152 DIRTY DIESEL – How Swiss Traders Flood Africa with Toxic Fuels | Endnotes
39 AOGC Website. (Accessed 19 May 2016). 40 Lynx Energy Website, “X-Oil Congo” (Accessed 19 May 2016). 41 Lynx Energy Website, “Donatien Mpika”, (Accessed 19 May 2016). 42 Congopage, “Ceux qui croyaient aux promesses de Christel se sont faits avoir“, 2 April 2009. 43 Mediapart, “Biens mal acquis: rivières de diamants et valise de cash à Neuilly”, 10 February 2015. 44 Preliminary Offering Memorandum, (2014), “Puma International Financing SA” . 45 RFI, “Femmes noires : un congrès pour s’affirmer“, MFI Hebdo, 16 April 2008. 46 Nice Matin, “Le fastueux anniversaire de la femme du chef de l’Etat du Congo à Saint-Tropez” 12 May 2013. 47 Canal +, (2013) “Le petit journal: 70 ans de Madame Sassou“. 48 President Sassou Nguesso has ruled Congo since 1979, minus the brief democratic interlude of Pascal Lissouba’s term from 1992 to 1997. See: Fondation Congo Assistance Website, “Social: Culture de Paix et de Solidarité” (Accessed 19 May 2016) 49 Agathe Duparc, “L’affaire Gunvor ou l’anatomie d’un scandale pétrolier russo-congolais”, Le Monde, 6 March 2013. 50 President Nguesso was the stepfather of the former Gabonese president, Omar Bongo. On BGFI, see: Berne Declaration, (2015), “Philia’s refined ventures in Brazzaville” (Accessed 19 May 2015) 51 Fondation Congo Assistance Website, “Bureau et conseil d’administration” (Accessed 19 May 2016) 52 Stéphane Graber, (2013), “Reassessing the merchant’s role in a globalized economy”, International Development Policy: Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement, pp. 153–193. 53 Nevers Mumba et al., “Open letter to the international donor community to the Republic of Zambia”, 6 June 2012. 54 CITAC Africa Ltd, “sub-Saharan Africa Oil Market Report”, April 2014, p. 26 55 Simon Goodley, Mark Hollingsworth, “Zambian minister under investigation over Trafigura contract”, The Guardian, 3 December 2012. 56 BBC, “Zambia’s President Michael Sata sacks Wynter Kabimba” 28 August 2014. 57 David Leigh, “Inside Trafigura: accusations, sour deals and friends in high places”, The Guardian, 16 September 2009. 58 An open letter to “the donor community” written by opposition party MMD, says: “Rajan Mahtani’s financial support to Sata’s cam paign was first acknowledged in a newspaper advertisement following the 2008 elections, in which Sata thanked his financiers for all their generous support.” Nevers Mumba et al., “Open letter to the international donor community to the Republic of Zambia”, 6 June 2012. 59 George Mweny, “Police arrest Mahtani on forgery charges”, Zambia Reports, 2 February 2015. 60 Email from Trafigura of the 12th November 2015. 61 Zambian Watchdog, “State House officials block probe of Dalbit Petroleum for overcharging Zambia with $103 million”, 8 June 2015. 62 Daily Nation, “Trafigura in oil scandal again!” 30 April 2015.
63 Ibid. 64 Richard Sakala, “Word for word: what Trafigura told Daily Nation newspaper”, Zambian Watchdog, 2 May 2015. 65 Daily Nation, “Trafigura oil deal in court“, 23 January 2016. 66 Email from Trafigura of the 25th January 2016. 67 Sakunda Holdings is composed of three divisions: Energy, Trading and Logistics. See: Sakunda Holdings Website, “About us” (Accessed 19 May 2016). 68 Zuva Petroleum Website, “Home Page” (Accessed 19 May 2016). 69 Africa Confidential, “Glencore and the fuel firms“, Vol 54, Number 21, 18 October 2013. 70 Ibid. 71 Africa Confidential, “Trafigura takes over Sakunda”, Vol. 55, Number 10, 16 May 2014. 72 Preliminary Offering Memorandum, (2014), Puma International Financing SA. 73 Kayode Akinkugbe, “Insights into M&A activities in Sub-Saharan Africa”, FBN Capital, 25 November 2014. 74 Zimbabwe Situation, “ZANU PF entrenched by “exploitative” Trafigura deal”, 27 May 2014. 75 Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe, “Directorate” (Accessed 19 May 2016). See also: Peter Burkhardt, “Trafigura geschäftet mit Mugabe-Regime”, Schweiz am Sonntag, 17 May 2014. 76 Nigeria Electricity Hub, “Zimbabwe : Govt awards Sakunda 200mw tender”, 7 January 2016.
CHAPTER 6 1 Angola is the country in the world that suffers from the highest loss in the Inequalityadjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) of the United Nations Development Programme 2 London-based African downstream consultant CITAC reckons Angolan fuel prices are the second cheapest in sub-Saharan Africa, after Nigeria, where fuels are also massively subsidised. CITAC, “Angola Country Overview”, December 2013 (report commissioned by Public Eye). 3 CITAC claims 74 % of diesel consumption is imported. 4 www.pumaenergy.com/en/regions/africa/ angola; accessed 27.04.2016. Puma is the second biggest retail company, after Sonangol and before Sonangalp, a jointventure between Sonangol and Portuguese Galp Energia, in which Isabel Dos Santos, the daughter of Angola’s president, has shares. On Galp, see: Forbes, “How Forbes’ estimate of Isabel Dos Santos’ fortune grew from $500m to $3b in less than a year”, 16.09.2013 (accessed 29.09.2015). 5 Four out of those 47 samples we unfortunately could not take ourselves, but we received analysis data from a credible third party in confidence. Because we are of the opinion that it is important that also the population of this country knows about the quality of the fuels they buy, we decided to publish them. 6 Puma Energy, Offering Memorandum, 3 February 2014, p. 123 7 For the Puma Energy statement, see the Public Eye website. 8 Puma Energy answers to our questions. Public Eye Website. 9 In Mozambique we also sampled a diesel fuel sold by Petromoc. Petromoc is the state
owned downstream company of Mozambique, (in a joint venture with Puma to build storage capacity together). Petromoc was supplied by Vitol during the time of sampling (April 2014) but this evidence is not enough. In Togo, we sampled fuels sold by MRS, also possibly supplied by Vitol. For the same reason as for Mozambique, we left this sample aside. 10 ISO (International Standards Organization) and ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) are international standard setting bodies. In the industry test methods like the ISO 20884, ASTM D 4294 and ASTM D 2622 are applied for determining sulfur by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in fuels. Test methods like the ISO 20846 and ASTM D 5453 – specifying an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence test method are usually applied for the determination of sulphur in ultra-low sulphur fuels with sulphur levels below 10 ppm. 11 Laboratory supervisor of a petrochemical lab in the Netherlands who wishes to remain anonymous. For the purpose of our investigations we conducted several talks in 2014, 2015 and 2016 with two laboratory supervisors of a petrochemical laboratory in the Netherlands. 12 Data from 2014 (based on 125 samples) suggests that the average sulphur content from diesel samples taken from the major Western European countries is 6 ppm. Source: email correspondence in February, March and April 2016 with Heather Hamje, CONCAWE, Science Executive for Fuels Quality and Emissions. Also, a survey of a number of diesel fuels sold in Germany in 2013 shows that the mean value of sulphur was 5.9 and varied between 5.9 and 7.8 ppm in the years 2009 – 2013. (Source SGS, Worldwide diesel survey – winter 2012/2013 Germany) 13 Diesel spec from 2004. Sulphur max 1,500 ppm in new spec: Decreto Executivo No. 288/14 in effect September 2014. 14 Arrêté Année 2012 No 002 / MERPMEDER / DC/ SGM/CTJ/DGHCF/SA gasoil, in effect Jan 2013. 15 Decree No. 2013 – 394 gas oil, in effect July 2013. 16 Decree 2013–220, Automotive gasoil, in effect in Jan 2014. 17 GS 141: 2013 Diesel Fuel (-gasoil), in effect in Jan 2014. 18 Arrêté Ministériel 1565 Automotive diesel, in effect, May 1990. 19 NS-09-048 Diesel oil, on-road, in effect May 2011. 20 ZS 369: 2010 Automotive Gasoil (Diesel Fuel), in effect Feb 2010. 21 ZS 718:2010 Low Sulfur Gasoil (LSGO), in effect Feb 2010. 22 German Federal Environment Agency, (2012), “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Harmful to the Environment! Toxic! Inevitable?”, p. 5 (accessed 22 February 2016) 23 The other test method focused on a small group of polyaromatics present in diesel. It was not aimed at determining the total content of all polyaromatics present. This is a very interesting method which provides deeper insights into the toxicity of the diesel fuel, but we decided to continue with the industry’s more common (and cheaper) test methods, then compare those findings with the European limit (max 8 %m) and with each other.