelop ed in several st ag es, w h ich aim ed t o en g ag e you n g p eop le w it h t h e h erit ag e of it s ow n cit y, b rin g t h e t h em e of cu lt u ral h erit ag e t o sch ools an d en h an ce h erit ag e ed u cat ion t h rou g h d ig it al skills, w h ile p rom ot in g t h e u n d erst an d in g of 20 t h Cen t u ry Arch it ect u re as an eq u ally valid h erit ag e.

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COM M UNITY ENGAGEM ENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig . 4 : M I.M OM O.FARO's closing cerem ony.

Source: Fa ro 20 27.

W it h t h e ch allen g e of st ru ct u rin g an in n ovat ive, creat ive, an d p layfu l in t erd iscip lin ary p roject , the ch oice t o u se M in ecraft : EE w as fu n d am en t al an d d ecisive in id en t ifyin g t h e t arg et au d ien ce, w h ich focu sed on st u d en t s of t h e six m id d le sch ools in the m u n icip alit y, ag ed b et w een 12-18 years.

En g ag in g ab ou t 16 t each ers f rom ap p roxim at ely 13 d ifferen t d iscip lin es, f rom areas su ch as Lan g u ag es, Scien ces, Hu m an it ies an d ICT, t h is p roject w as d evelop ed b ased on t h e follow in g st ep s: 1. Cert if ied sp ecif ic t rain in g for t each ers in t h e u se of M in ecraft : Ed u cat ion Ed it ion as an ed u cat ion al t ool an d sp ecif ically ap p lied t o b u ilt h erit ag e; 2. Select ion of b u ild in g s b ased on t h eir valu e an d availab le orig in al p lan s; 3. Th em at ic classes w it h sp ecialist arch it ect s an d p rofession als; 4 . Exp lorat ion of t h e d ifferen t cu rricu lu m t h rou g h the d evelop m en t of the select ed b u ild in g s in M in ecraft : EE; 5. Gu id ed visit s t o t h e u rb an com p lex;

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6. Pu b lic p resen t at ion of t h e f in al d ig it al p rod u ct s an d sh arin g of exp erien ces; 7. Im p act assessm en t t h rou g h evalu at ion q u est ion n aires.

Th e f in al p rod u ct s resu lt ed in several M in ecraft w orld s w it h rep rod u ct ion s of t h e select ed b u ild in g s, w h ich follow ed t h e orig in al p lan s an d t ried t o rem ain as fait h fu l as p ossib le t o t h e real b u ild in g s. Th ese w orld s w ere com p let ed w it h a research w ork on t h is arch it ect u ral m ovem en t , in sert in g t h e in form at ion t h rou g h d ifferen t form at s su ch as NPC's (n on -p layer ch aract er), w h ich g ave a n arrat ive d im en sion t o t h e con st ru ct ion s.

In an overview of t h e an sw ers t o t h e evalu at ion q u est ion n aires, w e can h ig h lig h t t h at the p art icip an t s con sid er t h e p roject t o b e very d yn am ic, in n ovat ive, m ot ivat in g , creat ive, ch allen g in g , a d ifferen t w ay of p assin g on kn ow led g e, exp lorin g d ifferen t con t en t s, an d g et t in g in volved w it h t h e cit y an d it s h erit ag e, also h ig h lig h t in g t h e p ot en t ial of g am e-b ased learn in g , classifyin g t h is ap p roach as very in t erest in g .

Th ere is n o d ou b t ab ou t M in ecraft as a t ool t o facilit at e learn in g an d con t rib u t e to m ot ivat ion , d evelop in g variou s skills an d m akin g the classroom en viron m en t m ore d yn am ic an d

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

TIAGO CAND EIAS

in t eract ive. Th ey recog n ize it s p ot en t ial in t h e exp lorat ion of cu lt u ral h erit ag e an d d en ot e a g reat er kn ow led g e of t h e cit y's M od ern ist Arch it ect u re, w it h a g row in g ap p reciat ion , recog n izin g it s h erit ag e valu e an d con sid erin g im p ort an t to m ain t ain an d p reserve it b y st at in g t h at t h eir p ercep t ion of t h e arch it ect u re an d u rb an ism h as ch an g ed .

Likew ise, all recog n ize the p ot en t ial of h erit ag e as a b asis for t ran sversal ed u cat ion an d exp ress t h e d esire t o see it ad d ressed m ore oft en in t h e sch ool cu rricu la. Th ere is a feelin g of rem arkab le sat isfact ion an d h ap p in ess, t ran slat ed in t o t h e in t en t ion an d d esire t o b e ab le t o p art icip at e in a 2n d ed it ion of t h e p roject .In sh ort , w e can m ake a p osit ive im p act assessm en t of t h e p roject , w h ich ach ieved m ost of it s g oals an d an sw ers t o t h e st at em en t m ad e b y t h e Nat ion al Plan of Art s (20 20 ): ?educa tion will not be com plete a nd ca nnot exist without continued a ccess to herita ge, a rts a nd culture.". Th at w ill b e t h e m ot t o (an d t h e d esire) for the con t in u it y of M I.M OM O.FARO, w it h a 2n d ed it ion b ein g p rep ared for t h e u p com in g sch ool year, in a p ersp ect ive of lon g -t erm d evelop m en t .

In a seriou s relat ion sh ip w it h Arch it ect u re, Herit ag e, Hist ory, Art s an d Cu lt u re. Tiag o is cu riou s an d p assion at e ab ou t t h e w ay h erit ag e is p erceived b y ot h ers. Grad u at ed in Cu lt u ral Herit ag e an d M A St u d en t in Hist ory & Herit ag e at t h e Un iversit y of Alg arve (UALG).

Cu rren t ly, h e is a f reelan cer, a Project M an ag er at Faro 20 27 [ECOC Can d id acy Team ] an d an R-EU-FTOP Acad em y Nom ad [Eu rop ean Creat ive Rooft op Net w ork ]. He also w orks as a Research Fellow at UALG an d join ed t h e ILUCIDARE Su m m er Sch ool 20 21 (Polan d ) on Herit ag e & In n ovat ion .

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: t iag oo.can d eias@g m ail.com | t iag o@faro20 27.eu

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COM M UNITY ENGAGEM ENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

A d ja r a : M u lt icu lt u r a l Hist o r y On e St o r y

Liubov Kuznetsova

In t rod u ct ion Ad jara is a relat ively sm all ru ral reg ion locat ed on t h e coast of t h e Black Sea n ear t h e Lesser Cau casu s M ou n t ain s in Georg ia.

St ill, t h ere is a sig n if ican t n u m b er of u n exp loit ed resou rces, su ch as n at u ral feat u res, vit icu lt u re, g ast ron om y, an d t an g ib le an d in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e alike.

Tod ay, w h ile m an y h ist oric p laces are rem em b ered for t h eir n at ion al im p ort an ce, ot h ers? role in t h e fab ric of Georg ian societ y h as n ot b een yet fu lly ackn ow led g ed .

Th u s, t h e t eam of Social Im p act Hu b ?Effen d i Villa? h as st art ed a p roject called ?Ad jara: M u lt icu lt u ral Hist ory ? On e St ory?, aim in g t o p rom ot e asp ect s of t h e lon g forg ot t en t an g ib le an d in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e of ou r reg ion .

PAGE 10 1

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

St or y as Tim e Travel M ech an ism s As w e b elieve t h at st ories are t h e d eep est an d g reat est t reasu re w e h ave as h u m an b ein g s, st oryt ellin g , com m u n it y con versat ion s an d sch ool w orksh op s h ave b een t h e m ean s em p loyed . Each st ory, in fact , h as a p u rp ose an d p resen t s a m essag e. St ories, n evert h eless, d o n ot g ive you st raig h t an sw ers, b u t en g ag e creat ively b ot h the n arrat or an d t h e list en er in a m u t u al n arrat ive b u ild in g p rocess.

For in st an ce, t h e cap acit y of st ories t o m ove ou r im ag in at ion arou n d t h e w orld , w h ile ou r b od ies rem ain in self-isolat ion , m ad e st oryt ellin g fu n d am en t al t o t ru ly u n d erst an d h erit ag e p laces f rom t h e h om e exp erien ces w e b ecam e accu st om ed t o in Covid t im es. In t h at p ot en t ial of en g ag em en t in a st ory, t h ere m ig h t b e a kin d of t ran sform at ion or t ran slocat ion w h en on e can g ain an ab ilit y t o visit t h ese p laces t h rou g h sh arin g an ecd ot es.

Esp ecially, w h en w e as cu lt u ral m ed iat ors sh are p erson al an d ab ove all m arg in alised st ories w it h t h e w orld , w e am p lify t h e

voices of t h ose w h o h ave b een h ist orically silen ced .

In the con t ext of ou r p roject w e en su re, t h erefore, t h at every Georg ian can see t h em selves, t h eir h ist ory, an d t h eir p ot en t ial in ou r collect ive st ory an d in ou r in t ern at ion al lan d scap e.

As a resu lt of st oryt ellin g t oolkit s, a g reat n u m b er of st ories an d h ist orical fact s w ere so collect ed w it h the h elp of local com m u n it ies, h ist orian s an d arch ives alike. Over t h e cen t u ries, ou r sm all ru ral reg ion h as accu m u lat ed m u ch m ore t h an ju st local folk lore an d t rad it ion al cu isin e. It h as b een a crossroad s for t ravellers, b u sin essm en , scien t ist s, m ilit ary off icers f rom the Ot t om an an d Ru ssian Em p ires, Fran ce, Germ an y, Sw ed en an d Great Brit ain .

Accord in g ly, m u ch of t h is h ist orical layerin g w as b rou g h t b ack t o m em ory t h an ks t o t h e act ivit ies p rom ot ed in t h e con t ext of t h is p roject .

Fig .1: Storytelling techniques were ela bora ted a nd pra ctised during series of workshops a t public schools in rem ote m ounta inous settlem ents in the region of Adja ra .

Source: Effendi Villa

PAGE 10 2

COM M UNITY ENGAGEM ENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig .2: Students a t Achi public school deeply enga ged into the process of showca sing custom s a nd tra ditions of their neighbourhood.

Source: Effendi Villa

Fig .3: Contem pla ting tra ditiona l cra fts a nd sym bols of Qveda Kvirike through a rt a nd storytelling.

Source: Effendi Villa

Project Jou rn ey ?Ad jara: M u lt icu lt u ral Hist ory ?

On e St ory? is a com m u n it y-b ased in it iat ive aim ed to p reserve in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e b y p rom ot in g t h e id ea of creat in g an d elab orat in g fam ily t rees am on g you n g p eop le in t h e reg ion of Ad jara.

In the f ram ew ork of t h is in it iat ive, an d w it h in t h e p u b lic sch ools in t h e rem ot e m ou n t ain ou s set t lem en t s of t h e area, w e arran g ed 12 w orksh op s on st oryt ellin g t ech n iq u es an d m et h od olog y for collect in g an d p reservin g in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e.

Th e con cern ed p u b lic w ere st u d en t s f rom the p rim ary in st it u t es, w h o w ere en cou rag ed t o in q u ire cu lt u ral root s b eyon d t h e sch ool f ram ew ork . Overall, t racin g t h e st u d en t s? fam ily st ories, t alkin g t o t h eir relat ives, d iscoverin g au t h en t ic t rad it ion s an d forg ot t en root s, fost ered social in t eg rat ion an d in t erg en erat ion al coh esion in t h e w h ole area.

Ou r m ission t o p reserve an d sh are t h e com m u n it y?s st ories in ord er t o b u ild con n ect ion s b et w een p eop le an d creat e a m ore ju st an d com p assion at e societ y received

PAGE 103

p osit ive feed b ack b y t h e local com m u n it y an d t h e Cu lt u ral Herit ag e Preservat ion Ag en cy alike. Th e t an g ib le ou t com e of t h is p roject w as a b roch u re creat ed w it h an d for t h e local com m u n it y. Th is con t ain s t h e in form at ion ab ou t cu lt u re, t rad it ion s an d h ist ory of t h e reg ion as w ell as p erson al st ories ab ou t local h erit ag e sh ared b y t h e very w orksh op p art icip an t s.

At t h e Crossroad s All t h e st ories an d fact s p resen t ed in t h e b roch u re are a resu lt of f ru it fu l coop erat ion of Social Im p act Hu b ?Effen d i Villa? t eam w it h p u b lic sch ools, h ist orian s an d local p eop le w h o are n ot in d ifferen t t o t h eir reg ion . Th e p roject t eam h as also m ad e research on t an g ib le an d in t an g ib le cu lt u ral h erit ag e in t h e Georg ian arch ives, arch eolog ical an d reg ion al m u seu m s of h ist ory as w ell as n u m erou s f ield visit s t o t h e con cern ed h ist oric p laces in t h e reg ion of Ad jara.

In con clu sion , it w ill b e w ron g n ot t o m en t ion t h at Eu rop e h as alw ays recog n ized a g eop olit ical in t erest in t h e Black Sea reg ion , w h ere t h e cou n t ry of Georg ia

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Fig .4 ,5: Students of Cha kha ti public school sim ula ted a tra ditiona l wedding cerem ony in Adja ra da ting ba ck to the tim es of the Yoke. M en a nd wom en ha d a reception sepa ra tely, a nd both strictly followed the wedding order a nd custom s.

Source: Effendi Villa

st an d s as a cen t ral h u b , m akin g b rid g es b et w een Eu rop e an d Asia.

Now ad ays, Georg ia is Eu rop e?s m ost reliab le st rat eg ic p art n er in t h e Cau casu s: h en ce it s ren ew ed g eop olit ical sig n if ican ce.

In ret u rn , Georg ia g et s f rom Eu rop e g reat su p p ort in t h e t ran sit ion p rocess, en h an cin g the econ om ic d evelop m en t of t h e cou n t ry.

Su ch p roject s as ?Ad jara: M u lt icu lt u ral Hist ory ? On e St ory? st ren g t h en the coop erat ion b et w een Eu rop e an d Georg ia t h rou g h raisin g aw aren ess an d p rom ot in g com m on cu lt u ral

h erit ag e an d in t ersect in g h ist oric even t s. As an ed u cat ion al t ool, t h e p roject h as also b ecom e an essen t ial p art of t h e sch ool cu rricu lu m in t h e reg ion of Ad jara, w it h you n g p eop le b ein g ext rem ely cu riou s ab ou t t h e in t ercu lt u ral h ist ory of the cou n t ry an d reg ion , an d cravin g n ew research an d d iscoveries.

In t h is view , t h e sig n if ican ce of op erat in g in su ch d om ain con sist s of p avin g t h e w ay for a fu t u re sh ared cu lt u re, en d orsed b y act ivit ies of reflect ion on w h at d raw s u s t og et h er: ou r com m on h erit ag e.

Fig .6,7: Elab orat in g a fam ily t ree ap p roach t o t h e st u d en t s, w h o b ecom e en g ag ed in illu st rat in g t h eir p rod u ct ion t o t h eir classm at es.

Sou rce: Effen d i Villa

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COM M UNITY ENGAGEM ENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

Fig .8 : ?Adja ra : M ulticultura l History ? One Story?brochure com bines different a spects of inta ngible cultura l herita ge a nd illustra tes diverse ba ckgrounds a nd tra ditions of the region.

Source: Effendi Villa

PAGE 10 5

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

LIUBOV KUZNETSOVA Liu b ov Ku zn et sova is a cu lt u ral m an ag er an d p roject coord in at or of art , cu lt u ral an d ed u cat ion al p rog ram m es at Social Im p act Hu b ?Effen d i Villa?. Sh e is a local org an izer of t h e Eu rop ean Herit ag e D ays in Georg ia, act ive m em b er of n at ion al an d in t ern at ion al n et w orks in t h e f ield of cu lt u ral h erit ag e p reservat ion an d in t erp ret at ion , com m u n it y d evelop m en t an d su st ain ab ilit y.

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: effen d ivilla@g m ail.com Faceb ook : Effen d iVilla

PAGE 10 6

COM M UNITY ENGAGEM ENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

Hu m a n Rig ht s a n d Her it a g e: a Eu r o p ea n Her it a g e Vo lu nt eer s Pr o ject in t h e Fo r m er Co n cent r a t io n Ca m p o f M a ut h a usen .

Angélica Veda na

Fig .1: Ba rra cks inside the form er concentra tion ca m p.

Source: Author

In t rod u ct ion

I h ave alw ays h ad a g reat in t erest an d ap p reciat ion for t h e p rom ot ion of h u m an rig h t s, n ot on ly in m y h om e cou n t ry b u t t h rou g h ou t t h e w orld .

W h en I st art ed m y st u d ies in t h e f ield of h ist ory, I d ecid ed t h at I sh ou ld follow a p at h t h at w ou ld allow m e t o relat e p ast , p resen t , an d fu t u re, w h ich , in my con cep t ion , is the relat ion sh ip b et w een h ist ory,

PAGE 107

h erit ag e, an d h u m an rig h t s.

Bein g ab le t o p rom ot e t h e b asic h u m an rig h t s of every cit izen , t h rou g h h erit ag e, is w h at h as g u id ed m e d u rin g m y life jou rn ey. An d t h at ?s w h y I ch ose t o p art icip at e in t h e Eu rop ean Herit ag e Volu n t eers Project t h at t ook p lace in t h e form er con cen t rat ion cam p of M au t h au sen , in Au st ria.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

W h en I f irst h eard of Eu rop ean Herit ag e Volu n t eers, I d id n ?t kn ow w h at t o exp ect . I on ly kn ew I w ou ld b e ab le t o g et in t ou ch w it h h erit ag e p rofession als an d h ave a h an d s-on exp erien ce. How ever, I w ou ld n ot h ave im ag in ed m yself sp en d in g m y su m m er h olid ays in a form er con cen t rat ion cam p in t h e m id d le of Au st ria. All I can say n ow , aft er t h e p roject is d on e, is t h at I d on ?t reg ret h avin g ch osen su ch a sen sit ive t op ic t o learn m ore ab ou t . On t h e con t rary, as a con seq u en ce of t h is act ion , I feel com m it t ed t o t rag ic h erit ag e an d it s com p lexit y, in ord er t o sp read t h e p rin cip les of p reservin g t h e h ist ory of d iff icu lt ep isod es of ou r com m on p ast .

Ou r d aily w ork rou t in e at a f orm er con cen t rat ion cam p For t w o w eeks, in t h e secon d h alf of Au g u st 20 21, I h ad t h e op p ort u n it y t o w ork at a sen sit ive sit e, w h ere m em ories, n arrat ives, an d feelin g s g et m ixed t og et h er, org an ically, d u e t o t h e d evast at in g even t s t h at occu rred t h ere. In a g rou p of 17 p eop le f rom d ifferen t p art s of t h e w orld , w e h ad t h e ch an ce t o exp erien ce t h e d aily rou t in e of research ers t h at w ork in t h e f ield of t rag ic h erit ag e, su ch as arch aeolog ist s an d h ist orian s, w h ich led u s t o acq u ire p ract ical an d t h eoret ical kn ow led g e, w h ile learn in g t h e b asic st ep s in volved in t h e p rocess of d ocu m en t in g cu lt u ral p rop ert ies, for exam p le.

t h e t ech n ical in st ru ct ors. Th e f irst few d ays, f illed w it h in form at ion , h elp ed us to u n d erst an d m ore ab ou t t h e p ast of t h e sit e w e w ere w orkin g on , as w ell as t h e m et h od olog ies t h at w ou ld b e u sed in ou r f ield w ork . D u rin g t h is d aily learn in g rou t in e, w e w ere also in t rod u ced t o t h e sp ecif ic sit es an d st ru ct u res w e w ere g oin g t o d evelop t h e p roject in a p ract ical w ay, an d t h ey w ere: Th e It alian M em orial, t h e Fren ch M em orial an d t h e Cab le-Cran e Tow er. Th e f irst t w o p laces w ere sit u at ed at t h e en t ran ce of t h e M em orial Park of t h e form er con cen t rat ion cam p , w h ere t h e SS b arracks u sed t o b e ? rig h t in f ron t of on e of t h e m ain g at es. Th e secon d w orkin g sit e resid ed in a m ore d ist an t locat ion , rig h t n ext t o t h e form er q u arry ? a very sad p lace w h ere som e of t h e forced lab ou rers carried ou t t h eir m an d at ory d aily t asks.

Fig .2: Old dry flower in front of the Russia n m em oria l.

Source: Author

W e st art ed t h e f irst w eek of t h e p roject join in g g u id ed t ou rs, sem in ars, h ist orical w orksh op s an d receivin g in st ru ct ion s f rom

PAGE 10 8

Fig .3: Pa rt of the Ita lia n m em oria l.

Source: Author

Fig .4 : The French m em oria l Source: Author

Th e t w o m em orials (It alian an d Fren ch ) select ed t o b e st u d ied an d d ocu m en t ed , w ere am on g t h e b ig g est on t h e sit e, an d t h ey rep resen t t w o n at ion alit ies t h at su ffered g reat ly in t h e con cen t rat ion cam p of M au t h au sen d u rin g t h e W orld W ar II. Each of t h e m on u m en t s h as h u n d red s of t rib u t es, w h et h er in t h e form of a p h ot og rap h , t ext , or sim p le p laq u es, w h ich w ere erect ed b y fam ily an d f rien d s of t h e vict im s, an d ot h er in st it u t ion s su ch as m u n icip alit ies. Am on g ou r d aily act ivit ies w ere t h e an alysis, d ocu m en t at ion an d cat alog u in g of t h e m em orial p laq u es con t ain ed in t h e t w o m on u m en t s, as w ell as t h e research an d h ist orical con t ext u alizat ion of the p rop ert ies in q u est ion . Th is w ork w as n ecessary for con servat ion m easu res t o b e t aken in t h e n ear fu t u re b y t h e st aff of the form er con cen t rat ion cam p ; on ce t h e st at e of p reservat ion of t h e elem en t s is kn ow n , it b ecom es easier t o p roceed w it h d am ag e rep air m easu res, for exam p le. In t h is reg ard , all t h e effort p u t b y t h e p art icip an t s m ad e sen se an d m ad e u s m ore w illin g t o con t in u e volu n t eerin g in t h is t yp e of p roject , so on e d ay w e w ill g et t o see t h e resu lt of ou r effort s an d all t h e ach ieved ou t com es.

Th e im m ersion in t h is t yp e of p roject p rovid ed m e w it h f resh id eas for m y acad em ic jou rn ey an d fu rt h er reflect ion s for m y p rofession al jou rn ey, on ce w e h ad t h e ch an ce t o p art icip at e in d iscu ssion s an d d eb at es ab ou t t h e n ext st ep s t h at w ill b e t aken b y t h e m em orial in t h e com in g years, w h en it com es t o n ew m u seu m exh ib it ion s. I b elieve t h at the op en d ialog u e b et w een the t ech n ical

PAGE 10 9

in st ru ct ors an d t h e p art icip an t s facilit at ed t h e t h eoret ical an d p ract ical learn in g p rom ot ed b y t h e p roject it self an d m ad e it p ossib le for all of u s t o u n d erst an d m ore ab ou t t h e

d aily life of an in st it u t ion com m it t ed t o t h e p ast an d t h e fu t u re.

W ait ? w ork !

It ?s

n ot

on ly

ab ou t

I m u st say t h at on e of t h e m ost en rich in g asp ect s of t h is t rain in g w as t h e p ossib ilit y of livin g , for a fort n ig h t , w it h p eop le f rom all over t h e w orld .

Th e d aily social in t eract ion w as d ef in it ely som et h in g t h at sh ap ed t h e overall exp erien ce, as it en ab led m an y d aily exch an g es con cern in g the p roject t h em e an d also ab ou t t h e m ost varied su b ject s, t h u s form in g a learn in g an d f rien d ly en viron m en t at t h e sam e t im e.

From b reak fast t o d in n er, t h e g rou p of 17 st u d en t s an d p rofession als p art icip at ed in join t act ivit ies, sh ared m eals, an d exch an g ed id eas ab ou t t h e f ield of cu lt u ral h erit ag e an d h ist ory. Am on g t h e p art icip an t s w ere st u d en t s an d p rofession als f rom t h e m ost d iverse areas w it h in t h e f ield of h u m an it ies, su ch as h ist ory, an t h rop olog y, lit erat u re, art s, arch it ect u re, a com b in at ion t h at m ad e rich d eb at es em erg e d u rin g t h e t im e sh ared in a sm all t ow n in t h e m id d le of Au st ria.

Fig .5: The Ca ble Cra ne Tower.

Source: Author

On b eh alf of t h ose w h o are n o lon g er h ere

Havin g w orked at t h e It alian m em orial, con sist in g of m ore t h an 30 0 m em orial p laq u es an d p h ot og rap h s in h on or of t h e It alian vict im s of Nazism , w as som et h in g t ou g h an d sp ecial for m e, sin ce it is a very em ot ion al p lace, b u t also a t est im on y of u n con d it ion al love an d su fferin g of t h ose w h o lost t h eir relat ives an d f rien d s b ecau se of h at red . Th e p rog ram in clu d ed n ot on ly the Besid es t h e acad em ic an d volu n t eerin g p art , b u t also t h eoret ical exch an g e b et w een lect u res, g u id ed t ou rs, t h e p art icip an t s of t h e p roject , p resen t at ion s, w orksh op s, an d t h e everyd ay in t eract ion w as d iscu ssion s, w h ich w ere cru cial in t erest in g d u e t o t h e fact t h at elem en t s of t h e p roject . I m u st each of t h e m em b ers of t h e say t h at , n ow , I h ave a d eep er g rou p h ad it s ow n cu lt u ral an d w id er u n d erst an d in g of t h e b ackg rou n d , w h ich g ave u s t h e h ist ory of Nazism an d t h e op p ort u n it y t o learn m ore Secon d W orld W ar it self. ab ou t cu lt u res d ist in ct f rom ou rs an d t o g et t o kn ow d ifferen t asp ect s con cern in g ot h er cou n t ries an d p laces.

PAGE 110

Fig .6: Entra nce to the M em oria l Com plex.

Source: Author

I n ever im ag in ed t h at I w ou ld h ave t h e op p ort u n it y t o w ork in su ch a p lace, d ealin g w it h a sen sit ive an d im p ort an t t op ic, sp ecially n ow ad ays, an d I am very g lad I d ecid ed t o volu n t eer w it h Eu rop ean Herit ag e Volu n t eers. It w as ext rem ely im p ort an t , as an ou t com e of t h e p roject , t o realize t h at am n ow ab le t o p u t in t o p ract ice w h at I learn ed d u rin g t h e volu n t eerin g in ot h er areas of m y p rofession al jou rn ey. I am su re I w ill t ake t h is exp erien ce

PAGE 111

w it h m e for all m y life, an d I feel p rou d t o h ave b een p art of a relevan t p roject in ou r societ y, w h ere w e w ere ab le t o h on or t h e m em ory of cou n t less vict im s an d p ass on t h e leg acy of resist an ce t h rou g h the n am es of all t h ese p eop le, w h o w ill n ever b e on ly n u m b ers.

Ab ou t t h e Au t h or :

ANGELICA VEDANA An g élica Ved an a sis a Brazilian h ist orian cu rren t ly com p let in g a Ph D in an t h rop olog y an d cu lt u ral h erit ag e at NOVA Un iversit y of Lisb on . Her m ain g oal is t o p rom ot e h u m an rig h t s t h rou g h h erit ag e an d t o b e ab le t o b u ild a b et t er w orld b y raisin g aw aren ess reg ard in g t rag ic even t s in ou r com m on h ist ory.

Con t act d et ails: Em ail: ved an a.an g elica@g m ail.com

PAGE 112

ESACH · Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Art s Con t est . Novem b er-D ecem b er 20 21

Th e Novem b er-D ecem b er 20 21 session of t h e Ph ot og rap h y an d Visu al Ar t s Con t est f ocu sed on t h e t op ic of clim at e ch an g e. As an ever-p ressin g su b ject , it s con n ect ion t o h erit ag e h as b een w id esp read recen t ly, an d t h e su b m ission s aim ed t o visu ally ad d ress t h e lin k b et w een clim at e ch an g e an d t h e h erit ag e f ield .

CULTURA L HERITA GE & CLIM ATE CHA N GE PHOTOGRA PHY A N D V ISUA L A RTS CONTEST Rog er Neg red o Fern án d ez Hey, it ?s Rog er! Em erg in g (W orld ) Herit ag e p ract it ion er w it h b ackg rou n d on in t ern at ion al relat ion s an d m an ag em en t ? p assion at e ab ou t g eop olit ics, cu lt u ral d ip lom acy, con flict resolu t ion an d t h e M ed it erran ean .

In st ag ram : @rog n fz

PAGE 113

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n°2 - Ap ril 20 22

?

?M ars feels like a w in d ow t o t h e fu t u re, sh ow in g u s w h at eart h cou ld b ecom e if w e d on ?t t ake care of ou r p lan et . M ayb e, in st ead of search in g for life in t h e red p lan et , w e sh ou ld p rot ect life h ere, at h om e.? (W ad i Ru m , Jord an ) -- Rog er Neg red o Fern án d ez

PAGE 114

CULTURAL HERITAGE & CLIM ATE CHANGE

THE EUROPEA N A CLIM ATE ACTION M A N IFESTO

Eu rop ean a is Eu rop e?s p lat form for d ig it al cu lt u ral h erit ag e, em p ow erin g cu lt u ral h erit ag e in st it u t ion s t o sh are t h eir collect ion s w it h t h e w orld . Th rou g h t h e Eu rop ean a w eb sit e, m illion s of cu lt u ral h erit ag e it em s f rom arou n d 4 ,0 0 0 in st it u t ion s across Eu rop e are availab le on lin e. W e w ork t o sh are an d p rom ot e t h is h erit ag e so t h at it can b e u sed an d en joyed b y p eop le across t h e w orld . Ou r w ork con t rib u t es t o an op en , kn ow led g eab le an d creat ive societ y. Th e Eu rop ean a Fou n d at ion is t h e org an isat ion t asked b y t h e Eu rop ean Com m ission w it h d evelop in g a d ig it al cu lt u ral h erit ag e p lat form for Eu rop e.

Fin d ou t m ore on Eu rop ean a Pro an d g et in con t act at n et w ork @eu rop ean a.eu .

Eu rop ean a D SI is co-f in an ced b y t h e Eu rop ean Un ion ?s Con n ect in g Eu rop e Facilit y.

In t rod u cin g t h e Eu rop ean a clim at e act ion m an if est o Eu rop ean a w orks t o em p ow er t h e cu lt u ral h erit ag e sect or in it s d ig it al t ran sform at ion . W e d evelop exp ert ise, t ools an d p olicies t o em b race d ig it al ch an g e an d en cou rag e p art n ersh ip s t h at fost er in n ovat ion . W e d evelop exp ert ise, t ools an d p olicies t o em b race d ig it al ch an g e an d en cou rag e p art n ersh ip s t h at fost er in n ovat ion .

W h ile d ig it al t ran sform at ion can h ave m an y p osit ive effect s on clim at e an d en viron m en t , it also d em an d s en erg y an d n at u ral resou rces. W e w an t t h e d ig it al t ran sform at ion w e em p ow er t o b e su st ain ab le, an d t o su p p ort t h at g oal in 20 21 lau n ch ed t h e Eu rop ean a Clim at e Act ion M an ifest o. It set s ou t fou r g u id in g p rin cip les t o in form t h e con cret e act ion s t h e Eu rop ean a In it iat ive w ill u n d ert ake t o m it ig at e clim at e ch an g e t h rou g h h ow w e p lan , collab orat e, op erat e an d ad vocat e.

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Th e st u d en t s an d n ew p rofession als of t od ay w ill b e - an d are! - lead in g t h e cu lt u ral h erit ag e sect or of t om orrow . W e are d elig h t ed t o b e ab le t o sh are t h is M an ifest o - an d t h e act ion s it con t ain s w it h you . W e h op e t h at it w ill in sp ire an d su p p ort you r ow n w ork in an d arou n d su st ain ab le d ig it al t ran sform at ion .

W e en cou rag e you t o read t h e M an ifest o (b elow ) an d join ou r Clim at e Act ion Com m u n it y w h ich w as form alised in Novem b er last year, an d is f ree t o join t h rou g h the Eu rop ean a Net w ork Associat ion . As a Com m u n it y m em b er, you w ill h ave t h e ch an ce t o exch an g e kn ow led g e, ap p roach es an d g ood p ract ice relat ed t o clim at e act ion an d t h e d ig it al cu lt u ral h erit ag e sect or. You w ill h ave t h e op p ort u n it y t o g row you r exp ert ise, raise t h e p rof ile of clim at e act ion in Eu rop e?s cu lt u ral h erit ag e in st it u t ion s an d collab orat e w it h you r p eers t o ad d ress t h is u rg en t issu e.

Join t od ay!

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Th e Eu rop ean a clim at e act ion m an if est o Th e Eu rop ean a Fou n d at ion , t h e Eu rop ean a Net w ork Associat ion an d t h e Eu rop ean a Ag g reg at ors' Foru m (collect ively referred t o as ?Eu rop ean a? b elow ), h ave ag reed t o ad vocat e for an d em b ed w orkin g p ract ices t h at m in im ise t h e d ig it al cu lt u ral h erit ag e sect or ?s im p act on t h e clim at e an d en viron m en t .

THE CULTURAL HERITAGE SECTOR AND EUROPEANA HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY

Ou r w orld is at a crossroad s. W e are g oin g t h rou g h a d ecad e of u n p reced en t ed ext rem e clim at e in cid en t s. Th e t h reat s t h at clim at e ch an g e p oses t o ou r p lan et , t o h u m an kin d an d t o ou r cu lt u re are n o lon g er t h eoret ical. It is clear

t h at collect ive clim at e act ion is n eed ed m ore u rg en t ly t h an ever t o reverse t h is m om en t u m .

Eu rop ean a?s vision is of a cu lt u ral h erit ag e sect or p ow ered b y d ig it al an d a Eu rop e p ow ered b y cu lt u re.

Th e sect or ?s d ig it al t ran sform at ion w ill con t rib u t e t o a m ore resilien t Eu rop ean econ om y an d fairer societ ies, h ow ever t h at t ran sform at ion h as it s ow n en viron m en t al cost .

D ig it al p rocesses req u ire en erg y an d n at u ral resou rces an d leave t h eir ow n carb on foot p rin t .

So, t o en su re t h at t h e sect or ?s d ig it al t ran sform at ion is en viron m en t ally eff icien t an d su st ain ab le, w e w ill ad h ere t o a set of p rin cip les g u id in g h ow w e can p lan , collab orat e, op erat e an d ad vocat e in ecolog ically resp on sib le w ays.

Fig .1: BARRE D ES ECRINS 4103 M .

ET GLACIER BLANC (DAUPHINE').

Source: Archivio Fotogra fico Fondo Ga binio, Ita ly - CC BY.

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CULTURAL HERITAGE & CLIM ATE CHANGE

EUROPEANA'S PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE D IGITAL TRANSFORM ATION

Th e follow in g fou r g u id in g p rin cip les w ill sh ap e h ow w e w ork t h rou g h ou t the Eu rop ean a Fou n d at ion , Eu rop ean a Net w ork Associat ion an d Eu rop ean a Ag g reg at ors? Foru m . Each b od y w ill in corp orat e t h ese p rin cip les in t o it s st rat eg ies an d w orkin g p ract ices.

org an isat ion s in ou r n et w orks are in t eg ral t o ou r ab ilit y t o ad d ress the com p lexit ies of clim at e ch an g e in ou r sect or. Tog et h er, w e w ill w ork t ow ard s com m on solu t ion s, st an d ard s an d f ram ew orks for clim at e-resp on sib le p ract ices for d ig it al cu lt u re.

Plan n in g Clim at e im p act sh ou ld in form all st ag es an d elem en t s of ou r w ork .

W e w ill:

? Sh are w h at w e learn .

Sh arin g g ood p ract ices an d t h e ch allen g es w e en cou n t er can em p ow er fu rt h er ch an g e at p rofession al an d org an isat ion al level. W e w an t ou r learn in g s t o b e h elp fu l for ot h ers t o u se or ad ap t for t h eir ow n set t in g s. So, Eu rop ean a?s clim at e act ion s w ill be t ran sp aren t an d m ad e availab le t h rou g h , for exam p le, easy-t o-access g u id es or w orkin g d ocu m en t s.

? Em b ed eco -t h in k in g .

W e w ill ?t h in k clim at e? f rom h ig h -level st rat eg y set t in g , t o yearly road m ap s an d in d ivid u al p lan n in g cycles. ? Set st an d ard s f or m an ag in g resou rces.

W e w ill en su re ou r su p p ly ch ain s are as ecolog ically resp on sib le as p ossib le. ? Ben ch m ark an d m easu re ou r p rog ress.

W e w ill carry ou t su st ain ab ilit y au d it s an d im p act assessm en t s so t h at w e can red u ce ou r carb on foot p rin t in t arg et ed areas.

Collab orat in g Collect ive act ion W e w ill:

is

essen t ial.

? Learn t og et h er.

W e w ill p rog ress fu rt h er an d fast er if w e w ork t og et h er, collab orat in g w it h exp ert s, org an isat ion s an d n et w orks w h o are sim ilarly com m it t ed an d w h o m ay b e fu rt h er alon g t h is jou rn ey t h an w e are. ? Harn ess ou r n et w ork s.

Th e exp ert ise an d exp erien ce of the p rofession als an d

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Op erat in g Sm all ch an g es con t rib u t e t o a b ig im p act . W e w ill: ? M ak e syst em at ic ch an g es.

Th e d evelop m en t of a clim at e act ion st rat eg y w ill b e an im p ort an t t ool t o h elp u s t o exercise m at erial an d d ig it al m in im alism in all ou r op erat ion s. ? M eet su st ain ab ly.

W h en we con ven e eit h er p h ysically or d ig it ally, w e w ill m in im ise t h e d am ag e w e d o, f rom con sid erin g t h e im p act s of t ravel an d cat erin g , t o t h e g reen cred en t ials of t h e con feren cin g soft w are w e u se. ? Clean u p ou r d ig it al p ract ices.

Every in d ivid u al can m ake a d ifferen ce so w e w ill ed u cat e ou rselves t o clean u p ou r p erson al d ig it al p ract ices.

Th e ESACH Qu art erly n °2 - Ap ril 20 22

Fig .2: Ita lia n La ndsca pe with Um brella Pines 1807. Source: Rijksm useum , Netherla nds Public D om a in

Ad vocat in g Ch an g e d oesn ?t W e w ill:

en d

w it h

u s.

? Lead b y exam p le.

W e w ill raise aw aren ess of clim at e issu es relat ed t o d ig it al cu lt u ral h erit ag e an d h ig h lig h t en viron m en t ally-f rien d ly p ract ices on b ot h in d ivid u al an d org an isat ion levels. ? Provid e su p p or t .

W e w ill h elp ou r m em b ers an d p eers, p art n er an d con t rib u t in g org an isat ion s, t o d evelop t h eir ow n cap acit y for m akin g su st ain ab le ch an g e, t h rou g h sh arin g t ools an d case st u d ies an d p rovid in g op p ort u n it ies for learn in g an d d iscu ssion .

W HAT CAN YOU D O?

? Join u s.

Join t h e Eu rop ean a Clim at e Act ion com m u n it y t h rou g h t h e Eu rop ean a Net w ork Associat ion t o sh are you r exp erien ces, an d

h elp u s t o p rom ot e t h ese p rin cip les an d p u t t h em in t o act ion .

JOIN-THE-EUROPEANA CLIM ATE-ACTION-COM M UNITY

? Com m it you rself.

Every ch an g e cou n t s. W h et h er you act as an in d ivid u al, or you h ave in flu en ce for w id er syst em ic ch an g e w it h in an org an isat ion or n et w ork , w e u rg e you t o con sid er w h at you can d o, t o set you r ow n g oals an d t o m ake you r ow n com m it m en t s. ? Sh are w id ely.

Help u s t o reach m ore p eop le b y sh arin g t h e m an ifest o t h rou g h you r social m ed ia.Sh are ou r Tw eet t h rou g h t h e b u t t on b elow .

SHARE-THE-EUROPEANA CLIM ATE-ACTION-M ANIFESTO ON-TW ITTER

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By y o u n g p eo p le, fo r y o u n g p eo p le!

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Con t act Th e ESACH Qu art erly p rovid es a sp ace for t h e d iscu ssion an d p u b licat ion of g rou n d ed u n iversit y an d in d ep en d en t ly carried research as w ell as p rofession al act ivit y in t o all asp ect s of cu lt u ral h erit ag e.

By follow in g t h e p rin cip les of im m ed iat e op en access an d aim in g at m akin g research f reely availab le t o t h e p u b lic t o su p p ort a g reat er exch an g e of kn ow led g e, ESACH w elcom es con t rib u t ion s f rom in d ivid u als.

Please refer t o t h e in form at ion on ou r m ain w eb sit e.

Con t act for in form at ion : esach .ed it or@g m ail.com

Let t ers t o t h e Ed it or Th e ESACH Qu art erly w elcom es Let t ers t o t h e Ed it or com m en t in g on an y art icle or m at erial p u b lish ed in t h e p reviou s n u m b ers, t h en su p p ort in g or op p osin g a st an ce exp ressed in t h e jou rn al, com m en t in g on a cu rren t issu e w it h u p d at ed evid en ce-b ased in form at ion an d t h e like.

Con t en t : To en su re t h e rap id p u b licat ion of you r let t er, p lease ad d ress t h e follow in g p oin t s: -

-

Th e let t er m u st b e a m axim u m of 50 0 w ord s (exclu d in g referen ces).

Use a m axim u m of 5 referen ces (t h e art icle u n d er d iscu ssion is exclu d ed f rom t h e cou n t an d sh ou ld clearly b e st at ed at t h e b eg in n in g of t h e resp on se).

D o n ot in clu d e an y f ig u res or t ab les in t h e let t er.

In clu d e you r n am e, ad d ress an d con t act d et ails in you r let t er.

Su b m ission : To en su re you r resp on se t o a p u b lish ed art icle is t im ely, p lease su b m it you r let t er as soon as p ossib le aft er p u b licat ion of t h e orig in al p ap er an d t h e Ed it ors w ill en d eavor t o in clu d e you r let t er in t h e n ext issu e of t h e jou rn al.

Let t ers t o t h e ed it or received less t h an six w eeks p rior t o t h e p u b licat ion d at e w ill b e con sid ered for t h e follow in g issu e.

All let t ers su b m it t ed t o Th e ESACH Qu art erly m ag azin e are su b ject t o review b y m em b ers of t h e Ed it orial Board . Th is is t o en su re t h at on ly let t ers of h ig h q u alit y an d evid en ce-b ased are p u b lish ed . Th e Ed it orial Board m em b ers are n ot exp ect ed t o com m en t on w h et h er t h ey ag ree w it h t h e con t en t of t h e let t er, an d t h eir role is lim it ed in assu rin g t h e correct n ess of t h e con t en t su b m it t ed an d it s t on e.

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