Interior Architecture Thesis by elliejo

HEALING ARCHITECTURE A Design Proposal for Female Victims of Abuse and Sex Trafficking in Conflict Zones

Graduate Thesis Report I Ellie Williams I IAPD 823 A I Spring 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS example. To Prof. Nathan Howe and the IAID Department, thank you for allowing me so many opportunities and learning experiences throughout my time at K-State. Thank you all!

I would like to thank everyone who aided me throughout this thesis project. Thank you first to Professor Kutay Guler for guiding me through the initial precedent studies, research, and programming efforts. To Prof. Vibhavari Jani, thank you for your continued dedication, encouragement, love, and the neverending resources and knowledge you provided moving through the development and final design phases. To Prof. Tasoulla Hadjiyani, thank you for joining this project as my professional advisor, I continue to be amazed at the research and work you have shared with me. I am sure I will continue to learn from your

I would also like to express my thanks to all the students, professors, and professionals who attended our presentations and provided helpful feedback throughout the design process. Thank you also to my amazing family and studiomates, I could not have made it through the past five years without your support. Thank you! Ellie

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 6 - 117

2 3

Goals & Objectives Literature Review Precedent Research Site & Code Analysis Spatial Programing Design Theories Generative Intention

SCHEMATIC DESIGN 118 - 141

Concept/Parti Development Adjacency Matrix Bubble, Spatial & 3D Diagramming

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 142 - 189

Precedent Images 4

Refined Concept & Parti Plan, Orthographic, & 3D Development Material Selections Sustainability Strategies

FINAL DESIGN 190 - 241

5 6

Zoning Orthographic Drawings 3D Development Sustainability Strategies Material Selections Conclusions

SPECIFICATIONS 242 - 275

REFERENCES 275 - 281

GOALS & OBJECTIVES Can employing an evidence-based and biophilic approach to facility design contribute to the healing of abused female sex trafficking survivors in geographies with limited resources?

Recover

Reduce Stress

Addressing the immediate needs of sex trafficking and child marriage survivors upon entering the facility.

Reduce the stress of survivors through using practices of spatial design and exposure to nature.

Provide immediate medical care, if needed, addressing any physical injuries.

ii.

Address and provide for essential needs of survivors including a place to sleep, shower, and do laundry (and/or provide clothing).

iii.

Provide mental healthcare through counseling with on-site professionals which will continue throughout the remainder of their stay.

Give building users a sense of control over their surroundings by creating private spaces and allowing survivors choices.

ii.

Promote spending time enjoying nature by designing outdoor or green spaces that draw people in.

iii.

Incorporate positive distractions such as plants, art, and soothing music into the space.

Connect

Maintain

Create spaces to foster social, spiritual, and environmental connections within the users and their community.

Assist survivors in maintaining their learned healthful practices after leaving the program/facility to reduce risk of reentering the trafficking system.

Encourage social support with living room spaces, kitchens, and shared recreation areas which support community engagement.

ii.

Provide spaces that support mindfulness and spiritual practices.

iii.

Promote connection with the physical environment through outdoor spaces, gardens, interior green life, and views to nature.

Provide access to permanent housing options.

ii.

Engage survivors in job and life skills trainings, connecting them to resources that will assist them in finding a career and/or education.

iii.

Design spaces to enable the teaching of coping, mindfulness, and other healthy practices to create beneficial habits within survivors. This could also involve furniture or products that aid users in keeping healthy habits.

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INTRODUCTION PROBLEM STATEMENT

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Sex trafficking and abuse through child marriage, both growing problems in developing countries, have lasting impacts on their survivors including mental illness and disease. Approximately 600,000 to 800,000 individuals are trafficked across international borders every year. It is proposed that even more are trafficked within their own country (U.S. Department of State, 2004; Cree, 2008, p. 1). To properly heal, those exiting these situations should be surrounded by an equally healing environment both physically and emotionally. Designs that incorporate spatial theories and naturecentered design ideas could reduce patient and staff stress, shorten patient stays, and aid in teaching healthy practices. Precedents to serve this purpose are rare and often expensive solutions that may not be attainable many regions. This thesis will explore how the architecture of interior environments can aid in the restoration of mental and physical health for female sex trafficking and child marriage victims while remaining sustainable and economically suitable. This thesis work is grounded in an evidencebased design approach. Qualitative Research methods were adapted including: extensive review of published research on this topic, analysis of theories, and precedents studies. Further analysis of users of the center was conducted to understand their needs. These measures were taken to better comprehend the challenges these women have faced and use this knowledge to inform future design decisions.

Information for this research has been laid out in the form of seven chapters: introduction, goals and objectives, literature review, precedent study, site analysis, programming, and resources. The first and second chapters introduce the thesis topic and explain the goals the research will aim to accomplish. Objectives after each goal explain how said goal is to be accomplished. Next, the literature review discusses statistics and facts surrounding trafficking and child marriage issues as well as spatial and nature-centered design theories. Much of the information here was received from articles, journals, and studies. Precedent studies investigate existing projects with similar goals and functions of the proposed design. These include, rehabilitation facilities, heath care and children’s centers. Transitioning to the chosen site, this analysis explores the existing conditions of the chosen location in Bamako, Mali. Demographics and geographic location as well as the structure of original floor plans will be discussed. Finally, programming lays the basis for the future facility covering the square footage requirements and beginning spatial layout through bubble diagramming. This research book concludes with a list of resources most of which were used in the literature review and precedent studies. The list will expand responding to continuing investigation throughout the project.

LITERATURE REVIEW Abuse of women and girls through sex trafficking and child marriage is a continuing problem in developing countries. Often one of these problems leads to the other because of increased vulnerability, poverty, and social or family situations (McAlpine, Hossain, Zimmerman, 2008; Nour, 2009). “The US Department of State (2004) estimated that 600,000–800,000 people are trafficked across international borders each year; many more are trafficked within their home countries” (Cree, 2008, p. 1). This trafficking also contributes to rising cases of HIV/AIDS, malaria, cervical cancer, and various psychological issues including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal thoughts or tendencies (Hopper & Gonzalez, 2018). A study on psychological symptoms of sex trafficking showed that, “High rates of depression (71%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (61%) were identified [in sex and labor trafficking survivors]” (Hopper & Gonzalez, 2018, p.2). While there are several programs and facilities which aid in the prevention of sex trafficking and abuse issues, many are not successful, and may only help small numbers of people. Facilities that are focused on helping abuse victims are not usually designed with spatial theories in mind. Designs incorporating these ideas could shorten patient stays, reduce stress, and aid in teaching healthy practices. Based on this foundation, the thesis aims to investigate the following research question: How can

employing a salutogenic and nature-centered approach to facility design contribute to the healing of abused female sex trafficking and child marriage survivors in African regions?

History of Sex Trafficking and Child Marriage in Developing Countries Sex trafficking can come in various forms including sexual slavery, forced sexual exploitation, and early or forced marriage (McAlpine, Hossain, & Zimmerman, 2008) with sexual exploitation being the most common at 79% of surveyed victims (UNODC, 2009). A study on HIV infected female sex workers (FSWs) stated that, 2 in 5 (42%) were coerced or forced into the work. These women were most commonly forced into trafficking by acquaintances and coworkers (both at 25%), strangers (18%), and family (9%) (Silverman, et al, 2013). Another study suggested that 50% of FSWs entered the profession through trafficking (George & Sabarwal, 2013). A trend of women luring other women into trafficking is also becoming more popular (UNDOC, 2009). Perpetrators discovered that women tend to trust and follow women as opposed to men, making it easier to lure them into trafficking situations. It can be inferred that women and girls with little to no income will deceive others for pay. Trafficking often happens in public settings such as markets and public transportation, or even in or near

“Consideration of these spatial theories can aid architects and designers in creating spaces that will promote healing in ways other than traditional therapy.”

Diseases, Infection, and Psychological Effects from Sex Trafficking and Child Marriage

homeless shelters and facilities (Sarkar et al., 2008; Clawson & Goldblatt Grace, 2007). According to a global report by the United Nations (UN) in 2009, South Africa was a trafficking destination mainly for victims hailing from countries within and outside the region, typically to or from neighboring countries. Both east and west African victims were found in the southern region (UNDOC, 2009). There is, however, a lack of updated (earlier than 2009) general statistical information on sex trafficking in Africa. This is partly to do with the lack of survey response from many of the surrounding regions. Seemingly more information is given on child marriage in these areas. In 2009, south Asia was the leader in number of girls who were married under the age of 18 at 31.3 million, with Sub-Saharan Africa following at 14.1 million (Nour, 2009). In Kenya, the ratio of married girls to boys (under the age of 18) is 21:1. For reference, the ratio in the United States was 8:1 as of 2009. According to Nour (2009), child marriage is driven by three main forces: “poverty, the need to reinforce social ties, and the belief that it offers protection.” Often, parents believe that their daughters will be safe from rape, premarital sex, and sexually transmitted diseases and infections if they are married at a young age. Realistically, young girls are at a higher risk of health issues if married under the age of 18. These girls lose the opportunity to have an education, develop friends, and play, which can affect their cognitive development. They are expected to reproduce soon after marriage to prove their fertility which can cause significant risk during pregnancy. Girls under the age of 18 are 2 to 7 times more likely to die in childbirth than women over the age of 18. When pregnant, these young girls are also at a higher risk for HIV and malaria coinfection. Young pregnancy puts the infant at risk as well, the mortality rate is 60% higher when the mother is younger than 18 years. In Uganda, the prevalence of HIV in married girls is 89% while the rate of single girls is 66% showing that often the husbands are responsible for infection (Nour, 2009).

Sex trafficking, child marriage, and other forms of abuse have numerous negative effects on the psychological, physical, and mental health of victims. Negative effects include diseases, infections, and disorders such as HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome), PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts or tendencies, sleep disturbances, and physical injuries (Silverman et al, 2007; Hopper & Gonzalez, 2018). Hopper & Gonzalez conducted a study on survivors of sex trafficking and their resulting psychological symptoms which showed high rates of depression (71% of survivors) and PTSD (61%) (2018). The rates of PTSD in female survivors were higher than those of males, over half of these women and girls exhibited signs of the disorder. Two thirds of these women met the criteria for Complex PTSD or C-PTSD. Categories of C-PTSD include impulsivity and dysregulation, changes in relationships, alterations of self-perception and consciousness, and revictimization. According to Ide & Mather (2018), 20% of soldiers returning home from combat zones report PTSD, while 57% of survivors leaving sex trafficking report the same disorder (Ramchand et al., 2010; Tsutsumi et al., 2008; Zimmerman et al., 2003). If gone untreated, these disorders can increase in severity and lead to other issues such as physical harm and suicide. A similar study on sex trafficking victims suggested that 85-89% of these victims met the criteria for depression. For reference, 13% of the general population have been diagnosed with depression (Hopper & Gonzalez, 2018; Ide & Mather, 2018; Varma et al., 2015; Zimmerman et al., 2003). Not uncommon in the survey results was sexual, physical, and psychological abuse resulting from childhood (pre-trafficking) trauma. This combined with trauma from trafficking experiences led to common depression symptoms including but not limited to sleep issues (89%), depressed mood (87%), feelings of worthlessness or guilt (72%), and suicidal ideation (45%). Less prevalent symptoms were weight changes, 11

survivors. The foundation of information collected on existing physical and mental conditions of patients will contribute to the planning of spaces within future projects.

fatigue, loss of interest, and trouble concentrating. It can be observed that depression effects both the mind and body of its victim. The conclusion of the study by Hopper & Gonzalez (2018) recommended that survivors should have trauma-informed care with programs tailored to their culture and assessment upon entering the facility. Steps should also be taken to decrease the stress of patients. Care facilities tend to be expensive and isolate survivors from their community and loved ones. With these results and suggestions in mind, the following section will discuss evidence-based approaches in the design of facilities to care for trafficking and abuse

Underlying Spatial Design Theories Spatial design theories study how humans respond to the spaces they interact with. Studies reviewed for research regarding the design of a facility for abuse survivors include salutogenic, stress reduction, and attention restoration theories. Consideration of 12

Salutogenic Design is a theory that is focused around incorporating the natural environment within interior spaces to promote health, creativity, enjoyment, and productivity. It highlights the relationship between human health and characteristics of the physical surroundings (HealthManagement, 2012). In simpler terms, this theory focuses on what makes people well instead of what made them unwell. This idea is also known as psychosocially supportive dwesign. Psychosocial refers to both psychological and social aspects of a situation. In medicine, it relates to social conditions and one’s mental health (MerriamWebster, 2020). Salutogeneic design involves incorporating elements that promote wellness into the interior environment such as nature, natural lighting, soothing music, and art (Dilani, 2009). If the design tends to focus on the positive, perhaps the patients will learn to focus likewise.

these spatial theories can aid architects and designers in creating spaces that will promote healing in ways other than traditional therapy. For the study of spatial design, hospitals were a main area of interest. The architecture of corridors, patient and exam rooms, and waiting areas all contribute to the feelings of a person who recently experienced trauma. An article on patient safety in hospital design explored the idea of corridor “bulges” and how these niches could increase feelings of safety in patients and staff. Corridors became a place for teaching, reflecting, and conversing with one small spatial alteration (Iedema et al., 2010). Incorporating these ideas into a facility design for sex trafficking survivors can allow small places of refuge for patients as well as staff or visitors. The following research discusses the various spatial design theories that will have an influence on future facilities for survivors.

Business as usual

Green

Sustainable

Restorative

(Brown, 2017)

Generalized Resistance Resources (GRRs) Active Forces

Generalized Resistance

Deterioration/Pathogenesis Death (Golembiewski, 2012)

Better health/Salutogenesis State of well-being 13

Life

way through stressful conditions to find a place that provides respite, will they repeat this each day (Kaplan, 1995)? The goal of the attention restoration theory is to create a restorative space that is successful and convenient for users. Evidence-based design, or EBD, is the practice of using existing environmental, interpersonal, cultural, and other observed conditions to inform the architectural design of a new facility. In healthcare related design, specifically, scientific and medical findings are beginning to inform the design of hospitals and treatment centers (Ulrich & Berry, 2010). According to an article on the topic of evidence-based healthcare design, these methods should be put in place to, “…help guide healthcare facility design that reduces the stress of facility users, improves safety and productivity, reduces resource waste, and enhances sustainability.” (Ulrich &Berry, 2010; Berry, et al., 2004). As evidence-based design is a growing field, considerable gaps are still prevalent in the research. This idea will be discussed in depth in the final literature review section entitled Program and Facility Design to Address Survivor Needs.

Often, when a person is focused on a situation or problem for long periods of time, they begin to need some type of restoration (Dilani, 2009; Kaplan, 1995). People tend to look to nature as a source for this relief. This idea came to be known as Attention Restoration Theory or ART. This theory explores the restorative benefits nature has on humans (Kaplan, 1995). In Stephen Kaplan’s studies, he discovers that four requirements need to be present to form a restorative environment: being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility (p. 172-173). To create a sense of being away, the individual does not need to travel to a distant place. The environment should create this feeling using color, smell, and scenery. Views and characteristics should effortlessly hold the witness’s fascination. Examples include observing cloud formations, sunsets, and snow patterns. Small areas can provide a sense of extent and allow the user to feel as if they are in a different world. Japanese gardens are a successful example of creating a meaningful area in a small, compact space. Consider compatibility of spaces to users needs. If a person needs to travel out of their

1 2 3 4

Being Away Fascination

Extent

Adapted from healthdesign.org (2021)

Stress Reduction Theory, a type of psychoevolutionary theory, was created by Roger Ulrich, a professor in the College of Architecture at Texas A & M University, in 1991. It explores how exposure to natural environments can aid and/or restrict recovery from stress and trauma. These theories

Compatibility 14

look at how physical surroundings affect the stress of humans. Does someone spending time in more urban environments have greater stress than a person living in a rural area? Through this study, natural environments were proven to have a positive effect on human health and well-being (Ulrich, 1991). Relating to Ulrich’s theories in stress reduction were other subjects he explored such as the effects of interior design, gardens, and environmental design on health outcomes and wellness of patients. These aspects will be discussed in later sections of this research. Stress 1 Stress 2 Patient Stress Environment Stress 3

[the] environment should aim to specifically meet the unique needs of the intended users, recognizing that some helpful and healing design elements may look different for different populations.” (traumainformeddesign.org, 2021).

Hope

Connection

Stress 4

Positive Distraction Social Support (Andrade & Devlin, 2014) According to the researchers at traumainformeddesign.org (2021), six ideas should be kept in mind when utilizing Trauma Informed Design methods. Hope, the spaces should aid people in maintaining hopeful outlooks and thoughts. Connection, design to allow interactions and mingling of people, provide common ground, and points of conversation. Joy, spark joy and happiness in occupants by using art, plant life, daylighting techniques, and so on. Peace of Mind, help users feel at rest in their surroundings, create a space that helpfully distracts from worry and stressors. Safety, allow users clear views of their surroundings but provide private places to retreat. Foster feelings of physical and mental safety. Empowerment, give users options to control their environment and make small changes if needed. These researchers summarize the main goal of this theory is, “…to create uniquely-designed spaces where all users feel a sense of safety (both real and perceived), respect, connection and community, control, dignity, and joy… Sense of Control

Joy Comfort Community Choice

Peace of Mind

Safety

Empowerment

Adapted from traumainformeddesign.org (2021)

Finally, biophilic design ideas were studied for their aid in the healing and relaxation of those who have experienced traumatic experiences. Biophilic Design can be defined as the using plants and green life to improve the health and well-being of humans (oliverheath.com, 2019). Healthcare facilities that utilised these design principles were known to have an

so chooses (Twigg, 2017). These needs may differ according to the person and situation. Facilities should be mentally and physically safe places. In some cases, perpetrators are familiar with shelters and safe houses and will try to recruit and promote trafficking in those areas. Facilitators will go as far as sending in girls to recruit other girls (Clawson & Goldblatt Grace, 2007). Already existing facilities built by foundations and non-government organizations (NGOs) are designed quickly and inexpensively, providing immediate help to people in need, but are not necessarily well-designed in terms of aesthetic and architectural qualities. The building should be designed to match the structured nature of the programs being implemented inside. How can existing buildings be improved and redesigned or renovated to serve more people, provide healing through the design, and increase permanence even in conflict and war-torn areas? Can the architecture itself provide a safer environment? These issues will be addressed through the following section. Evidence-based healthcare design is still a growing research topic, but there now exists many studies involving patient care in relation to their interactions with interior environments. A study on medical outcomes and the effects of environmental design in healthcare suggested that characteristics of the environment could positively and negatively influence health outcomes of patients, visitors, and staff. These characteristics include noise, windows (or no windows), sunny rooms, multiple or single occupancy patient rooms, flooring materials, furniture arrangements in rooms and waiting areas, and other factors (Ulrich, 1991). Traditionally, decibel levels in hospitals are high causing discomfort and annoyance for patients and staff. Noise can also lead to trouble sleeping in patients and overnight guests. Employing acoustic materials on the floor, ceiling, and/or walls can help prevent reverberation and reduce decibel levels. On the other hand, soothing music has been known to help calm patients, especially when they have control over what is played and how loud. Studies have shown that patients recovering in rooms with windows report shorter hospital stays,

8.5% decrease in post-op recovery time and the need for pain medication was reduced by 22%. A quote from Kenneth Freeman (2021) states, “As a species, we have divorced ourselves from our natural habitat: the open plains. Just as zoo animals and lab rats that are placed in sterile, unenriched environments show signs of physical and mental stress, so do humans when forced to work in lean, sterile, and unenriched workplaces.” The primary elements of biophilia can be seen in the image below.

Scattered, clustered, varried vegetation

Overlooking Landscapes

Natural scents

Proximity to water

Blurred Indoor to outdoor boundries

Dynamic and light

Natural and local materials

Shelter and privacy

Adapted from Ambius

Program and Facility Design to Address Survivor Needs To effectively address the previously mentioned needs of victims, many successful counseling and care programs are needed. Programs to address these diseases and mental issues should take into consideration the short-term, ongoing, and long-term needs of their patients. Survivor’s needs should be met to ensure a successful transition from an abusive situation to one of healing and personal growth. Short-term needs include what survivors should have access to upon entering a facility: laundry and clean clothing, a place to sleep, food, and immediate medical attention if needed (Twigg, 2017). These are the needs which should be addressed and fulfilled within the first 24 hours of entrance to the facility. Ongoing needs include continuing healthcare and mental healthcare (doctors appointments, medication refills, and therapy sessions), legal advocacy, and safety services such as home security systems (Twigg, 2017). Long-term needs of survivors involve training for life and job skills, permanent housing, education, and family reconciliation if the victim 16

cases aid in coping with pain (Ulrich, n.d.; Standley, 1986; Menegazzi et al., 1991). Ventilation and air filtration reduce the spread of infection and disease and can improve other health outcomes (Ulrich, 1991; Everett and Kipp, 1991; deSilva and Rissing, 1984). Through this research, the problem of sex trafficking and child marriage of women and girls has been discussed in detail. Needs and issues of these survivors have been identified, and possible solutions and help have been addressed. Evidence-based facilities have been studied and will be applied throughout the extent of this thesis. In the following chapters, precedent facilities and programs will be analyzed for their ease of use, success rates, well-being considerations, and positive effects on patient recovery.

reduced stress, and better overall health. Employees who work in spaces with windows have shown a higher satisfaction in their jobs compared to staff lacking windows (Ulrich, 1991; Leather et al., 1997). Relating to rooms with windows, rooms that let in sunlight have a positive impact on patient health. A study from 1998 reported that patients who were hospitalized for depression had shorter stays when assigned to a sunny as opposed to a dark or shadowed room (Ulrich, 1991; Beauchemin and Hays, 1998). Multiple and single occupancy rooms both have positive and negative effects on patient health. Multiple occupancy rooms can create an environment of social support and community in a normally lonely situation. Single occupancy rooms can prevent the spread of disease and infection, allow patients a sense of privacy, and reduce stress because they do not have to worry about negative interactions with roommates (Ulrich, 1991; van der Ploeg, 1988). Patients should be given a choice, if possible, in this housing situation. Flooring materials should be considered not only in terms of cleanliness, but also in terms of patient comfort. Employees of healthcare facilities typically prefer vinyl composition tile because of its ease in cleaning up messes and spills. Patients, family, and friends prefer carpet because of comfort levels and home-like qualities. A study found that family and friends stayed longer during their visits when the patient rooms were carpeted as opposed to being tiled (Ulrich, 1991; Harris, 2000). Arrangement of furniture has been known to positively impact social interaction in waiting areas, lounges, and patient rooms if arranged in small and movable groupings. Studies from 1977 and 1981 on nursing homes and psychiatric wards suggested that arrangements of movable seating in dining areas enhanced social interactions and had positive effects on patients eating behaviors such as aiding geriatric patients in increasing their food consumption (Ulrich, 1991; Melin and Gotestam, 1981; Peterson et al., 1977). Other environmental factors such as art, music, air quality, and nature have been shown to improve health of patients in healthcare facilities. Music, especially when controllable by users of the space, can help reduce stress and anxiety, and in some 17

INTRODUCTION IMAGE CREDITS Pages 1 - 19

Guardian News and Media. (2018, June 11). Giant African baobab trees die suddenly after thousands of years. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/11/giant-african-baobab-trees-die-suddenly-after- thousands-of-years.

Salgado, O. (2019, June 26). Mali, an Aerial Portrait. UN Peacekeeping. https://medium.com/@UNPeacekeeping/ mali-an-aerial-portrait-c118a0e2a0d5.

SECTION 1

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

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PRECEDENT STUDY REVIEW OF EXISTING FACILITIES 1

Children’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation

Vejle Psychiatric Hospital

Children’s Learning Center

Limpopo Youth Hostel

These four projects were analyzed because of their relationships to the proposed thesis idea, basically to create a safe facility for women and girls exiting sex trafficking and child marriage situations in African regions. While facilities specific to this research question were difficult to find, projects relating to psychiatric care and rehabilitation were analyzed as well as care facilities for children in remote locations. These designs were specifically analyzed according to their use of sustainable and local resources, implementation of lighting techniques, incorporation of or access to nature, user interaction, and organizational layout of the program. Precedent facility research in addition to the previous review of literature will aid in the design of a new facility which will be discussed in the following sections.

CHILDREN’S CENTER FOR PHYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan

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3 LOCATION

Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan

CLIENT

Unnamed Mental Hospital

ARCHITECT

Sou Fujimoto Architects

PROJECT AREA

157,045 sq ft

PROJECT YEAR

2006

PHOTOGRAPHY

Daici Ano

INTRODUCTION

Children’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation This facility, designed by Sou Fujimoto Architects, is meant to be a care center for mentally disturbed children. Here, the children would live together as they regain their mental health. The architect describes their project as a “loose method” meaning that the facility functions as a house, but also as a small city. He also referred to the project as “precise planning” in an “accidental landscape”. This idea can be seen through the random but tight layout of structures.

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5 Site As mentioned in the introduction, the layout of the campus is purposefully scattered. The cube shaped buildings jut up form the hilly landscape reminiscent of rocks emerging from the ground. Coves and recesses are created between structures allowing children places to hide and play. Paths lead to the facility

entrances, and trees around the perimeter provide limited shading. A relationship between the exterior and the interior space is made because of the cubes. Some gaps between the cubes are on the outside, while other gaps are covered and walled, creating the interior environment.

INTERIOR ORGANIZATION Relating to the exterior organization, the layout of interior spaces is highly flexible while still meeting the demanding needs of the proposed program. The only structured spaces within the plan are the bedrooms and staff areas, all other spaces are free of extra walls and structure. The architect argued that the desired amount of space was reached because of its unintentionality. Alcoves were placed near windows at seemingly random intervals to a viewer but created nooks of discovery and safety for the young users. These are places where children can hide, relax, and play.

6 MATERIALITY Simplistic materials and a mild color palette were selected for this project to aid in the creation of a soothing environment for the distressed users. All walls are painted white, with white wood slats covering the ceiling and light wood planks (presumably pine) along the floors. The plainness of the palette also allows the children to use their imaginations however they desire, aiding them in their mental restoration.

8 FURNITURE Furniture placed in this environment is simplistic in form and retains a lightweight look while also withstanding rough daily use and movement. The pieces are constructed from the same wood type as is used for the flooring to create a cohesive feel within the design. Many of the tables and chairs are rounded and circular in nature to reduce the chance of injury to or by a user(s). The furniture strengthens the concept of open, flexible space by being easily movable and stackable, ideal for an everchanging interior environment.

LIGHT

As can be observed from the exterior, the cubes have a limited number of windows and openings. These were reserved for only places in need of bringing in light. The bright white of the walls carries the natural light through the interior of the facility. White wood slats also diffuse light entering from skylights in the ceiling. Shadows cast from these elements change as the sun moves across the sky throughout the day, relating to the always changing interior arrangements.

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VEJLE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL Vejle, Denmark

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12 Vejle, Denmark

LOCATION CLIENT

Region of South Denmark Arkitema Architects

ARCHITECT PROJECT AREA

182,986 sq ft

PROJECT YEAR

2017 Niels Nygaard

PHOTOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Vejle Psychiatric Hospital

This psychiatric hospital had been praised for its healing architecture since opening in 2017. The design also won a mental health design award in 2018 from the European Healthcare Design Awards when judged against facilities from all over the world. An astounding 50 percent decrease in the use of physical restraints (ArchDaily, 2020) has been recorded since opening. The facility focuses on both outpatient and hospitalization treatments to ensure tailored care to each patient. Architectural design encourages physical activity, provides natural lighting, and access to nature and other outdoor spaces.

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14 Site between structures, places are made for nature to be inserted within the campus, creating strong indoor to outdoor relationships. These outdoor spaces also support the architects focus on promoting physical activity by the creation of paths and places of discovery.

This hospital is nestled in the landscape at the bottom of a tree covered hillside. The facility is broken up into smaller buildings to lessen the scale of the hospital and allow it to flow seamlessly from the surrounding environment. Because of the slight separation

LIGHT The architects believed that light has a healing effect, so the facility was designed with a focus on lighting both artificial and natural. Light therapy techniques are used 24 hours a day to help patient and staff circadian rhythm as well as promoting calmness and relaxation. Ceilings are withdrawn to allow for the entrance and extension of natural light through the space. Tactical placement of glass panels near courtyards allows for daylighting to enter the building.

MATERIALITY Materials in this project were chosen with the surrounding landscape in mind. Colors are earth-toned (reds, yellows, and browns) to create coherence with the exterior. Rubber flooring is used on the interior because of its cleanability and anti-slip properties. The color scheme was directed by the artist Signe Guttormsen in coordination with the architects. Concrete is used for much of the structure creating a clean backdrop for bright colors in the flooring, paint, and glass.

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PATIENT ROOMS 91 beds are housed within this metal hospital, most are single occupancy with an attached personal restroom. All rooms are also near if not directly adjacent to exterior courtyards. Large windows with shades allow natural light and picturesque views for the user when desired. The materials are simple in color and texture which promote visual calmness and serenity.

INTERIOR ORGANIZATION

The program of this facility includes patient rooms, exam rooms, meeting spaces, dining areas, administration offices, circulation paths, and outdoor courtyards and walkways. Living spaces (patient rooms) are located along the perimeter of the hospital with circulation, administration, and meeting areas making up the inner ring. Located in the center of each living area block is a courtyard space with natural elements and seating. Each of the eight living blocks is connected by the before mentioned inner ring.

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CHILDREN’S LEARNING CENTER Mas-in, Leyte, Eastern Visayas, Philippines

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20 Mas-in, Leyte, Eastern Visayas, Philippines

LOCATION

Ormoc City Government

CLIENT

Native Narrative Architects

ARCHITECT PROJECT AREA

678 sq ft

PROJECT YEAR

2018 Jakob Gate

PHOTOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Children’s Learning Center

The Children’s Learning Center is the second of a series of small facilities set in the Philippines to function as an after-school facility for children ages 4 to 17. This space houses a library, reading area, study spaces, two single restrooms, and a performance area. Featuring local materials and craftsmanship, this structure highlights the talents of the community and provides safety for the young users during inclement weather and other emergencies. A minimal color palette allows books and toys on the interior to stand out while also standing out from the surrounding tropical environment. This project proves that a structure can be affordable, beautiful, and functional.

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22 Site This region of the Philippines falls in the Pacific “Ring of Fire” meaning that the area is more prone to typhoons, earthquakes, and floods. Structure needs to withstand these conditions. The Filipino culture is

also a strong part of each community, this can be seen through their fiestas and celebrations. This learning center accommodate the locals by allowing for the front area to be opened and used as a performance stage.

MATERIALITY This design uses locally sourced materials which help to keep the cost of the project low. Hollow concrete block and reinforced concrete ensure that the building will stand during intense weather conditions while also providing a blank canvas for other materials. All materials are from local sources including the furniture made by local craftsmen and cushions made by local weavers. The design of the building is easily understandable and was constructed by lower skilled laborers.

23 INTERACTION This environment is specifically tailored for use by children. Furniture, doors, windows, and other elements were all made to be operated by users who were smaller is size and with less strength than adults. A bookshelf space within the library allows for kids to climb and crawl and curl up with a good book. Tables, benches, and stools can also be easily moved out of the way to create more open space inside.

25 40

INTERIOR ORGANIZATION A child can approach the building from a staircase on the southern side and enter the space through any of the operable glass doors on the southwest, northwest, and southeast facades. Upon entering, are tables with bench seating providing a place for children to work on homework and other activities. Along the back wall of the building are built-in desks with computers. Moving to the northeast side of the building is the library and the two single-user restrooms.

26 LIGHT Windows are found on each side of the Children’s Learning Center letting in natural light at all times of the day. Sunlight reflects off the white walls, spreading throughout the interior. An exterior overhead plane provides shading for the glazing on the northeast façade. Artificial light shines through hand-woven light fixtures made from local grasses, casting patterns across the ceiling adding to the playful nature of the space.

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LIMPOPO YOUTH HOSTEL Bela Bela, South Africa

Citation here 42

30 Bela-Bela, South Africa

LOCATION

Pan Africa Today

CLIENT

Local Studio

ARCHITECT PROJECT AREA

14,500 sq ft

PROJECT YEAR

2019 Tristan Mclaren

PHOTOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Limpopo Youth Hostel

Commissioned by a Non-Profit Organization (NGO), this revitalized wedding venue from the early 2000s now functions as a hostel for youth in South Africa. Public space principles such as place-making are applied in the design of this facility, especially regarding sleeping spaces and meeting areas. Site, materiality, sustainability, user control, and interior adjacencies will be further reviewed in the following paragraphs.

Citation here 44

32 Site Set in rural South Africa, the Youth Hostel experiences a dry climate with hot, sunny days, and the occasional afternoon thunderstorm. The surrounding landscape features dry, rocky ground with rolling hills, and some trees including

South African pine. The 12acre site is home to a dining and kitchen facility, two dormitories, and other ancillary buildings. Future plans include the addition of a workshop and laundry facility.

MATERIALITY Mindful consideration was taken in the selection of materials for this project. Inexpensive, local materials were used to ensure the remodel remained relatively low-cost. The buildings were constructed of concrete block and clad in thin slats of rhino wood, more specifically known as South African pine treated with wax. This specific wood was chosen not only for its cost effectiveness and availability, but its ability to age gracefully.

SUSTAINABILITY Sustainable measures have been somewhat forced upon this facility because of its off-grid location. The limited electricity comes from a nearby solar farm. Operable glazed doors open to the exterior to allow for natural ventilation through the space. Blackwater is also recycled and used in the on-site garden.

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INTERACTION As mentioned previously, place-making was an important aspect of the design. For a user to feel at home, they should be allowed some control over their environment. Operable windows at each bed give users control over their temperature and ventilation. Also adding to user control are the personal cabinets which give physical privacy as well as item storage.

36 INTERIOR ORGANIZATION Of the two dormitory buildings, each includes 14 pods, or sleeping rooms, which house 8 beds each. In the back of each pod is a restroom facility, one on each ground floor includes an accessible stall. A lounge space is located on the east corner of both buildings, one functions as a library while the other is an art space. The buildings face each other with the stairwells facing in and are adjacent to the dining and kitchen facilities to the northwest.

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OPRAH WINFREY LEADERSHIP ACADEMY FOR GIRLS Henley on Klip, Gauteng Province, South Africa

Citation here 39 48

40 Gauteng Province, South Africa

LOCATION

Oprah Winfrey

CLIENT

Rose Mashabane Architects

ARCHITECT PROJECT AREA

Not Listed

PROJECT YEAR

2007 Not Listed

PHOTOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls Opened in 2007 by Oprah Winfrey, this school provides educational and leadership opportunities to underprivileged girls from grades 8 to 12 in South Africa. The project was designed by Rose Mashabane Architects (MRA) after winning a design competition in 2002. The project encompasses an entire campus which caters to the educational and developmental needs of its residents, young girls with bright futures. This project was studied especially for its use of local artisans, the materiality choices, and its program functionality.

Citation here 50

42 Site library and is flanked by classrooms and laboratories. The “street of living” starts at the dining hall and is flanked by dormitory blocks. Connecting these two streets is the “quad” and exterior space for girls to gather between classes and activities.

The large campus houses many buildings such as the dining hall, administration, dorms, recreation and pool center, theatre, library, and classroom blocks. Two main “streets” connect the campus, the “street of learning” begins at the

MATERIALITY Local, South African materials were used in this project such as wood, mud brick, stone, and other pavers, tile and ceramics, and indegineous trees and landscaping. Concrete was used as an insulating material on the interiors and exteriors of the buildings. Great effort was made to ensure the project matched with its environmental surroundings and culture.

43 SUSTAINABILITY Ms. Winfrey made sure to source art from local artisans and artists. As can be seen in the image, many of the murals were hand-painted on site by these artists. Other sustainability aspects are the passive cooling in the concrete structure, the operable windows, , sun-shading overhangs, and natural lighting.

DORM ROOMS These rooms include a bed, bookshelf, desk and chair, and operable window. Typically the bookshelf is used as a privacy screen to divide the two beds in the room, while also providing a place for the girls to display their art and belongings. The materials and colors within the room are simple so the residents can decorate as they desire.

45 LIGHTING As shown in this image, the academy (OWLAG) uses natural lighting strategies to allow not only daylight, but views to the campus and natural elements in the landscape. Supplemental lighting strategies include pendant lighting in the areas with taller ceilings, and wall lamps in the dorms and spaces with lower ceilings. The main pathways on the site are lit with bollards to help people find their way at night.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Precedent Studies

Children’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation

Vejle Psychiatric Hospital

Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan

Vejle, Denmark

SQ FT

157,045 sq ft

182,986 sq ft

YEAR

2006

2017

Mental Health

Healing Architecture

LOCATION

STUDY CHARACTERISTICS

Simplicity Minimal color palette Natural lighting Opening placement Interior flexibility Furniture durability

Access to nature Campus planning Artificial lighting strategies Patient room privacy Earth-toned color scheme

Children’s Learning Center

Limpopo Youth Hostel

Mas-in, Leyte, Eastern Visayas, Philippines

Bela-Bela, South Africa

Henley on Klip, Gauteng Province, South Africa

678 sq ft

14,500 sq ft

2018

2019

2007

Sustainability / Locality

Bela-Bela, South Africa

Education / Living

Local resources User operability / flexibility Natural lighting Natural ventilation Minimal color palette

Natural ventilation Use of local materials Placemaking / user control Sun-shading techniques

Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls

- Local art installation - Campus planning - Community involvement

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CONCLUSION PRECEDENT ANALYSIS As observed in these four projects, many components should be considered when designing for rural environments and individuals with mental health needs. An idea learned during the literature review and reinforced during precedent study was the notion of user control. It was observed that when users could operate and manage components of their environment they were more at ease within the space. Inhabitants of the space were also more comfortable when the building materials used were familiar.

Employing local materials can give occupants a sense of home while also encouraging sustainability and low-cost practices by using the natural resources. This precedent research also showed the differences in design according to geographic location and climate. Wind direction, solar intensity, terrain, and views were all factors that determined the design and treatments of the buildings. These lessons will be considered and applied in the future design of a facility for those exiting sex trafficking and child marriage.

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SITE ANALYSIS Falatow Jigiyaso Orphanage LOCATION

Bamako, Mali, Africa

CAPACITY

30 children, 9 staff

ARCHITECT

F8 Architecture with Gerard Violante

PROJECT AREA

15,188 sq ft

PROJECT YEAR

2012

PHOTOGRAPHY

Vanja Bjelobaba

CITY POPULATION

1,810,366

The proposed building site is a previous Orphanage located outside Bamako, the capital city of Mali in western Africa. At approximately 15,188 square feet, this two-story facility currently houses 39 people with amenities such as a dining hall, classrooms, and an infirmary. Throughout this section, the current site and building will be analyzed according to its geographic context, existing program, climate, and interior architecture.

DIALAKAROBA, BAMAKO, MALI, AFRICA Coordinates (approximately): 12°16’02” N, 7°55’30” W

Africa

Mali

Site

Nightscape

Limit

Network

Population

Water

Vegitation

Not to Scale

51 Site The Falatow Jigiyaso Orphanage sits on a large open plot in the dry, West African terrain. Because of its location near the Niger River, water is attainable, but the surrounding soil is dry and rocky from intense

evaporation. The facility consists of two main buildings with a central courtyard and an exterior water treatment area surrounded by preexisting trees and scorched ground.

WEATHER & CLIMATE Bamako, Mali

52 Average Yearly Temperatures

Wind Directions

Annual Precipitation

An environment featuring a wet (June to October) and dry (November to May) season, Bamako, Mali, in Western Africa, features average temperatures ranging from 70-90 degrees throughout the year. These recorded temperatures can be seen on the chart to the left. Days are typically sunny or partly cloudy with little precipitation or overcast skies (depicted in the above graph); August is often the sunniest month. Annual rainfall totals vary from 24-40 inches. Winds generally blow from the northeast, eastern, and southwestern directions; other wind directions can be seen in the wind rose chart.

EXISTING FLOOR LEVEL ONE

LIVING SPACES STORAGE / MISCELLANEOUS EXTERIOR COURTYARD / PATIO RESTROOMS ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL / INFIRMARY KITCHEN / DINING CLASSROOM

Not to Scale

54 Level One Floor Plan

South Elevation

EXISTING FLOOR LEVEL TWO

LIVING SPACES STORAGE / MISCELLANEOUS EXTERIOR COURTYARD / PATIO RESTROOMS ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL / INFIRMARY KITCHEN / DINING CLASSROOM

56 North Elevation

Not to Scale

Level Two Floor Plan

EXISTING ORTHOGRAPHICS Additional drawings provided by the architect.

58 East Elevation

West Elevation

60 Section

Not to Scale

61 Roof Plan

Section

76 70

78 71

79 72

PROGRAM PROPOSED PROGRAM AND ADJACENCIES SQUARE-FOOTAGE PROPOSED PROGRAM PROGRAM ADJACENCIES

The following section addresses the existing as well as the proposed program through analysis of existing spaces, square-footage calculations of needed spaces, and adjacency diagramming. Color blocking according to spatial types were used to decipher plans and bubble diagrams. Existing floor plans, orthographic drawings, and photography were provided by the architects of the orphanage.

5,050 SQ FT 4,100 SQ FT

RESIDENTS LIVING QUARTERS Eight single person rooms are proposed for the future program. These rooms include a bed, a dresser, desk, and a private or shared bathroom with a toilet, lavatory, and shower. Six double rooms are also proposed, these rooms will contain the same program with accommodations for two instead of one resident. Two family (Mom + kids) and two visitor rooms are also included in this section.

350 SQ FT

LAUNDRY This room will support washing, drying, and folding for the residents and staff of the facility. It will be located near the living spaces.

600 SQ FT

LOUNGE These spaces will act as a community area for residents to socialize and relax. Spaces will feature comfortable furniture and resemble a residential living room.

6,600 SQ FT 1,550 SQ FT

SUPPORT KITCHEN & DINING The dining space will include seating and tables to support 50 people, a kitchen to support a staff of three people, a large pantry/ storage room, and dock. This area will be near living spaces and an entrance from the exterior.

1,050 SQ FT

MISCELLANEOUS Miscellaneous spaces include square-footage allotted to circulation, and mechanical and electrical support spaces as needed.

1,800 SQ FT

CLASSROOMS These spaces will accommodate for large activities, gatherings, educational and job training classes. Mobile furniture to seat approximately 25 people will be kept in these rooms.

2,200 SQ FT

OUTDOOR SPACES Exterior spaces consist of recreation areas for group activities, private reflection and seating spaces, and a garden. 74

STAFF MEDICAL

3,020 SQ FT 600 SQ FT

Medical care spaces will include exam and therapy rooms, administration spaces for doctors and therapists, and a storage space for medicine and other supplies.

LIVING QUARTERS

1,450 SQ FT

Staff living spaces include a shared lounge and living areas to accommodate 8 full-time staff members. Living areas act as a small apartment with a bedroom, bathroom, and kitchenette.

SECURITY

400 SQ FT

Because of the purpose of this facility, security guards will need to be present to monitor guests arriving and exiting the campus. One security guard station will be placed at the main entrance to the facility, and living quarters for one full-time guard will be a part of the program.

ADMINISTRATION

320 SQ FT

The administration area is composed of four individual staff offices and six workstations with a reception area and a lounge/ lobby space to accommodate ten full-time office employees. Therapist and counselor offices are included in the private office count.

STAFF RESIDENTS SUPPORT

ANALYSIS DIAGRAMS Bubble Adjcencies & Square-footage

Level One Proposed Adjcencies

Level Two Proposed Adjcencies RESIDENTS SUPPORT STAFF 76

Not to Scale

Existing Interior Vs. Exterior Square-footage INTERIOR

9,591 sq ft

EXTERIOR 5,597 sq ft

81 78

CONCLUSION Site Analysis & Program

82 Analysis of the existing site and program was necessary in order to understand the future capabilities and possibilities of the facility. It was observed that the exterior space could be transformed into usable interior space in a future build out increasing the overall squarefootage. Open to the air second level spaces could be filled in to create living spaces and other rooms. Sustainable practices such as passive cooling, shading, and water recycling were used and will continue to be implemented in the future design. Spaces and program will continue to be developed moving forward in this thesis.

83 80

CODE ANALYSIS 2018 IBC OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Institutional I-1 Condition 1

CONSTRUCTION TYPE

This section covers an overview of the building code that will pertain to this thesis project. All sections quoted from chapters of the 2018 International Building Code .

CHAPTER 3 Section 308 Institutional Group I

308.2.1 Condition 1

OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION AND USE Institutional Group I-1 occupancy shall include buildings, structures or portions thereof for more than 16 persons, excluding staff, who reside on a 24-hour basis in a supervised environment and receive custodial care. Buildings of Group I-1 shall be classified as one of the occupancy conditions specified in Section 308.2.1 or 308.2.2. This group shall include, but not be limited to, the following: o Alcohol and drug centers o Assisted living facilities o Congregate care facilities o Group homes o Halfway houses o Residential board and care facilities o Social rehabilitation facilities This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which all persons receiving custodial care who, without any assistance, are capable of responding to an emergency situation to complete building evacuation.

CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCY AND USE 420.1 General

Occupancies in Groups I-I, R-I, R-2, R-3 and R-4 shall comply with the provisions of Sections 420.1 through 420.10 and other applicable provisions of this code.

420.2 Separation Walls

Walls separating dwelling units in the same building, walls separating sleeping units in the same building and walls separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as fire partitions in accordance with Section 708.

420.3 Horizontal Separation

420.4 Automatic sprinkler system

Floor assemblies separating dwelling units in the same buildings, floor assemblies separating sleeping units in the same building and floor assemblies separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 711. Group I-1 occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.6. 82

Quick-response or residential automatic sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Section 903.3.2. 420.5 Fire alarm systems and smoke alarms

Fire alarm systems and smoke alarms shall be provided in Group I-1…occupancies in accordance with Sections 907.2.6, 907.2.8 and 907.2.9, respectively. Single- or multiple-station smoke alarms shall be provided in Groups I-1…in accordance with Section 907.2.10.

CHAPTER 5 GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS 503.1 General

503.1.3 Type 1 Construction

Section 504 Building Height and Number of Stories 504.1 General 504.3 Height in Feet

504.4 Number of stories

Unless otherwise specifically modified in Chapter 4 and this chapter, building height, numbers of stories and building area shall not exceed the limits specified in Sections 504 and 506 based on the type of construction as determined by Section 602 and the occupancies as determined by Section 302 except as modified hereafter. Building height, number of stories and building area provisions shall be applied independently. For the purposes of determining area limitations, height limitations and type of construction, each portion of a building separated by one or more fire walls complying with Section 706 shall be considered to be a separate building. o Buildings of Type 1 construction permitted to be of unlimited tabular building heights and areas are not subject to the special requirements that allow unlimited area buildings in Section 507 or unlimited building height in Sections 503.1.1 and 504.3 or increased building heights and areas for other types of construction. The height, in feet, and the number of stories of a building shall be determined based on the type of construction, occupancy classification and whether there is an automatic sprinkler system installed throughout the building. The maximum height, in feet, of a building shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 504.3.For I-1, Condition 1, Type 1B building, shall not exceed 180 feet in height. The maximum number of stories for I-1, Condition 1, Type 1B building, shall not exceed 10 stories.

CHAPTER 6 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 83

602.1 General.

Buildings and structures erected or to be erected, altered or extended in height or area shall be classified in one of the five construction types defined in Section 602.2 through 602.5. the building elements shall have a fire-resistance rating not less that that specified in Table 601 and exterior walls shall have a fireresistance rating not less than that specified in Table 602. Where required to have a fire-resistance rating by Table 601, building elements shall comply with the applicable provisions of Section 703.2. the protection of openings, ducts and air transfer openings in building elements shall not be required unless required by other provisions of this code.

602.2 Types I and II

Types I and II construction are those types of construction in which the building elements listed in Table 601 are of noncombustible materials, except as permitted in Section 603 and elsewhere in this code.

Section 603 Combustible Material in Types I and II Construction 603.1 Allowable Materials

Combustible materials shall be permitted in buildings of Type I or II construction in the following applications and in accordance with Sections 603.1.2 through 603.1.3.

CHAPTER 8 INTERIOR FINISHES Section 802 General 802.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish

The provisions of Section 803 shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke development of interior wall and ceiling finish materials based on occupancy classification.

802.2 Interior floor finish

The provisions of Section 804 shall limit the allowable fire performance of interior floor finish materials based on occupancy classification.

802.3 Decorative materials and trim

802.5 Application Section 803 Wall and Ceiling Finishes 803.1 General

Decorative materials and trim shall be restricted by combustibility, fire performance or flame propagation performance criteria in accordance with Section 806. Combustible materials shall be permitted to be used as finish for walls, ceilings, floors and other interior surfaces of buildings. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified for fire performance and smoke development in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2, except as shown in Sections 803.1.3 through 803.1.5. Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1 shall not be required to be tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2.

CHAPTER 10 MEANS OF EGRESS 84

Section 1001 Administration 1001.1 General

Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means of egress components required to provide an approved mean of egress form structures and portions thereof.

1001.2 Minimum requirements

It shall be unlawful to alter a building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of exits or the minimum width or required capacity of the means of egress to less than required by this code.

Section 1003 General Means of Egress 1003.1 Applicability

The general requirements specified in Sections 1003 through 1015 shall apply to all three elements of the means of egress system, in addition to those specific requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge detailed elsewhere in this chapter.

1003.2 Ceiling Height

The means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches above the finished floor.

Section 1004 Occupant Load 1004.1 Design occupant load

In determining means of egress requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of egress facilities are provided shall be determined in accordance with the section.

Section 1005 Means of Egress Sizing 1005.1 General 1005.2 Minimum width based on component

All portions of the means of egress system shall be sized in accordance with this section. The minimum width, in inches, of any means of egress components shall be not less than that specified for such component, elsewhere in this code.

1005.3.2 Other egress components

The capacity, in inches, of means of egress components other than stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such component by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant.

Section 1009 Accessible Means of Egress 1009.1 Accessible means of egress required

Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by not less than two accessible means of egress.

1009.3 Stairways

1009.6 Areas of refuge

In order to be considered part of an accessible means of egress, a stairway between stories shall comply with Sections 1009.3.1 through 1009.3.3. Every required area of refuge shall be accessible from the space it serves by an accessible means of egress.

Section 1010 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles 1010.1 Doors

Section 1011 Stairways 1011.1 General

Section 101 Ramps 1012.1 Scope

Means of egress doors shall meet the requirements of this section. Doors serving a means of egress system shall meet the requirements of this section and Section 1022.2. Doors provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than required by this code shall meet the requirements of this section. Means of egress doors shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are easily recognizable from the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are easily recognizable as doors. Mirrors or similar reflecting materials shall not be used on means of egress doors. Means of egress doors shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, decorations or similar materials. Stairways serving occupied portions of a building shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1011.2 through 1011.13. alternating tread devices shall comply with Section 1011.14. The provisions of this section shall apply to ramps used as a component of a means of egress.

Section 1013 Exit Signs 1013.1 Where required

Exits and exit access doors shall be marked by an approved exit sign readily visible from any direction of egress travel. The path of egress travel to exits and within exits shall be marked by readily visible exit signs to clearly indicate the direction of egress travel in cases where the exit or the path of egress travel is not immediately visible to the occupants. Intervening means of egress doors within exits shall be marked by exit signs, exit sign placement shall be such that any point in an exit access corridor or exit passageway is within 100 feet or the listed viewing distance of the sign, whichever is less, from the nearest visible exit sign.

Section 1014 Handrails 1014.1 Where required

Handrails serving flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.8. handrails required for flights of stairways by Section 1011.11 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9. handrails required for ramps by Section 1012.8 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.8. handrails for stepped aisles and ramped aisles required by Section 1029.16 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.8.

Section 1017 Exit and Access Travel Distance 1017.1 General Section 1020 Corridors 1020.1 Construction

Travel distance within the exit access portion of the means of egress system shall be in accordance with this section. Exit access travel distance shall not exceed 250 feet with sprinkler system. Corridors shall be fire-resistance rated in accordance with Table 1020.1. The corridor walls required to be fire-resistance rated 86

shall comply with Section 708 for fire partitions. Section 1022 Exits 1022.1 General

Exits shall comply with Sections 1022 through 1027 and the applicable requirements of Sections 1003 through 1015. An exit shall not be used for any purpose that interferes with its function as a means of egress. Once a given level of exit protection is achieved, such level of protection shall not be reduced until arrival at the exit discharge. Exits shall be continuous from the point of entry into the exit to the exit discharge.

CHAPTER 11 ACCESSIBILITY Section 1102 Compliance 1102.1 Design

Buildings and facilities shall be designed and constructed to be accessible in accordance with this code and ICC A1171.

CHAPTER 12 INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT Section 1201 General 1201.1 Scope

The provisions of this chapter shall govern ventilation, temperature control, lighting, yards and courts, sound transmission, room dimensions, surrounding materials and rodentproofing associated with the interior spaces of buildings.

Section 1202 Ventilation 1202.1 General

Buildings shall be provided with natural ventilation in accordance with Section 12025, or mechanical ventilation in accordance with International Mechanical Code.

Section 1204 Lighting 1204.2 General

Every space intended for human occupancy shall be provided with natural light by means of exterior glazed openings in accordance with Section 1204.2 or shall be provided with artificial light in accordance with Section 1204.3. Exterior glazed openings shall open directly onto a public way or onto a yard or court in accordance with Section 1205.

1204.2 Natural Light

The minimum net glazed area shall not be less than 8 percent of the floor area of the room served.

1204.3 Artificial Light

Artificial light shall be provided that is adequate to provide an average illumination of 10 footcandles over the area of the room at a height of 30 inches above the floor level.

Section 1207 Interior Space Dimensions 1207.1 Minimum room widths

Habitable spaces, other than a kitchen, shall be not less than 7 feet in any plan dimension. Kitchens shall have a clear passageway of not less than 3 feet between counter fronts and appliances or counter fronts and walls. 87

CULTURAL CONTEXT Site, Religious, and Cultural Background

Africa

Mali

To better understand the needs of the women entering this community, research needs to be conducted about the surrounding area, its cultural background, customs, traditions, and religious beliefs. Concerning religion, Africa is virtually split into half Muslim (Northern) and half Christian (Southern) as can be seen on the map to the left (Pew Research Center, 2010). Mali, where the chosen site is located, resides in the Muslim region. Though the Continent is split, the people as a whole are tied by their cultural background in traditional African religion. These beliefs are traced back to their indigenous roots where values and traditions have been passed down orally from generation to generation through mythology and stories. One of the myths from the Mali area revolved around Amma the creator who created by mixing primordial elements and speaking. Those who shared these beliefs were called

Dogon and they tended to worship ancestors, or Nommo, over Amma (Britannica.com, 2021). Currently, 59% of Malians believe in the protective powers of sacrifices to ancestors as shown on the second graph (Pew Research Center, 2010). “The most important thing is that in the new South Africa religion and spirituality are used to create greater understanding and harmony rather than to divide people as was done in the past” (South African History Online, 2021). 71% of Malian residents believe that others are free to practice their own religions (Pew Research Center, 2010). People in this area are typically taught to respect the spiritual practices of others (South African History Online, 2021). Expressed in the following pages are images of the people, landscape, and culture of Mali.

86 87

92 90

94 95

100 91

101

MALI DEMOGRAPHICS 20,614,062

Mali Population 2020

10,307,002 Females

10,307,060 Males

SURVIVOR DEMOGRAPHICS Girls and young women in this facility will range from ages 10 to 25 years old (approximately), and will be exiting either sex trafficking or child marriage situations or other types of abuse. Most likely, these survivors will have experienced some form of trauma whether it be mental, physical, or a combination of both.

Provision of coerced sex

Unemployment

Poverty

Migration

Rule of law

Family violence

Corruption

Organized crime

War or military control

Gender Inequality

Social issues related to mental illness in sex trafficking adapted from Levine, 2016

STAFF DEMOGRAPHICS Staff, including security guards, therapists, educators, facilities employees, and doctors will range in age, background, and living situations. Ideally, the majority of these staff members will be from the surrounding community to both engage the local population and to help residents feel more at home.

Staff Living On Site

Total Staff 92

72%

Percentage From Local Area

USER CATEGORIES Survivors, Staff, Community LOCATION

Mali, Africa

POPULATION - MALI

20,614,062

POPULATION - BAMAKO

1,297,281

POPULATION WITH HIV/AIDS

140,000

DISEASE RISK

Very High

LIFE EXPECTANCY

60.4 years

The main user categories involved in this project can be summarized into three groups: survivors, staff, and community. Survivors, or residents at the facility come from either sex trafficking and/or child marriage situations. Staff members include nurses, therapists, social workers, counselors, cooks, janitors, educators, and security guards. Members of the community are of all ages and professions.

USER ANALYSIS RESIDENTS

AGE RANGE CHARACTERISTICS

SURVIVOR

SURVIVOR’S CHILD / CHILDREN

10 - 25

0 - 10

Exiting either a child marriage or sex trafficking situation.

ii.

May present with physical health related issues upon arrival.

iii.

iv.

Most likely to present with psychological or mental disorders and issues such as PTSD, depression, and suicidal tendencies. Usually from surrounding areas or other regions in Africa. Possibly uneducated or with little education.

Child of a survivor - moves to facility with mother. In need of a family-style room.

ii.

May present with physical health or mental issues upon arrival.

iii.

Will generally not have a father figure or positive view of males.

iv.

Possibly undeucated or with little education.

Requires a place for play/activity.

STAFF

THERAPIST

SECURITY GUARD

VISITOR

28 - 60

30 - 50

Any Age

Ideally from the surrounding area, share similar values and cultural ideas as residents.

ii.

Holds a Masters in their field (6 years of college) with some on the job experience.

iii.

VISITORS

Will be local, must live on the facility campus part-time.

Close family member or friend of a resident.

ii.

With previous experience in the security field.

ii.

Must obtain permission of resident before visiting.

iii.

Must be physically fit, have knowledge of security systems, and be trained in some form of combat.

iii.

If traveling from far away, guests will stay in visitors’ room(s).

iv.

May attend counseling/therapy sessions with resident if requested and/or given permission by resident.

Will most likely be female to help gain the trust of the female survivors. iv.

Male or female, can be easily trusted by the community and residents.

102 95

103 96

DESIGN THEORIES Considerations for Future Designs THEORIES

Evidence-Based Design Trauma-Informed Design Attention Restoration Theory Stress Reduction Theory Biophilic Design Salutogenic Design

The following section is an in-depth overview of the design theories which were researched in the beginning literature review phase of this thesis. Each theory has been chosen because of its relation to this project and will be explained by the use of graphics, charts, and definitions.

EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN (EBD) “…a process for the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence from research and practice in making critical decisions, together with an informed client, about the design of each individual and unique project.” (Hamilton & Watkins, 2009)

Determine goals and objectives for the project, this includes defining the intention and direction. Guide the team to outline their desired outcomes.

Review literature to gather needed information and determine gaps in knowledge. What is the basis for new research?

Translate and summarize evidence graphically, form design guidelines. Begin early conceptual work based on summarized evidence.

Understand the general information gathered in the previous step. Determine if the evidence presented is valid and relevant.

The team implements the study, tracks changes, makes adjustments, and collects data.

Ensure that all strategies are executed in compliance with the research plan. Verify compliance at the end of construction. Ensure readiness for post-occupancy research.

Assess current processes and performance in detail. Define what metrics will be used to measure project outcomes. Develop a hypothesis by predicting and testing research. Use this to point the direction for further data collection and interpretation.

Adapted from healthdesign.org (2021)

TRAUMA-INFORMED DESIGN “…to create uniquely-designed spaces where all users feel a sense of safety (both real and perceived), respect, connection and community, control, dignity, and joy… [the] environment should aim to specifically meet the unique needs of the intended users, recognizing that some helpful and healing design elements may look different for different populations.”

Hope

Spaces should aid people in maintaining hopeful outlooks and thoughts.

Connection

Design to allow interactions and mingling of people, provide common ground, and points of conversation.

Joy

Spark joy and happiness in occupants by using art, plant life, daylighting techniques, and so on.

Peace of Mind

Help users feel at rest in their surroundings, create a space that helpfully distracts from worry and stressors.

Safety

Allow users clear views of their surroundings but provide private places to retreat. Foster feelings of physical and mental safety.

Empowerment

Give users options to control their environment and make small changes if needed.

Comfort Community Choice

Adapted from traumainformeddesign.org (2021)

ATTENTION RESTORATION THEORY Attention Restoration Theory (ART) can be defined as looking to nature as a source of relief after focusing on a situation or problem for an extended period of time.

Create this feeling by using color, smell, and scenery. While being physically away can be helpful, travel to

1 2 3 4

Being Away

themself from their usual concerns and thoughts while in this place. Continually pondering present worries can cause unnecessary stress and drainage of energy. Hold the users’ attention by capturing views whether

Fascination

Extent

known as helpful distraction. Holding fascination should be less stimulating and provide more time for

Allow the user to feel as if they have entered another one should feel completely engaged and comfortable; be large, Japanese gardens are small and compact but successful.

Compatibility

A restorative area should not be out of the way of the convenient and successful for the occupants. Activities in this space should be familiar, learning something new is unlikely to be relaxing. Six other aspects noted by Kaplan are: Distraction Danger Duty Deception

The chart above, adapted from Stephen Kaplan’s studies (1995) describes the four needed qualities of a restorative environment. 100

STRESS REDUCTION THEORY “Being in an unthreatening natural environment or viewing natural elements...activates a positive affective response, an inclination to approach such natural elements, and sustained, wakefully relaxed attention. Individuals then can experience a decrease in stress, which involves reduced levels of negatively toned feelings and reductions in elevated physiological conditions...”

Environment to Stress Relationship Stress 1 Patient Stress

Environment

Stress 2 Stress 3 Stress 4

Sense of Control

Positive Distraction

Social Support (Andrade & Devlin, 2014)

Stress Reduction Theory explores the relationship between physical surroundings and how they affect the psychological well-being, thoughts, and stress of the people who use or occupy these spaces. It also explores how the natural environment can aid in the recovery of someone recovering from a traumatic experience. The above chart demonstrates the effects that the surrounding environment has on a person’s stress. By allowing users a sense of control, a positive distraction (or distractions), and a supportive community, an individual’s stress can be lowered or at least displaced so as to make more time to recover. 101

BIOPHILIC DESIGN Biophilia explores the use of plants and green life to improve the health and well-being of humans. “...we have divorced ourselves from our natural habitat...Just as zoo animals and lab rats that are placed in sterile, unenriched environments show signs of physical and mental stress, so do humans when forced to work in lean, sterile, and unenriched workplaces.” (Kenneth Freeman, 2021).

What are the benefits of implementing biophilia? HEALTHCARE

OFFICE o o o

Productivity increased by 8% Rates of well-being up by 13% Boost in creativity

o o

RETAIL

HOSPITALITY

o People willing to pay 23% more for rooms with biophilic views

EDUCATION o o o

8.5% decrease in post-op recovery time Need for pain medication reduced by 22%

o Customers willing to pay up to 12% more for goods and services

HOMES o o

Learning rates increased 25% Improved test results, concentration, attendance Reduced impacts from ADHD

8% less crime in areas with access to nature 5% increase in property price

Adapted from Oliver Heath Design

Primary Elements of Biophilia: Scattered, clustered, varried vegetation

Blurred Indoor to outdoor boundries

Overlooking Landscapes

Natural scents

Proximity to water

Adapted from Ambius 102

Natural and local materials

Dynamic and light

Shelter and privacy

SALUTOGENIC DESIGN Salutogenic design focuses on how design can positively impact human health, wellness, and stress. Salutogenic comes from “salutogenesis” which means “the origins of health” (Rickard-Brideau, 2015).

Business as usual

Green

Sustainable

Restorative

(Brown, 2017)

Focus on Factors that Support Health The below graphic is based on Aaron Antonovsky’s salutogenic design theory. The purpose of this theory is to focus on the good to maintain better health. Forces that erode the ability to cope, or Generalized Resistance Deficits (GRDs). Sense of coherence is derived from Generalized Resistance Resources (GRRs) such as comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness.

Generalized Resistance Resources (GRRs) Active Forces

Generalized Resistance

Deterioration/Pathogenesis Death

Better health/Salutogenesis State of well-being

(Golembiewski, 2012) 103

Life

VALUES MATRIX VALUES

FRAMEWORK

OUTCOMES

Healing

will be Biophilic elements, and Residents mental, spiritual, and provided time and a physical care will be place to recover. offered.

Safety

This facility will provide a secure environment with guards and staff to keep residents protected. Counselors and trained staff will aid survivors in feeling at home.

Women will be offered classes on safe practices to learn how to protect themselves and others.

Community

Local resources will be used in construction and community members will be employed as staff. Community classes and events will also be held on the premises to encourage friendships and positive relationships.

Education and other resources will be offered to help these women re-enter the community without entering back into the trafficking system.

104

GENERATIVE INTENT THREE IDEAS

LIVING ELEMENTS FROM DARKNESS THE WELL

A generative intention defines the conceptual development of a project from the earliest phases to the final design. Also known as the concept, it explains the meaning, emotion, and depth that binds a project together. A modulation of words formulate the ideas expressed through gestural sketches and mood boards. A clear generative intent describes the basis for the end product and allows the purpose to be fully understood. Beginning this project, three generative intent ideas were developed to be further reviewed: Living Elements, From Darkness, and The Well.

105

LIVING ELEMENTS Life - Nurture - Create - Renew - Complete - Together - Whole

104

105

107

106

108

106

“A great silent space holds all of nature in its embrace. It also holds you.” Eckhart Tolle Our environment is successful in its life-giving properties based on the presence and balance of four key elements: air, earth, fire, and water. Each element by itself can be destructive, but when controlled and balanced with its opposite creates peace and beauty. As can be seen in the images on the left, life and beauty often emerges from previous destruction. It is

essential for survivors of abuse to see and know that incredible things are still ahead even from a past shrouded in pain. Inspiration from this generative intent idea could be utilized in the physical design through the use of materiality and color to divide spaces and denote functions. The form of four separate pieces fitting together could also provide inspiration for plan layout.

107

FROM DARKNESS Light - Bloom - Regrowth - Guide - Triumph - Educate

109 110

111 112 114 113

108

“To give light to them who sit in darkness and the shadow of death; to guide our feet into the way of peace.” Luke 1:78 Light is more prominent when it is standing out from a dark background. Fireworks stand out the most on a dark night, and green life grows from a charred forest. Inspired by the image of a plant sprouting out of a dark ground, this generative intent idea embodies the feel of emerging

renewed from a dark beginning. The sprout then needs to be fed and nurtured by its environment in order to grow and bloom. This facility will strive to be a place of refuge and safety, where hopes can be planted and nurtured to fruition.

109

THE WELL

Giving - Cleansing - Renew - Pause - Gather - Peace

115

116

117

118

120 119

110

“...whosoever drinketh of the water which I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life.” John 4:16 As mentioned in the Gospels, Jesus spoke of a living water, a well that one could drink of and never thirst again. Similarly, rivers were places to wash and be healed of infirmities. Relating to this metaphor, the idea of a well brings life to a community and

its residents. Water is a symbol of prosperity, renewal, and life. Using a well as the intent behind this project can aid residents and staff to pause and reflect while moving forward and taking a dive into clear waters.

111

Cairn - a stacking rock sculpture that often marks turning points on a path or trail. It symbolizes balance, structure, and confidence. These study models represent finding balance in every-day items.

112

CONCLUSION GENERATIVE INTENTION

Comments and Reviews, Next Steps Moving on in the conceptual process, the chosen and refined idea living elements will be developed and modified as needed. After review by peers, professionals, and professors, comments and suggestions were made according to the cultural and religious aspects of the chosen site location. Extended research on these areas will be conducted to better serve the surrounding community, understand their backgrounds, and to avoid offending the population or discrediting their beliefs for the sake of Western ideas. Moving to the next phase in this thesis, a user profile will be established and the process of schematic design will begin while the chosen concept will continue to be refined.

113

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SECTION 2

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

1 120

SCHEMATIC DESIGN FIRST DESIGN PHASE REVISED CONCEPT ADJACENCY STUDIES BUBBLE DIAGRAMMING CIRCULATION STUDIES PLAN AND SITE DEVELOPMENT 3D STUDIES The Schematic Design section explores beginning adjacencies and space planning ideas through the use of an adjacency matrix, bubble diagramming, circulation studies, and plan development. The concept is revisited and program squarefootage requirements are also reviewed. At the end of this phase, a rough floor plan as well as beginning three-dimensional relationships will be established and the design will move into the development phase.

121

REVISED CONCEPT

LIVING ELEMENTS Giving - Balance - Renew - Pause - Gather - Peace

7 122

“A great silent space holds all of nature in its embrace. It also holds you.” Eckhart Tolle “Chaos and order are not enemies, only opposites. Chaos and order combined equal balance.” - Richard Garriott Our environment is successful in its life-giving properties based on the presence and balance of four key elements: air, earth, fire, and water. Each element by itself can be destructive, but when controlled and balanced with its opposite creates peace and beauty. As can be seen in the images on the left, life and beauty often emerges from previous destruction. It is essential for survivors of abuse to see and know that incredible things are still ahead even from a past shrouded in pain.

Inspiration from this generative intent idea could be utilized in the physical design through the use of materiality and color to divide spaces and denote functions. The form of four separate pieces fitting together could also provide inspiration for plan layout. Art pieces and other spaces of enjoyment could be inspired by the four elements, for example, art created by ash after a fire, pools and ponds to represent water, and a garden to involve the earth and fresh air aspects.

123

124

Parti Development Living Elements: Air, Earth, Fire, Water Parti development is based on the concept formed from the generative intention. The four main lifecreating elements: air, earth, fire, and water, as well as the space which holds them together, inspired the conceptual design of the facility space. Four delineations of space: resident living areas, staf living

areas, clinic, and support spaces are all connected by the courtyard, or space, in between. The original idea, as seen above, was inspired by the four elements balancing each other. On the page to the left, the elements are seen as spatial dividers connected by a central element, supported by main circulation.

125

ADJACENCY MATRIX

RESIDENT STAFF SUPPORT

3,020 SF 6,600 SF

14,670 SF

5,050 SF

Program - Square-footage Requirements - Adjacencies

Individual Room

120 SF

960 SF

Double Room

175 SF

1,050 SF

Family Room

175 SF

350 SF

Visitor Room

120 SF

240 SF

Lounge

300 SF

600 SF

Nursery

200 SF

Laundry

350 SF

Private Restrooms

50 SF

900 SF

Public Restrooms

200 SF

400 SF

Private Room

150 SF

900 SF

Private Restroom

50 SF

300 SF

Lounge

150 SF

Kitchenette

100 SF

80 SF

320 SF

Workstations

25 SF

150 SF

Check-in / Reception

50 SF

100 SF

Exam Rooms

150 SF

300 SF

Nurse Station

150 SF

Medical Storage

50 SF

Patient Rooms (Hospital Bed)

100 SF

Security Room

200 SF

400 SF

Kitchen

500 SF

Dining Hall

850 SF

Pantry

100 SF

Dock

100 SF

Classroom

450 SF

1,800 SF

Courtyard

500 SF

Outdoor Garden

500 SF

1,000 SF

Outdoor Recreation

700 SF

MECH

50 SF

1,000 SF

Circulation

126

Public

Private Individual Room Double Room Family Room Visitor Room Lounge Nursery Laundry Private Restrooms Public Restrooms

Private Room Private Restroom Lounge Kitchenette Workstations Check-in / Reception Exam Rooms Nurse Station Medical Storage Patient Rooms (Hospital Bed) Security Room

Kitchen Dining Hall Pantry Dock Classroom Courtyard Outdoor Garden

PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP

Outdoor Recreation

SECONDARY RELATIONSHIP

MECH Circulation

TERTIARY RELATIONSHIP

127

BUBBLE DIAGRAMMING Level One Level one will contain resident and staff living quarters accompanied by support spaces such as restrooms, laundry facilities, kitchen and dining spaces, education rooms, a clinic, and security checkpoints. Exterior spaces will also be explored along with an interior courtyard. Spatial layout and color-coding can be seen in the diagram below.

LIVING SPACES STORAGE / MISCELLANEOUS EXTERIOR COURTYARD / PATIO RESTROOMS ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL / INFIRMARY KITCHEN / DINING CLASSROOM

128

129

BUBBLE DIAGRAMMING Level Two Level two, having a smaller footprint than level one, will contain additional resident living and relaxation areas as well as support spaces including laundry, restrooms, security lookouts, and educational multi-purpose rooms. Spatial layout and color-coding can be seen in the diagram below.

LIVING SPACES STORAGE / MISCELLANEOUS EXTERIOR COURTYARD / PATIO RESTROOMS ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL / INFIRMARY KITCHEN / DINING CLASSROOM

130

131

CIRCULATION Beginning Circulation Studies Exploration was conducted into how occupants will move throughout the facility. The path of residents, as shown in red, moves primarily through the clinic, living spaces, dining facilities, classrooms, and exterior areas. Staff, as shown in yellow, moves primarily through living spaces, the clinic, and administration spaces. The community, as shown in green, will only move through dining, educational, and exterior areas.

RESIDENTS STAFF COMMUNITY LEVEL ONE 132

LEVEL TWO 133

PLAN DEVELOPMENT Initial Blocking and Spatial Layout After studying programmatic requirements adjacencies through matrices and bubble diagrams, plans were developed from combining existing building layout with new functions and square-footage needs. A color key at the bottom of the page highlights the function of each space.

LEVEL ONE LIVING SPACES

STORAGE / MISCELLANEOUS

EXTERIOR COURTYARD / PATIO

RESTROOMS

ADMINISTRATION

MEDICAL / INFIRMARY

KITCHEN / DINING

CLASSROOM

134

LEVEL TWO

135

3D DEVELOPMENT Beginning Three-dimensional Spatial Development

LIVING SPACES

STORAGE / MISCELLANEOUS

EXTERIOR COURTYARD / PATIO

RESTROOMS

ADMINISTRATION

MEDICAL / INFIRMARY

KITCHEN / DINING

CLASSROOM

136

LEVEL ONE

LEVEL TWO

Beginning steps were taken to move the plan from two-dimensional to three-dimensional development. Openings from level two can be understood more clearly in this format, and courtyard spaces stand out against the highlighted blocks. The color coding follows the key used in bubble diagramming

ROOF

and plan development to show consistency and relationships within the design. Safety concerns and resident privacy will need to be taken into consideration with second level openings and lower level courtyards. This diagram will be modified and updated as the facility goes through the design development phase.

137

138

CONCLUSION SCHEMATIC DESIGN Through this design phase, considerable progress was made in terms of research, programming, and initial layout all of which will prove to be a solid foundation moving into the design development phase. Professional advisors, professors, and peers all reviewed this project throughout this phase and during the final SD presentation. Their suggestions ranged from book spread design to program additions and rearrangements. The most helpful information pertained to safety

considerations concerning residents and community involvement. During the following phase, these comments will inform the continued 3D and 2D facility and site development. The design development phase will include more final plan development, section and elevation design, color, material, and furnishings selections, and reflected ceiling plan development, among other requirements as needed. Sketches, parti, and concept development will also be furthered through this phase.

139

SCHEMATIC DESIGN IMAGE CREDITS Pages 120 - 139

F. (2019, December 05). Orphelinat Falatow Jigiyaso. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from https://www.f8architec ture.com/projet/orphelinat-falatow-jigiyaso/

Erin Wiersma. Salina Art Center. (n.d.). https://www.salinaartcenter.org/erin-wiersma.

Beutler exchanges fiery letters with Kansas over smoke. JournalStar.com. (2020, April 16). https://journalstar. com/news/local/beutler-exchanges-fiery-letters-with-kansas-over-smoke/article_f4c4d255-5457-50c3-b50d- 9e8800095279.html.

Rannard, G. (2020, January 11). Australia fires: Plants photographed regrowing in ashes. BBC News. https://www. bbc.com/news/world-australia-51036608.

13 4 elements ideas: 4 element, earth air fire water, elements. Pinterest. (2014, February 20). https://www.pinterest. co.uk/martynewestsmit/4-elements/.

Global Agriculture and UN World Soil Day. Farmfolio. (2016, December 5). https://farmfolio.net/articles/agricul ture-world-soil-day/.

Zavada, J. (n.d.). See How Jesus Shocked the Woman at the Well With His Love. Learn Religions. https://www.learn religions.com/woman-at-the-well-700205.

140

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SECTION 3

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1 144

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECOND DESIGN PHASE ADDITIONAL INSPIRATION PLAN & ORTHAGONAL DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAMMING 3D DEVELOPMENT

This section covers the progression of the facility and site design in terms of plan, interior, and exterior design. Program and square-footage requirements are also updated during this phase. The parti will continue to be improved along with privacy elements, sun-shading, circulation, and three-dimensional aspects. Exterior spaces and courtyards will be developed to contain soothing natural elements and places for reflection and solitude. Security will be considered while designing resident living spaces, and initial material selections will be made.

145

6 146

Additional Inspirations Images by Andrew Smith These images were taken on a missionary trip my boyfriend took a couple years ago. He shared with me the spaces, textures, materials, furniture, and customs of the people

he met. Natural materiality, security measures color, and air ventilation ideas can be seen in the images to the left. Please note that these pictures are from Kenya and not Mali.

147

JABALI “Strong as a rock” / ʄabali / noun 1. rock - usually describing someone who is strong and secure 2. a member of the family or community who is a dependable voice of reason

148

LIVING ELEMENTS Concept Development & Relationships These four elements: air, earth, fire, and water were used in the development of the plan and three-dimensional aspects of this facility. Shown below are graphics that were created to allow clarity moving forward in the design development chapter.

Air

Fire

Desert Trees/Plants Warm Climate

Open to Air Ventilation

Water

Earth

Reflection Pools Water Teatment System

Biophilic Elements Mural - Sprout

Vocabulary: Balanced, Equilibrium, Strength, Power, Withstand, Warrior, Whole

149

Air Water

Earth Fire

PARTI DEVELOPMENT Circulation + Concept The parti was revised to match the updated plan and create continuity with the conceptual development of the four elements. Thick, black lines highlight the main circulation pathways, entrances, and central courtyard. Zoning follows the four elements outlined in the generative intent: Air, Earth, Fire, and Water. o

Air - circulation, breath, ventilation

Earth - grounded, growth, healing

Fire - ignite, warmth, comfort

Water - life, nuture, peace

150

CONCEPT RELATIONSHIPS Diagrams Air

Fire

Water

Earth

151

PLAN DEVELOPMENT Revised Sketches & Planning

Major changes: Main staircase relocation, revised restroom/laundry block, built-in seating and reading nooks, studio and patio expansion

Level One

152

Level Two

153

PLAN DEVELOPMENT Residents

1 2 3 4 5 6

Exam Rooms Childcare Staff

Staff Rooms Counseling / Private Offices Doctor’s Office Security Support

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Zoning

Level One

RESIDENT

STAFF

SUPPORT

154

Restrooms Laundry Dining Kitchen Dock / Pantry Library Reading Nooks Lounge Courtyard Meeting Move Studio Art Studio Misc. Studio / Classroom Patio Storage Check-in

Level One

3 14

20 21 8

22 UP

12 6 UP

13 Not to Scale

155

PLAN DEVELOPMENT

Residents

1 2 3 4 Zoning

Level Two

STAFF

Staff

Staff / RA Room Support

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

RESIDENT

Single Rooms Single Rooms w/ Restroom Family Rooms

SUPPORT

156

Restrooms Laundry Reading Nooks Lounge Community Space Terrace / Overlook Study / Misc. Spaces Storage

Level Two

6 8 3 4 9 DN

11 5

10 7 Not to Scale

157

ELEVATIONS

Exterior elevations show the wall structure, openings, roof pitch, windows, and doors along the four building facades. Streets, trees, and other site elements are shown in the exterior perspective views. These images also depict the light changes throughout the day as the sun moves from east to west over the desert topography.

North

East

South

West Not to Scale 158

Sunrise

Midday

Sunset

159

North - South

East - West

Not to Scale

160

SECTIONS North - South & East - West Section views show the level changes and roof structure of the facility. Trusses, beams, columns, and other structural design will continue to be developed past the current design development phase. Moving into the final design phase, these views will begin to show greater color and line weight as well as furniture and art.

161

RESIDENTS

STAFF

VISITORS

Air

Earth

Fire

162

Water

3D DEVELOPMENT USER & CONCEPT ICONS The icons to the left will be used in the following pages and renderings to describe the elements highlighted in the space, as well as what occupants would primarily be using the area. The next pages are laid out according to the trip a resident would make through the center upon their first arrival. o

Air - circulation, breath, ventilation

Earth - grounded, growth, healing

Fire - ignite, warmth, comfort

Water - life, nuture, peace

163

RESIDENT ENTRANCE Level One

Not to Scale

Resident Entrance: check-in, meeting room, childcare, main staircase, library, hard & soft seating

164

Main Stair - Resident Entrance

165

OFFICES Level One Main Option

Alternate Option

Not to Scale

Offices: exam rooms, private offices / counseling, cool-down space, seating area, storage

166

Seating Area

167

RESIDENT LOUNGES Level Two

Not to Scale

Resident Lounge: lounge spaces, single & family rooms, meeting / misc. rooms

168

Main Stair - Resident Entrance

169

RESIDENT LIVING Level Two

Not to Scale

Resident Living Spaces: single & family rooms, restrooms, laundry, lounges, storage

170

Single Room

171

LIBRARY Level One

Not to Scale

Resident Entrance: check-in, meeting room, childcare, main staircase, library, hard & soft seating

172

Library & Reading Spaces

173

STAFF LIVING Level One

Not to Scale

Staff Living Spaces: single rooms, lounge / courtyard, laundry, restrooms

174

Staff Courtyard

175

MAIN COURTYARD Level One

Not to Scale

Main Courtyard: main staircase, seating, studios / classrooms, dining

176

Courtyard

177

DINING & KITCHEN Level One

Not to Scale

Dining & Kitchen: dining, kitchen, courtyard, seating

178

Dining & Kitchen

179

STUDIOS Level One

Not to Scale

Studio: move studio, art studio, misc. studio / classroom, check-in, patio

180

Move Studio & Patio

181

MATERIALITY Inspired by Mali & Concept

Materials were selected based on the region, resources available, the design concept, and Mali’s national colors. The facility will utilize concrete and natural mud brick for the majority of the interior environment with many of the walls painted muted tones of red, yellow, and green to reflect the meaning and colors in the Malian flag. Color, art, and other cultural elements such as rugs and woven materials, will be used in the decoration of the spaces.

Paint Colors

Green - prosperity / fertility of land

Yellow/Gold - purity / mineral wealth

Red - bloodshed to independence

182

Detail Work

Jali Screening

Native Tiling

Flooring

11 Concrete

12 Rock Wall

13 Mud Brick

183

SUSTAINABILITY Interior & Exterior Strategies Sustainability strategies have been kept from the original building and others have been added to increase the comfort of the residents, staff, and visitors who will occupy the building. It is also important to keep the energy costs down and utilize passive strategies within this desert environment. These strategies include: passive cooling, water collection and reuse, utilization of local people and resources, natural lighting, pools, and ventilation systems.

184

Louvered Windows

Jali Screens

Reflection Pools

Biophilic Elements

Water Collection System (not shown)

Stone Walls

185

186

CONCLUSION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Critique comments revolved around an assortment of topics ranging from conceptual design to airflow and furniture. A few comments were made about the facility feeling too “corporate” and western especially in the dining/kitchen space. Reverting to the original color/material scheme will help combat this problem. Concern for security also arose looking at the studio spaces and openings on the second floor. More research into how the Malian people pray, eat, and socialize was suggested and will be followed in the final design phase. Lack of local furniture and materials was also an expressed concern. Major design goals were accomplished during this main phase of design development. Moving into the final design phase, smaller detail elements such as landscaping, material refinement, and rendering editing will be addressed. Comments made by professors, professionals, and classmates will be reviewed and the project will be revised accordingly.

187

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT IMAGE CREDITS Pages 144 - 187

1 2-6

Mercy Playlist. Trinity Episcopal Church. (n.d.). https://trinitynola.com/mercy-playlist/. Smith, Andrew. (2020) Photos from Kenya.

Kiyanochka. (n.d.). Minimal woman face stock vector art 1237313782. iStock. https://www.istockphoto.com/portfo lio/kiyanochka?assettype=image&mediatype=illustration.

368 BESTE Mali+Flag+Painted BILDER, STOCK-FOTOS & -VEKTORGRAFIKEN. Adobe Stock. (n.d.). https://stock.adobe.com/de/search?filters%5Bcontent_type%3Aphoto%5D=1&filters%5B content_type%3Aillustration%5D=1&filters%5Bcontent_type%3Azip_vector%5D=1&filters%5Bcontent_ type%3Avideo%5D=1&filters%5Bcontent_type%3Atemplate%5D=1&filters%5Bcon tent_type%3A3d%5D=1&filters%5Bcontent_type%3Aimage%5D=1&k=mali%2Bflag%2Bpaint ed&order=relevance&safe_search=1&limit=100&search_page=2&search_type=pagina tion&acp=&aco=mali%2Bflag%2Bpainted&get_facets=0.

Abstract Round Jali Design Pattern Free Vector. Free Download Files Cnc. (2020, November 19). https://filescnc. com/abstract-round-jali-design-pattern-free-vector/.

Antique tiles. Tribal vector ornament. Seamless African folk.. 123RF. (n.d.). https://www.123rf.com/pho to_94426400_stock-vector-antique-tiles-tribal-vector-ornament-seamless-african-folk-square-pat tern-geometric-mosaic-majolica-.html.

5 Free Concrete Textures (PNG). Unblast. (2020, February 4). https://unblast.com/10-free-concrete-textures-png/.

Tuytel, R. (n.d.). broken_wall. Texture Haven. https://texturehaven.com/tex/?t=broken_wall.

Tuytel, R. (n.d.). factory_brick. Texture Haven. https://texturehaven.com/tex/?t=factory_brick. 13 Human Cutouts. Nonscandinavia. (n.d.). http://www.nonscandinavia.com/cutouts. scale figures

188

189

SECTION 4

FINAL DESIGN

192

FINAL DESIGN OVERVIEW During this final phase of design, the interior planning was finalized, colors, finishes, and materials were updated, furniture was added and finalized, and final renderings and drawings were developed. Main issues addressed in the conclusion of the design development phase

were revisited and resolved. This chapter will cover updated zoning and planning information, final interior perspective views with entourage, an overview of materials, lighting, and furniture, and closing thoughts and remarks.

193

ZONING

Updated Plan & Simplified Zoning The diagrams below are updated with new plans and simplified zoning still shown with the residents in red, staff in yellow, and support in green.

Level One

RESIDENT

STAFF 194

SUPPORT

Level Two

195

LEVEL ONE

This first level contains the staff living spaces, courtyards, library, and kitchen and dining spaces. The resident zoned spaces can be seen in red, staff spaces in yellow, and support spaces in green.

3 14 20 21 8

16 15 UP

Entry

12 6 UP

11 UP

Not to Scale

196

Entry

KEY 1 2

Residents Exam Rooms Childcare

3 4 5 6

Staff Staff Rooms Counseling / Private Offices Doctor’s Office Security

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Support Restrooms Laundry Dining Kitchen Dock / Pantry Library Reading Nooks Lounge Courtyard Meeting Move Studio Art Studio Misc. Studio / Classroom Patio Storage Check-in

ZONING Residents Staff Support

197

LEVEL TWO This level contains primarily resident living spaces with lounges, restrooms, reading nooks, and a community area.

5 6 8 3 4 9 11

5 10 7

Not to Scale

198

KEY

1 2 3

Residents Single Rooms Single Rooms w/ Restroom Family Rooms

Staff Staff / RA Room

ZONING Residents Staff

Support 5 Restrooms 6 Laundry 7 Reading Nooks 8 Lounge 9 Community Space 10 Terrace / Overlook 11 Study / Misc. Spaces 12 Storage

Support

199

RCP 2

1 Eureka Scout 3048-10

Eureka High line Shower Directional Baffle 1153AD

Not to Scale

Level One

200

Ceiling Fans Warehouse Mercator Major 48”

Eureka Bolt 3544-48

Not to Scale

Level Two

201

SECTIONS

The two sections below highlight the structure and spaces seen from both the north to south and east to west views. For reference, each section passes through the central courtyard marked by the baobab tree.

North - South

East - West

202

Not to Scale

203

RESIDENT ENTRANCE PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover Upon entry, residents’ eyes follow the stair upward symbolizing hope on their journey. Exam and therapy rooms are located to the left to address survivors’ immediate needs.

02 Reduce Stress 03 Connect 04 Maintain

205

EXAM & THERAPY PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover Down a hall to the left are the exam and therapy rooms. These spaces address the immediate mental and physical needs of the residents.

02 Reduce Stress 03 Connect 04 Maintain These areas help survivors maintain the progress they have made through therapy sessions.

207

LIBRARY & READING PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover 02 Reduce Stress

The library and reading nooks are meant the ignite the minds and spark creativity and learning in the residents. Comfortable seating will enhance relaxation and stress reduction.

03 Connect

This public space serves as informal meeting spaces and areas for fellowship, play, and conversation.

04 Maintain

209

9 210

Lounge Precedents Images from Airbnb Images were taken from Airbnb to inform local living room, lounge, and community spaces. Pictures taken from local hosts near Bamako, Mali showed types of furniture and materials commonly used within private homes to make spaces

211

feel comfortable and welcoming. The idea behind these areas is that local craftsmen as well as the women within the center would be commissioned to make the furniture, rugs, art, etc.

LOUNGE & COMMUNITY PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover 02 Reduce Stress The community space and two lounges create comfortable, versitile environments that provide places of refuge in a more public setting.

03 Connect Group seating arrangements and study rooms provide areas for collaboration and conversation as well as places to just hang out.

04 Maintain

213

RESIDENT ROOMS PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover Sleep and rest allow the residents to heal and relax. Comfortable seating, prayer rugs, and shelving to display or hide items is provided.

02 Reduce Stress

These sleeping rooms act as a place of security and safety for the survivors and their children. Operable windows are provided to enhance user control.

03 Connect 04 Maintain

215

STAFF LIVING SPACES PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover 02 Reduce Stress

Comfortable seating beds plus operable louvered windows help staff members relax after a hard day.

03 Connect Staff can spend time in the peaceful courtyard with natural elements, comfortable seating, and fresh air.

04 Maintain Staff remains on site to ensure peace and safety for the residents.

217

MAIN COURTYARD PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover 02 Reduce Stress A water element along with the central tree, plants, and mural create a soothing environment for the occupants.

03 Connect Built-in seating allow users to sit, enjoy their surroundings, and chat with others. The seating also allow the space to be used for large, informal meetings.

04 Maintain

219

14 220

Classroom / Studio Precedents Learning & Prayer Precedents The classroom and studio spaces are meant to be multi-purpose spaces with furniture that can be easily moved to accommodate any activity. These activities may include, but are

221

not limited to: prayer/meditation, exercise classes, job training classes (farming and gardening, weaving, reading and writing, etc.), and art classes.

STUDIOS / CLASSROOMS PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover Exercise and meditation can help heal the body and mind.

02 Reduce Stress Activites such as exercise and art classes can help people relieve stress by learning a new skill and occupying the mind.

03 Connect By participating in classes and activites, survivors will meet other survivors and are likely to form friendships.

04 Maintain Participating in regular classes can help residents form a routine and help maintain their progress made.

223

23 224

Malian Kitchen Precedents Images from Airbnb It was difficult to find images of Malian kitchen interiors in traditional google searches and project precedents. Airbnb proved to be useful in that it showed traditional Malian homes which were put on the site to attract visitors and those looking for temporary stays. These homes ranged from traditional to modern style, and mixes of Malian

225

and western influences. These photos informed the kitchen design for the Jabali Center. The pictures tend to be of lower quality because they were taken with the personal phones or cameras of the hosts. Mixed in with these images are a couple photos of the traditional outside and floor cooking techniques that are also practiced in Mali.

KITCHEN PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover 02 Reduce Stress

Food is always available. The kitchen space is open, visible, and provides a variety of seating and cooking style arrangements.

03 Connect

Informal conversations and friendships are made while preparing food and eating together.

04 Maintain

227

DINING PROJECT GOALS 01 Recover 02 Reduce Stress 03 Connect

Multiple seating postures are available around round tables providing places where food, conversations, and games can be enjoyed.

04 Maintain

229

ELEVATIONS

North

Showing each exterior side of the facility, these elevations highlight the materials, structure, and surrounding conditions of the chosen site.

East

South

West

230

Not to Scale 231

EXTERIOR Exterior Perspective Development

Major changes: Reverted back to original facility colors and materials.

232

Sunrise

Midday

Sunset 233

SUSTAINABILITY Interior & Exterior Strategies

234

Jali Screens These screens provide privacy while allowing in the breeze and daylighting. Louvered Windows Louvers allow users to have control over the ventilation in their spaces. These elements also act as shading devices.

Reflection Pools Pools cool the air when it breezes across the surface.

Biophilic Elements Plants clean the air and create oxygen.

Stone Walls Thick, stone walls retain heat during the day and release it at night when the temperatures are cooler.

Water Collection System (not pictured) This system was in place at the original facility. It was used to recycle used water and irrigate the landscaping.

Solar Panels (future) The large roof provides a perfect space for the installation of solar panels. This could happen in future design phases. 235

FURNITURE 25 26

Local - Malian & Conceptual Influence Furniture, rugs, art, etc. will be sourced, as much as possible, from the surrounding areas in Mali. An emphasis on local resources will not only help the sustainable aspect of this project, but will allow survivors to feel more at home and less removed from their culture. There is a possibility that many of these objects will be crafted by the residents through their many classes, activities, and interests. Materials used in this facility will reflect the concept of the four elements as well as take inspiration from the natural Malian landscape.

236

LIGHITNG

MATERIALS 38 39

33 36

37 237

1 2 3 4

Recover Addressing the immediate needs of sex trafficking and child marriage survivors upon entering the facility.

Reduce Stress Reduce the stress of survivors through using practices of spatial design and exposure to nature.

Connect Create spaces to foster social, spiritual, and environmental connections within the users and their surroundings.

Maintain Assist survivors in maintaining learned healthful practices after leaving the facility to reduce risk of reentering trafficking system.

238

CONCLUSION FINAL DESIGN From the beginning phases of research to the final design, four main goals have been kept in mind to ensure this facility is the most effective for its residents: to help residents recover, to provide a space that reduces stress, to help users connect with their surroundings and with others, and finally, to aid users in maintaining their progress and healing.

If this project were to continue, greater emphasis would be made on the exterior, including original ideas of gardens and recreational spaces. Additional sustainable ideas would be implemented as well such as solar panels and continued grey water recycling systems.

I hope that someday the Jabali Center can become a reality to help these strong and incredible women Comments from final reviews will heal and achieve their goals. go in this section.

239

FINAL DESIGN IMAGE CREDITS Pages 192 - 239

1 , 2, 4, 29 - Products. Eureka Lighting. (n.d.). https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/. 31 5 - 9, 17 - 22, Airbnb®: Bamako - Vacation Rentals & Places to Stay - Bamako Capital District, Mali. Airbnb. (n.d.). https://www. airbnb.com/s/Bamako/homes?refinement_paths%5B%5D=%2Fhomes&adults=1&search_type=section_ 24

navigation&query=Bamako&place_id=ChIJkQpFJxLNUQ4RFWBQUuFAP J4&flexible_trip_dates%5B%5D=may&flexible_trip_lengths%5B%5D=weekend_trip&date_picker_type= calendar&click_referer=t%3ASEE_ALL%7Csid%3A2a4f1f82-83ad-4df4-9734-ab498ac47277%7C st%3ASTAYS_LARGE_AREA_DESTINATION_CAROUSELS&search_mode=regular_search&title_ type=NONE&last_search_session_id=2a4f1f82-83ad-4df4-9734-ab498ac47277.

Franklin, S. (2020, December 23). House Hunting in South Africa: A Mountainside Perch for $760,000. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/realestate/house-hunting-in-south-africa-a-mountainside- perch-for-760000.html.

Smith, Andrew. (2020) Photos from Kenya.

Manicaland State University construction on course. ZBC NEWS. (2020, July 8). https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/mani caland-state-university-construction-on-course/.

FINDING MODERNITY THROUGH HISTORY. FINDING MODERNITY THROUGH HISTORY | People’s Sto ries Project. (n.d.). https://www.psp-culture.com/architecture/finding-modernity-through-history/.

TRTWorld. (2020, May 25). In pictures: How Senegal social distanced and still held mass Eid prayers. https://www. trtworld. com/magazine/in-pictures-how-senegal-social-distanced-and-still-held-mass-eid-prayers-36607.

Ashinaga Uganda -Care Program Rainbow House-｜Ashinaga. Ashinaga. (n.d.). https://ashinaga.org/en/regional-of fices/ash inaga-uganda/our-work-ug/care-program-rainbow-house-ug/.

Mali: Hunger, Harassment and Hope. Global Hunger Index (GHI) . (n.d.). https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ case-studies/2015-mali.html.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (n.d.). UNHCR ready for possible influx of Malian refugees in neighbouring countries. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2013/1/50f6c0679/un hcr-ready-possible-influx-malian-refugees-neighbouring-countries.html.

Cliff Dèco Lounge armchair: Italian garden furniture: Talenti. Italian garden furniture Talenti. (n.d.). https://en.talen tisrl.com/prodotti/cliff-deco-lounge-armchair/.

Cliff Dèco Pouf: Italian garden furniture: Talenti. Italian garden furniture Talenti. (n.d.). https://en.talentisrl.com/pro dotti/cliff-deco-pouf/.

Grace 502: Möbler. NC Nordic Care. (2020, August 27). https://www.ncnordiccare.se/product/grace-502/?lang=en.

Logga in. Sverige. (n.d.). https://www.aba-skol.se/sverige/sok/mobler/stol/vuxenstol?ProductID=7412001. 240

5 Free Concrete Textures (PNG). Unblast. (2020, February 4). https://unblast.com/10-free-concrete-textures-png/.

Tuytel, R. (n.d.). broken_wall. Texture Haven. https://texturehaven.com/tex/?t=broken_wall.

Abstract Round Jali Design Pattern Free Vector. Free Download Files Cnc. (2020, November 19). https://filescnc. com/abstract-round-jali-design-pattern-free-vector/.

What is Seamless Bathroom Tile and Where Do I Use It? Edesia Kitchen & Bath Studio. (n.d.). https://www.ede siakbs.com/blog/what-is-seamless-bathroom-tile-and-where-do-i-use-it.

Seamless Blue Tile Texture. Second Life Marketplace. (n.d.). https://marketplace.secondlife.com/fr-FR/p/Seamless- Blue-Tile-Texture/15447293?lang=fr-FR.

Velvet Islamic Prayer Rug Lattice - Blue / Orange. Modefa. (n.d.). https://www.mymodefa.com/products/velvet-is lamic-prayer-rug- lattice-blue-orange.

Steelcase. (2021, January 21). Amoeba Rug by Moooi. Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/products/office-de cor-rugs/amoeba/.

Straw mat texture of a rush matting for the sand. 123RF. (n.d.). https://www.123rf.com/photo_42425600_straw-mat- texture-of-a-rush-matting-for-the-sand-.html.

Mali Paintings. Fine Art America. (n.d.). https://fineartamerica.com/art/paintings/mali. Art in renderings

Mali Mud Cloth - Inked - Online Fabric Store - Decorator Fabric & Trim Nashville, TN. The Fabric House Nashville. (2019, May 29).https://fabrichousenashville.com/product/mali-mud-cloth-inked/. Choose Your Own Exact Piece Of Mud Cloth: African pattern design, African textiles, Handmade african. Pinterest. (2021, February 17). https://www.pinterest.com/pin/320600067223902058/. African Art Galleries: African paintings, African art, Landscape art. Pinterest. (n.d.). https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/58124651430065421/.

Human Cutouts. Nonscandinavia. (n.d.). http://www.nonscandinavia.com/cutouts. scale figures

Clipped. (n.d.). http://www.clipped.io/search?category_id%5B%5D=1&sort_uploads=weighted_score. Cut-outs. blackimg. (n.d.). https://black-img.com/Cut-outs.

User graphics

Kiyanochka. (n.d.). Minimal woman face stock vector art 1237313782. iStock. https://www.istockphoto.com/portfo lio/kiyanochka?assettype=image&mediatype=illustration.

241

SECTION 5

SPECIFICATIONS

FURNITURE PLANS

Not to Scale

Level One

244

? ? ?

Not to Scale

Level Two

245

SEATING Chairs & Lounge

Product:

Dining Chair

Manufacturer: -Description:

Basic wood chair

Dimensions:

Location(s): Quantity:

Dining, Library, Study Rooms, Classrooms 71

Finish:

Sipo wood with clear stain

Notes:

Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these. Source locally if possible.

S-1 Product:

Cliff Deco Lounge Armchair

Manufacturer: Talenti Description:

Woven/Upholstered lounge

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Staff Lounge, Library, Terrace

Quantity:

Finish:

Jute rope with linen or other textile Weaving and upholstery classes could be taught to residents to assemble these chairs.

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

S-2 246

Product:

Seating Platform

Manufacturer: -Description:

Basic wooden platform

Dimensions:

48” x 48” x 8”

Location(s):

Lounges

Quantity:

Finish: Notes:

Sipo wood with dark stain, aluminum base painted Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these.

Product:

Woven Lounge Chair

S-3 Manufacturer: -Description: Dimensions: Location(s):

S-4 247

Basic woven chair with wood frame --

Quantity:

Staff & Resident Rooms, Counseling 33

Finish:

Sipo wood with dark stain

Notes:

Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these.

SEATING Chairs & Lounge

Product:

Turnstone Jack

Manufacturer: Steelcase Description:

Basic upholstered task chair

Dimensions:

34.9” x 27.75” x 27.75” x 15.75”

Location(s):

Staff Offices, Check-in, Security

Quantity:

Finish:

Upholstery of choice, plastic base and arms Can be replaced with locallly sourced product.

Notes:

S-5 Product:

Modern Amenity

Manufacturer: Carolina Description:

Reclining exam chair

Dimensions:

34”w x 39”d x 48”h

Location(s):

Exam Rooms

Quantity:

Finish:

Upholstery of choice, ash veneer, aluminum handle Can be replaced with locallly sourced product.

Notes:

S-6 248

Product:

Modern Amenity Guest

Manufacturer: Carolina Description:

Basic guest chair to match exam

Dimensions:

24”w x 26”d x 34.5”h

Location(s):

Exam Rooms

Quantity:

Finish:

Upholstery of choice, ash veneer

Notes:

Can be replaced with locallly sourced product.

Product:

Tablet Arm Chair

S-7 Manufacturer: Virco Description:

Classroom desk/chair

Dimensions:

31” x 18.75” x 30.5”

Location(s):

Classroom

Quantity:

Finish:

Blue plastic seat, chrome frame, oak tablet Can be replaced with locallly sourced product.

Notes:

S-8 249

SEATING Chairs

Product:

Wood Bench

Manufacturer: -Description: Dimensions: Location(s):

Basic wooden bench, can be paired with a cushion --

Quantity:

Community, Waiting/Seating Area 13

Finish:

Sipo wood with clear stain

Notes:

Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these. Source locally if possible.

S-9 Product:

Cooking Stool

Manufacturer: --

S - 10 250

Description:

Low wooden stool

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Kitchen

Quantity:

Finish:

Sipo wood with dark stain

Notes:

Could be constructed by residents or locals.

251

SURFACES Tables & Desks

Product:

Dining Table

Manufacturer: -Description:

Round, high

Dimensions:

Location(s): Quantity:

Dining, Library, Study Rooms, Classrooms 14

Finish:

Sipo wood with clear stain

Notes:

Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these. Source locally if possible.

T-1 Product:

Dining Table

Manufacturer: -Description:

Round, low

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Dining

Quantity:

Finish:

Sipo wood with clear stain

Notes:

Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these. Source locally if possible.

T-2 252

Product:

Desk

Manufacturer: -Description:

Basic wooden executive desk

Dimensions: Location(s):

Staff Offices

Quantity:

Finish: Notes:

Sipo wood with dark stain, aluminum base painted Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these.

Product:

Block Side Table

T-3 Manufacturer: Urban Tree (Steelcase)

T-4 253

Description:

Wood block used as table

Dimensions:

14” x 20” x 14”

Location(s): Quantity:

Staff & Resident Rooms, Counseling, Lounges 33

Finish:

Sipo wood with clear stain

Notes:

Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these.

SURFACES Tables & Desks

Product:

Lily Pad Table

Manufacturer: West Elm (Steelcase)

T-5

254

Description:

Basic coffee table

Dimensions:

24” x 16” x 29”

Location(s):

Terrace

Quantity:

Finish:

Sipo wood with dark stain

Notes:

Can be substituted for a local product.

255

SHELVING Storage

Product:

Atenastak Cantilever Shelving

Manufacturer: Montel Inc. Description:

Library Shelving

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Library

Quantity:

Finish:

Painted beige steel end cap

Notes:

Could be substituted for local product.

Product:

Kallax Shelf

SH - 1 Manufacturer: IKEA Description:

Shelf with inserts

Dimensions:

58” x 58” x 15”

Location(s):

Staff & Resident Rooms

Quantity:

Finish:

Painted white particleboard, plastic edging Could be substituted for local product or made by residents or locals.

Notes:

SH - 2 256

Product:

Turnstone Depot

Manufacturer: Steelcase Description:

Basic wooden shelving

Dimensions:

14” x 41.5”

Location(s):

Staff Offices

Quantity:

Finish:

Sipo wood with dark stain, aluminum base painted Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these.

Notes:

SH - 3

257

OTHER Bedroom, Rugs/Mats, Cushions

Product:

Twin XL Bed

Manufacturer: -Description:

Basic bed frame

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Staff & Resident Rooms

Quantity:

Finish:

Sipo wood with clear stain

Notes:

Simple construction, residents and/or local could be taught to make these. Source locally if possible.

O-1 Product:

Rugs

Manufacturer: Handmade Description: Dimensions:

Woven/Printed Rugs (image from Steelcase) --

Location(s):

Lounges, Reading Nooks

Quantity:

approx. 25

Finish:

Notes:

Weaving and upholstery classes could be taught to residents. Source locally if possible.

O-2 258

Product:

Cushions/Pillows

Manufacturer: -Description:

Handmade

Dimensions:

Location(s): Quantity:

Lounges, Dining, Seating Area, Staff & Resident Rooms 10

Finish:

Local materials

Notes:

Weaving and upholstery classes could be taught to residents. Source locally if possible.

O-3 Product:

Prayer Mats

Manufacturer: -Description:

Woven mat

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Staff & Resident Rooms, Studios

Quantity:

Finish:

Local materials

Notes:

Weaving and upholstery classes could be taught to residents. Source locally if possible.

O-4 259

FIXTURES/EQUIPMENT Plumbing, Appliances

Product:

Highline Comfort

Manufacturer: Kohler Description:

Water-saving toilet

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Restrooms

Quantity:

Finish:

White porcelain

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

Product:

Caxton Undermount

F-1 Manufacturer: Kohler

F-2 260

Description:

Undermount bathroom sink

Dimensions:

17 5/8” x 13 1/8” x 5 5/16”

Location(s):

Restrooms

Quantity:

Finish:

White porcelain

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

Product:

Kumin Faucet

Manufacturer: Kohler Description:

F-3

261

Dimensions:

Single-handle bathroom sink faucet --

Location(s):

Restrooms

Quantity:

Finish:

Chrome

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

COLORS Paint in Pantone

Product:

Peach

Manufacturer: Pantone (or other match) Description:

2430 C

Dimensions:

Location(s):

All Walls

Quantity:

Finish:

Semi-Gloss

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

Product:

Red

PT - 1 Manufacturer: Pantone

PT - 2 262

Description:

7639 C

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Highlight level changes

Quantity:

Finish:

Semi-Gloss

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

Product:

White

Manufacturer: --

PT - 3

263

Description:

Ceiling Flat

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Lounges

Quantity:

Finish:

Flat

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

RCPs

Not to Scale

Level One

264

Not to Scale

Level Two

265

LIGHTING Indoor Fixtures

Product:

High Line Shower Directional Baffle 1153AD Manufacturer: Eureka Description:

Recessed Can

Dimensions:

8”

Location(s):

Full Plan

Quantity:

approx. 95

Finish:

White

Notes:

Can be replaced with locally sourced fixture.

Product:

Bolt 74044-48

L-1 Manufacturer: Eureka

L-2 266

Description:

Woven/Upholstered lounge

Dimensions:

48”

Location(s):

Full Plan - Trusses

Quantity:

approx. 100

Finish:

Matte black

Notes:

Can be replaced with locally sourced fixture.

Product:

Scout 3048-10

Manufacturer: Eureka

L-3

267

Description:

Basic wooden platform

Dimensions:

10”

Location(s):

Walls

Quantity:

approx. 10

Finish:

Matte black

Notes:

Can be replaced with locally sourced fixture.

FLOORING Product:

Cast-in-Place Concrete

Manufacturer: -Description:

Polished Concrete

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Levels One & Two

Quantity:

Finish:

Polish

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

Product:

Cast-in-Place Concrete Sealed

PCONC - 1 Manufacturer: --

PCONC - 2 268

Description:

Sealed Polished Concrete

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Restrooms

Quantity:

Finish:

Sealed

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

269

MATERIALS Textiles, Finishes

Product:

Linen

Manufacturer: -Description:

Woven material

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Seat Cushions

Quantity:

TBD

Finish:

Notes:

Weaving and upholstery classes could be taught to residents. Source locally if possible.

U-1 Product:

Wood

Manufacturer: Revit Preset

WD - 1 270

Description:

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Doors, Kitchen Cabinets

Quantity:

Finish:

Sipo wood with clear stain,

Notes:

Source wood locally if possible.

Product:

Backsplash

Manufacturer: --

TL - 1

Description:

Colorful, hamdmade tile

Dimensions:

2” x 2”

Location(s):

Kitchen, Restrooms

Quantity:

Finish:

Grout and sealer

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

Product:

Countertop

Manufacturer: --

TL - 2 271

Description:

Colorful, hamdmade tile

Dimensions:

4” x 4”

Location(s):

Kitchen

Quantity:

Finish:

Grout and sealer

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

MATERIALS Textiles, Finishes

Product:

Shower Tile

Manufacturer: -Description:

Handmade and/or local tile

Dimensions:

2” x 8”

Location(s):

Showers

Quantity:

Finish:

Grout and sealer

Notes:

Source locally if possible.

Product:

Stone Walls

TL - 3 Manufacturer: --

ST - 1 272

Description:

Existing stone

Dimensions:

Location(s):

Exterior

Quantity:

Finish:

Notes:

273

SPECIFICATIONS IMAGE CREDITS Pages 244 - 271

S-1

Logga in. Sverige. (n.d.). https://www.aba-skol.se/sverige/sok/mobler/stol/vuxenstol?ProductID=7412001.

S-2

Cliff Dèco Lounge armchair: Italian garden furniture: Talenti. Italian garden furniture Talenti. (n.d.). https://en.talen tisrl.com/prodotti/cliff-deco-lounge-armchair/.

S-5

Steelcase. (2021, April 30). Jack Office Chairs & Seating Solutions. Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/products/ office-chairs/jack/?drawer_main=materials&drawer_sub=standard#you-may-also-like.

S - 6, 7

OFS. (n.d.). Modern Amenity. Carolina. https://carolina.ofs.com/products/seating/recliner/modern-amenity?search= modern+amenity.

S-8

Virco 9700BR. www.schooloutlet.com. (n.d.). https://www.schooloutlet.com/Virco_9700BR_Chair_Desk_p/9700br. htm?gclid=Cj0KCQjwvr6EBhDOARIsAPpqUPEMHvsiVYL7k1IUjWSljqsnjPw-xoMCX8nY6q94S-nG cfH9PVq17FUaAjywEALw_wcB&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google&back=2&utm_cam paign=SHOPPINGMID&utm_term=73335963981.

S - 10

Antique Small Child’s Stool from Senufo Tribe, Mali. at 1stDibs. (n.d.). https://www.1stdibs.com/furniture/seating/ stools/antique-small-childs-stool-from-senufo-tribe-mali/id-f_16401751/.

T-1

Grace 502: Möbler. NC Nordic Care. (2020, August 27). https://www.ncnordiccare.se/product/grace-502/?lang=en.

T-4

Steelcase. (2021, April 29). Block Side Table by Urban Tree. Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/products/occa sional-tables/block-side-table/.

T-5

Steelcase. (2021, April 29). West Elm Work Lily Pad Nesting Tables. Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/products/ occasional-tables/west-elm-work-lily-pad-nesting-tables/?drawer_main=images&drawer_sub=on-white.

SH - 1

Images Gallery. Montel. (n.d.). https://www.montel.com/en/gallery.

SH - 2

KALLAX Shelf unit with 4 inserts, white, 57 7/8x57 7/8”. Shop today! IKEA. (n.d.). https://www.ikea.com/us/en/p/ kallax-shelf-unit-with-4-inserts-white-s19278328/.

SH - 3

Steelcase. (2021, April 29). Turnstone Bivi Depot Office Cube Bookcase. Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/prod ucts/bookcases-cabinets/turnstone-bivi-depot/. Atlantic Furniture Orlando Walnut Twin Platform Bed with Open Foot Board-AR8121004. The Home Depot. (n.d.). https://www.homedepot.com/p/Atlantic-Furniture-Orlando-Walnut-Twin-Platform-Bed-with-Open-Foot- Board-AR8121004/305083854#overlay.

O-1

O-2

Steelcase. (2021, April 29). Amoeba Rug by Moooi. Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/products/rugs/amoe ba/?drawer_main=images&drawer_sub=on-white.

O-4

Velvet Islamic Prayer Rug Lattice - Blue / Orange. Modefa. (n.d.). https://www.mymodefa.com/products/velvet-is lamic-prayer-rug- lattice-blue-orange. 274

F-1

Kohler. (n.d.). Kohler Highline Comfort. Kohler. https://www.us.kohler.com/us/highline-comfort-height-two-piece- elongated-1.28-gpf-chair-height-toilet/productDetail/toilets/428270.htm?skuId=409860.

F-2

Kohler. (n.d.). Caxton Rectangular. Kohler. https://www.us.kohler.com/us/caxton-rectangle-under mount-bathroom-sink-with-overflow-and-clamp-assembly/productDetail/bathroom-sinks/1267108.htm? skuId=1267027&amp;brandId=429745.

F-3

Kohler. (n.d.). Kumin Single-Handle Bathroom Sink Faucet. Kohler. https://www.us.kohler.com/us/kumin-sin gle-handle-bathroom-sink-faucet/productDetail/sink-faucets/1357019.htm?skuId=1356970&amp;bran dId=1152558.

PT - 1, 2, 3 Pantone. (n.d.). Find a Pantone Color: Quick Online Color Tool: Pantone. pantone.com. https://www.pantone.com/ color-finder.

L - 1, 2, 3 Products. Eureka Lighting. (n.d.). https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/. PCONC - 1, 5 Free Concrete Textures (PNG). Unblast. (2020, February 4). https://unblast.com/10-free-concrete-textures-png/. 2 Cliff Dèco Pouf: Italian garden furniture: Talenti. Italian garden furniture Talenti. (n.d.). https://en.talentisrl.com/pro U-1

dotti/cliff-deco-pouf/.

TL - 1

What is Seamless Bathroom Tile and Where Do I Use It? Edesia Kitchen & Bath Studio. (n.d.). https://www.ede siakbs.com/blog/what-is-seamless-bathroom-tile-and-where-do-i-use-it.

TL - 2

Seamless Blue Tile Texture. Second Life Marketplace. (n.d.). https://marketplace.secondlife.com/fr-FR/p/Seamless- Blue-Tile-Texture/15447293?lang=fr-FR.

TL - 3

Seamless Pattern With Modern Vertical Rectangular White Tiles. Realistic Texture. Illustration. Freepik. (2020, April 16). https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/seamless-pattern-with-modern-vertical-rectangu lar-white-tiles-realistic-texture-illustration_7668734.htm.

ST - 1

Tuytel, R. (n.d.). broken_wall. Texture Haven. https://texturehaven.com/tex/?t=broken_wall.

* images not cited were created by author Williams, Ellie (2020 - 2021)

275

REFERENCES

Additional citations from literature review and research. All uncited images and diagrams were created by the author.

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* All other images, graphs, and diagrams were created by the author. Williams,Ellie, (2020 - 2021).

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