AY23-24_501.03+.04_KAYE_Fall Final Booklet

Siwa EcoLab:

Pioneering Climate Responsive Architecture Eliza Kaye Arch 501 - HMS 497B Tribus Dwyre De Looz

Table of Contents: Abstract

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Keywords

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Essay: Introduction

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Background: The Climate Crisis

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Proposal

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Experimental Opportunities

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Context

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Method

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Site Specifics

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Bibliography

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Degree Project in collaboration with Gina Garafola

Abstract This essay delves into the intricate relationship between collectivity and vernacular architecture and their potential to shape a more sustainable future. Vernacular architecture, deeply rooted in local traditions and practices, embodies the comunal wisdom of generations, skillfully adapting to environmental conditions and societal needs. Simultaneously, the concept of collectivity underscores the collaborative endeavors of individuals working towards common goals, fostering a sense of community and shared responsibility. By examining the confluence of these two dynamics, we unveil a promising avenue for sustainable design and construction practices.

The study explores the historical evolution of vernacular architecture, showcasing its role in harmonizing human habitation with nature through adaptations to local climates, available materials, and cultural norms. It also investigates the ways in which collectivity is harnessed in vernacular architectural practices, emphasizing community engagement, knowledge sharing, and mutual support in construction projects.

Addressing the environmental and societal challenges posed by the climate crisis through the synergistic integration of vernacular architecture techniques and a heightened sense of collectivity allows us to pull inspiration from a historical context while planning for the future. A focus is placed on the aftermath of deforestation, and how the vernacular can act as a resolution to its environmental consequences. The research investigates the potential of traditional building methods that are inherently rooted in local wisdom and adaptability to the specific needs of deforested regions. Drawing on indigenous knowledge and craftsmanship, vernacular techniques are harnessed to construct eco-friendly structures that promote resource efficiency, biodiversity conservation, and resilience to climatic changes. This knowledge empowers architects and planners to make informed decisions that not only serve immediate community needs but also contribute to a sustainable and harmonious world for future generations.

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SOIL EROSION

DROUGHT

K e y w o r d s

INSULATION

a material or layer used to reduce the transfer of heat

LANDSCAPE

the overall appearance and character of a geographical area as it can be seen and experienced

DEFORESTATION

DESERTIFICATION

process of clearing forests, often for short term economic gain but resulting in long term environmental losses

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture

FLOODING

VERNACULAR

increase in elevation of surrounding water bodies to rise past typical heights

hyperlocal design highlighting climate, cultural, and economic conditions by a utilitarian approach; often sustainable by default

INFRASTRUCTURE

PIAZZA

the basic physical and organizational framework of a society

COLLECTIVE HOUSING

a type of residential arrangement where multiple individuals or families share common space or resources

open public space nestled within cityscape

PUBLIC

accessible by the general population

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AFFORESTATION

BIODIVERSITY

BIOMIMETRIC

the process of establishing a forest on land that was previously not covered by forest, with the aim of combating deforestation

the variety of living organisms in a particular ecosystem, including the diversity of species, genes, and ecosystems

taking inspiration from the thoughtful solutions found in nature within design

COLLECTIVITY

GLOBAL WARMING

WATER

shared interest in the good of the group

widespread rise in temperature due to increased greenhouse gasses

essential, versatile, widespread element necessary in everyday life

OASIS

AQUEDUCT

CISTERN

fertile area with a water source in a desert

system of channels to transport water

underground tank for storing rain water

LABRATORY

HYPERLOCAL

MICROCOSM

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Essay: Introduction

I can’t remember the first time that I heard about climate change. I am not sure if it was in a middle school science class with our teacher trying to explain greenhouse gasses to a room full of unruly kids, or some gloomy anecdote on the news I overheard in the living room during breakfast about the dangers of buying beachfront houses with the rising tides.

By the time I was around halfway through highschool, the compilation of these grim bits of information had added up enough to leave a lasting impression on me.

When I was around 16 and everyone was trying to paint a picture of what we all wanted to spend our futures working on, choosing what colleges to go to or what to major in, I had little idea of what direction I wanted to go. All I knew was that I felt I had the responsibility of saving the world… As naive as this sounds, I still feel this way. Now in my fifth year of architecture school I feel now more than ever the crushing weight that comes along with being educated on the climate crisis.

Although attimes it feels admittedly overwhelming and out of my hands, I work every day to ensure that my role in this field can make a difference.

With negative foresight being thrown at us from every direction it is hard to stay optimistic about what the future holds for us, but I simply am not comfortable with the idea of giving into this pessimistic perspective.

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Although I view architecture as a solution to lowering emissions, reducing waste, and overall a field in which can play a major role in aiding the climate crisis, we first need to understand the problems it has that have pushed us to our current state. According to Architecture 2030, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization established in 2002 to report on the intersection between climate change and architecture, 42% of all global greenhouse gas emissions are linked to infrastructure. Within that figure building operations are responsible for approximately 27% annually, while the embodied carbon of just four building and infrastructure materials – cement, iron, steel, and aluminum – are responsible for the remaining 15%. These numbers are astounding. If it was possible to assume an ideal future in which infrastructure had no CO2 emissions 2040, we would successfully reach the 1.5 degree celsius climate target put in place by the UN. As naive as I may be, I understand that this is not feasible but there is no harm in doing everything within our power to get as close as possible, and hope that other fields will as well.

Although in the short term it may be more cost efficient to ignore environmentally conscious design decisions, it will end up costing billions in the long run. The effects of this are already present today, with a billion dollar climate event happening in the US every three weeks now compared to once every four months in the 1980s according to NOAA, the government run National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate change will affect everyone, but hurt some more than others. We have the responsibility to protect our neighbors near and far and make choices that are for the common good. While there is a level of freedom that comes within the field of architecture, there is also an entire world that relies on designers to have their interest in mind. Elements such as material are a shared resource, but being critical within the decision process is essential. Within the context of a shared planet, there is opportunity to categorize materials and the built environment as a “common”.

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Raj Patel, an award winning author and critically acclaimed academic, explains the concept of commons within his article “The Case for the Commons” by describing that “A commons is a resource, most often land, and refers both to the territory and to the ways people allocate the goods that come from that land. The commons has traditionally provided food, fuel, water, and medicinal plants for those who used it”(Commons 1). He works to explain the commons to his understanding and define it by looking through different lenses to find a logical constant between them. He presents his knowledge within a series of story-like anecdotes, and since it is a complex topic, he uses well understood examples throughout history to paint a more tangible picture for the reader. Connecting these ideas within modern day aids to solidify the concept within our current understanding. He begins this reading by talking about common misconceptions of the word, saying that his first assumption about its meaning was centered around “being rich, white, and aggressively drunk” (Commons 1) or within the context of British parliament and American shopping malls. He later describes the more primal connotations the word has. Throughout time there have always been examples of commons, whether it be agricultural land, water resources, or animals for hunting. Within a modern context it can be understood on another level, with platforms such as Wikipedia that acts as a free resource to provide information to the masses, or Spotify which nearly 600 million people rely on for music or podcasts annually.

Understanding the text was the first, and very necessary step of our process within this research. Once the concept was grasped we began to push the boundaries and explore the extent of what this dense word has the power of describing, even relating it to the sun or social media platforms. This exploration let us experiment with trial and error to see which elements could be useful for our upcoming degree project. After much deliberation we are focusing on its aspect of collectivity, and how having shared resources can help us design infrastructure that allows people to share specific elements of their everyday lives to decrease their individual environmental footprint.

Image by Dave Cutler for PNAS Displaying the tragedy of the commons, a concept describing the depletion or degradation of a shared resource due to individual users acting in their own self-interest, leading to overall detriment.

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Image by Shafa Diandra for The Deisgn Story Vernacular home within Burkina Faso, Africa made with locally sources materials and climate appropriate construction.

With communal elements in mind, we began to branch off and look into the term vernacular with the help of Discovering The Vernacular Landscape by JB Jackson who, by the New York Times, is considered “America’s greatest living writer on the forces that have shaped the land this nation occupies.” He does an incredible job at capturing the essence of what it means to be truly vernacular, describing it in a multitude of ways, including that it encapsulates the idea of hyperlocality, of using local materials and techniques specific to the direct environment, and that these structures are pushed forth on a purely functional and need-based approach rather than focusing on aesthetics or ornamentation. They skillfully use elements that contribute to a comfortable space through manipulation of land, water, and air, like increasing insulation and encouraging ventilation to keep a temperate climate within. While each geographic location has ancient vernacular architectures that look wildly different, they come from the same basic needs. Jackson describes that “The familiar serves as a point of departure… human nature satisfies its needs in many ways, but the needs everywhere are essentially the same”(Vernacular 11). Although various regional elements like climate, culture, location etc. play a role in how these techniques present themselves, each comes with the same goal of protecting the people concerned and doing so in an efficient manner. This concept has sparked a passionate interest within the vernacular, and is now one of the driving factors within my degree project as I aim to create modern architecture that uses this approach to design a sustainable future.

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Given the severity of the climate crisis, how can a heightened sense of collectivity intertwine with vernacular techniques to create sustainable infrastructure?

The intersection of the vernacular and collectivity is undeniable, but bringing these concepts into modern day design is a challenging yet highly rewarding feat that we plan to further explore within the coming months. Viewing the built environment through the lens of the vernacular draws forth the concept of working on a community scale rather than the individual. Emphasizing hyperlocality by incorporating elements specific to a distinct region, which are keenly attuned to their unique settings in design, often results in sustainability by default. Adopting methods employed in ancient or indigenous building practices should be promoted on a broader scale to effectively reduce global emissions. When these design methods were established they were deemed the most efficient way to handle various climate conditions, and so skillfully done at that. Taking inspiration from them would not only create environments better suited for the occupants, but they would also drastically reduce the resulting environmental consequences of infrastructure. Nodding to the past to influence our future seems to be one of the most effective and practical ways that we can make large scale improvements within the field of architecture, fostering a sense of continuity and cultural identity while adapting to the evolving needs of society.

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Background: The Climate As we all know, climate change has been an increasing problem for years, and although a select few are making a solid effort to slow down temperature rise, it is not nearly enough. The consequences of climate change are catastrophic and seen on every inch of the planet. Unless there are drastic measures taken soon, we have a very grim future ahead of us.

This project highlights the effects of rising temperatures and aims to not only raise awareness of the issue but, but also present a productive route to mitigating the consequences and adapting to the altered climate conditions that will result.

InfoGraphics by Nature.com with data sourced from IOP Science displaying global affects of climate change within different stages of temperature rise.

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Crisis

For this project, focus is placed on one major consequence of the climate crisis, desertification.

Desrtification- the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agricultural practices

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D e s e r t i f i c a t i o n

While land degradation has occurred throughout history, the pace has accelerated, reaching 30 to 35 times the historical rate, according to the United Nations. This degradation tends to be driven by a number of factors, including urbanization, mining, farming, and ranching.

The UNCCD estimates that around 12m hectares of productive land are lost to desertification and drought each year.

This is an area that could produce 20m tonnes of grain annually.

The population living in drylands across the world is projected to increase by 43% to four billion by 2050.

“Desertification is one of the greatest In general, the global area of drylands environmental problems, affecting is expected to expand as the climate approximately one-fifth of the warms. Projections under the RCP4.5 world population and 25% of global and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios suggest terrestrial land (Christian et al., 2018; drylands will increase by 11% and 23%, D’Odorico et al., 2013; Etemadi et al., respectively, compared to 1961-90. This 2018). An additional 200,000 km2 would mean drylands could make up of productive land is lost due to either 50% or 56%, respectively, of the desertification every year.

Earth’s land surface by the end of this Significant differences exist among century, up from around 38% today. different regions. In a study on grassland degradation, Abraham et al. (2016) showed that rising temperature would increase the risk of desertification in North America.

However, Guo et al. (2021) show that the decrease of precipitation is the main factor causing grassland degradation and desertification increase in Inner Mongolia.

Potential desert lands are sparsely vegetated areas with 20–60% vegetation coverage, and they are mainly distributed around oases, the edges of deserts, and ecotones between agricultural and animal husbandry areas (Nunez et al., 2010).

Desert lands are areas with less than 20% vegetation coverage and are dominated by sandy soil (Castellano and Valone, 2007; Nunez et al., 2010).

Potential desert lands and desert lands can transform into each other, mainly driven by climate change and human activities.”

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Graphics by UCAR-University Corporation of Atmosphereric Research illustrating chronological predicted increase in arid land to 2099.

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Siwa EcoLab: Pioneering Climate Responsive Architecture In response to the escalating climate crisis, we propose the establishment of Siwa EcoLab, a state-of-the-art research center situated in the Siwa Oasis, Egypt. Our vision for Siwa EcoLab goes beyond conventional architectural endeavors; it is an interdisciplinary hub where architects and scientists collaborate to innovate and experiment with various mediums to address the urgent challenges posed by a changing climate. This proposal seeks to create a network of knowledge and collective action, harnessing the potential of local vernacular techniques while embracing a heightened sense of collectivity.

We conceived Siwa EcoLab with the aim of embodying a central platform that echoes the collaborative spirit reminiscent of Team 10. Team 10 played a crucial role in developing architectural theory and practice, challenging the prevailing modernist ideas of the time. In our project, a collaborative team with a range of expertise and diverse skill sets can brainstorm and develop solutions far beyond those currently circulating.

This collaborative effort will foster the emergence of a more comprehensive approach to sustainable design.

The Siwa Oasis, within the Egyptian Western Desert, serves as an ideal locale for Siwa EcoLab. This arid landscape allows for the simulation of desertification, offering a unique opportunity to develop and refine architectural solutions applicable to global challenges. Siwa EcoLab will be an epicenter for trailblazing research on biomaterials, passive climate control, water-efficient agriculture, and more. The facility will not only provide laboratories and workspaces but also include living quarters for researchers, fostering an immersive experience conducive to continuous exploration and collaboration.

Under the title “Siwa EcoLab: Pioneering Climate Responsive Architecture,” our research has brought us to ask, given the severity of the climate crisis, how can a heightened sense of collectivity intertwine with vernacular techniques to create sustainable infrastructure?

Siwa EcoLab will become a source of inspiration, demonstrating that innovative architecture, grounded in local wisdom, can lead the way in responding to the pressing challenges posed by climate change.

Collectivity and knowledge-sharing are paramount to the Siwa EcoLab ethos.

The facility is designed to encourage collaboration among diverse experts, not only to solve complex problems but also to integrate lessons from local vernacular architecture into their research. This dual approach will yield holistic, culturally sensitive solutions that resonate with the unique context of the Siwa Oasis.

Image of the Siwa Oasis community by AhramOnline

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Image of the Siwa Oasis by Enas El Masry for Medium

An essential aspect of the facility is its integration with the local community. As we proceed, further refinement is required for the programmatic functions and the integration of Siwa EcoLab within the established public realm of the city. This involves fine-tuning how the facility engages with the local context to ensure seamless integration and shared success.

Learning from the rich history of Siwan architecture while actively engaging with the community paves the way to create a symbiotic relationship, fostering understanding, and promoting sustainable development.

Siwa EcoLab serves as a living testament to the potential for coexistence with the desert environment. By showcasing innovative solutions, we aim to inspire action and raise awareness about the impending climate crisis. The facility underscores the importance of proactive measures to prevent a future where living conditions are dictated by extreme climatic events.

While we embrace forward-thinking concepts, we acknowledge the wisdom embedded in historical success. Siwa EcoLab is a manifestation of the fusion of tradition and innovation, aligning itself with proven methods while pioneering futuristic ideas. In doing so, we create a blueprint for a sustainable future that respects the lessons of the past.

Siwa EcoLab is not merely a research facility; it is a manifestation of our commitment to forging a sustainable and resilient future. Grounded in the Siwan landscape, enriched by collective wisdom, and driven by innovation, Siwa EcoLab stands as a flicker of optimism and acts as a testament to the transformative power of climate-responsive architecture.

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E x p e r i m e n t a l

O p p o r t

Within the research lab there are endless possibilities for exploration, we picture these being some of many routes the team will take:

material exploration innovative technique untraditonal combinations efficient designs desert specifics agricultural advancements biomimetric inspiration

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u n i t i e s

“Inspired by our study of the existing Flora on site.

Following the Biomimicry principles, we are looking at natural models [for example here a Pine Cone] that can help to harvest rain water, and related principles such as Combining Modular and Nested Components, and Integrating the Unexpected.”- TheOtherData for WorldPress

Platanenkubus Nagold / Ludwig.Schoenle Containers used to grow young trees to act as enclosure

Thinness Pavilion- Image by Blaine Brownell for Architects Magazine: created a multi-vaulted structure made of fiber-reinforced concrete modules to explore the potential contradictions between literal and figurative mass

“An experimental prototype shelter designed by an architecture design studio at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy, New York, wants to turn that packaging into structurally-sound shelters.” By Jonathon Hilburg for The Architect’s Newspaper “Fog-catchers are specifically designed structures that include a series of meshes and serve to catch water droplets from fog or cloud masses that pass through them. We propose a design to use these devices and integrate them, as part of the urban furniture, in the public spaces of cities.” By Juan Guardiola Cutillas of Amusement Logic Architects

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C o n t e x t Why Siwa?

HISTORIC INSPIRATION

MICROCOSM

FERTILE CRESCENT

LIFE-SUSTAINING

LOCAL EXPERTISE

Establishing an exploratory climate-oriented design research facility in the Siwa Oasis would play a vital role in addressing the contemporary challenges posed by global climate change. As our planet grapples with escalating environmental issues, the choice of a desert locale like Siwa becomes crucial due to its inherent connection with the expanding desertification phenomenon worldwide. The Siwa Oasis, nestled within the vast expanse of the Egyptian Western Desert, provides a unique setting to study and understand the intricacies of climate change, particularly in arid regions where the impacts are most acutely felt.

Deserts, such as the one surrounding Siwa, are crucial indicators of the challenges associated with climate change, notably desertification. The Siwa Oasis acts as a microcosm, offering researchers a real-time laboratory to observe and analyze not only the consequences of climate change on ecosystems, but also to experiment with innovative ways to increase design efficiency within a specific climate that replicates the desert we will see exponentially. By situating a research facility in Siwa, we gain an invaluable vantage point to examine the nuanced interactions between climate variables, vegetation, and water resources in a desert environment. This locale provides a living case study that can yield insights applicable on a global scale, enhancing our understanding of climate dynamics and informing sustainable building strategies for mitigation and adaptation.

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Siwa’s historical resilience and expertise in constructing within a desert landscape present an invaluable resource for the development and operation of a cuttingedge research facility. The Siwan people have cultivated a deep understanding of the delicate balance required to thrive in a challenging environment, exemplified by their ancient agricultural practices and architectural innovations. Collaborating with the local community can provide crucial insights into sustainable design, resource management, and community resilience. The shared history of human habitation in arid environments allows us to draw upon the wisdom accumulated over centuries, fostering a collaborative approach that integrates traditional knowledge with modern scientific advancements.

Within this endeavor we acknowledge the importance of community engagement and knowledge exchange. The local expertise can contribute significantly to the success of research initiatives, ensuring that the facility aligns with the community’s needs and respects the delicate ecological balance of the oasis. Establishing partnerships with local institutions and incorporating indigenous knowledge into research methodologies not only enhances the scientific rigor of our studies, but also promotes a holistic and culturally sensitive approach to addressing climate challenges. By establishing a research facility in Siwa, we can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of climate dynamics, including the impacts of climate change on water resources, biodiversity, and human livelihoods in arid regions.

The establishment of a climate-oriented research facility in the Siwa Oasis is a visionary initiative that aligns with the imperative to address the escalating challenges of climate change. Siwa’s role as a microcosm of desertification, coupled with its rich history of sustainable living in arid environments, positions it as an ideal location for cutting-edge research. Through collaboration with the local community and integration of traditional knowledge, the facility can become a beacon of innovation in the pursuit of sustainable solutions to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change on a global scale. The found knowledge should be widely learned and implemented globally, so we picture holding galleries within museums throughout big cities to showcase our findings and spread the word of climate urgency and our innovative solutions.

Natural History Museum - NYC

Climate Action Museum - Chicago

Natural History Museum - Paris

Climate Museum - Netherlands

Natural History Museum - London

UCCA Dune Art Museum - China

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M e t h o d This venture is no simple feat, but I feel as though my years of architecture school and my many years of being passionate about sustainability have prepared me sufficiently.

Throughout my schooling at Pratt I have not only incorporated sustainable elements into each of my designs every semester, but I have also taken upon a minor in Sustainability Studies. From learning about ecology, passive house design, biomaterials, physiological effects of a sustainable space, energy consumption, and many more intricacies of the field and those related, I plan to synthesize this knowledge to effectively incorporate it throughout the design process.

Programmatically speaking, the facility will have the laboratory, living quarters including cafeteria, education space, and an agricultural element. Each element of this will be designed in such a way that not only is built and maintained in the most sustainable and efficient manner possible, but they will attempt to give back to the landscape and community as well. For example, we will have fog-catching nets similar to those designed

by CloudFisher and installed in Morocco. Their installation is located within an incredibly dry environment, but has been able to capture enough water to supply 800 of the local residents, including their agricultural and drinking needs. We will also be taking into consideration the vernacular architecture of the area, seeing what the locals have deemed most efficient and incorporating the elements that fit, the most notable being material.

Image of CloudFischer project in Morrocco by Evolving Science. Instillation captures humidity to aid the local community experiencing long term drought.

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In the Siwa Oasis, traditional construction materials are carefully chosen to address the unique challenges posed by the arid desert environment. One prominent material is kershef, a mixture of salt, mud, and local rock or palm fibers. Kershef has excellent insulating properties, helping to regulate indoor temperatures in the face of extreme heat. This material is often used in the construction of traditional Siwan homes, providing a natural and effective means of thermal control. Palm trees, abundant in the oasis, contribute significantly to the local construction industry. Palm wood and leaves are utilized in various ways, such as in the creation of structural elements, roofing, and shading devices. The versatility of palm materials allows for sustainable and locally-sourced building solutions. Another material that is often featured is the use of sun-dried bricks made from a mixture of mud and straw. These bricks provide a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative, reflecting the traditional construction practices that have evolved over generations. The utilization of locally derived materials not only reduces the carbon footprint associated with transportation but also bolsters the regional economy by supporting local industries and artisans. Additionally, this approach encourages a sense of pride and ownership among community members, as they actively participate in the preservation of their cultural heritage and contribute to the overall well-being of the Siwa Oasis. By harnessing the potential of indigenous materials, we not only minimize environmental impact but also lay the foundation for a more ecologically sensitive and economically vibrant future for Siwa, where sustainable construction practices serve as a catalyst for holistic community development.

Image by Michael Hermann for Wikipedia Commons depicting brick building with design and plaster of kershef, in Siwa, Oasis, Egypt.

Image of traditional Siwan building method by Egyptian Portal

Image of traditional Siwan building method by Kemetale

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S i t e

S p e c i f i c s

Built Area Agriculture Irrigated Agriculture Spring Water Sand The Siwa Oasis- broken down by exhisting programatic land use including built area, agriculture, irrigated agriculture, spring water, and desert sand.

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N29° 15’ Perimeter: 3.28 m

Living Space

Area: .54 m²

Office Lab/ Workshop Cafeteria

Agriculture

Within the oasis community the specific site chosen for the facility is within close proxomity to main roads and the built city, but is positioned outward of their agricultural land as to not interfere with exhisting properties.

The local community has mastered desert specific vernacular techniques, and we do not want that to go to waste. They have inhabited this land for centuries and understand it on a level that newcomers could only dream of, so we see it as vital to incorporate them into the space as well. The facility could hold a weekly open house to allow locals into the space to gain an understanding of the work being done, with stalls at their various marketplaces to spread the word of this. We also plan to hire local craftsman, architects, scientist, farmers, and whoever is knowledgeable of the land to work within the space alongside the others to further their research.

Although this prospect is no simple feat, there is an urgent need for climate concious action and this proposal will allow for a multitude of innovative solutions to the exponentially growing problem of desertification.

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“Klimatorium Climate Center | 3XN+SLA.” Arch20, 6 Nov. 2021, www.arch2o.com/klima- “Matera Map.” Orange Smile, www.orangesmile.com/common/ img_city_maps/matera-map-1.jpg. torium-climate-center-3xn-sla/.

“Tij Observatory | RAU Architects + RO&AD Architecten - Arch2O.com.” Arch20, www.

Mauro, Davide. “Italiano: Mappa Dei Sassi.” Wikimedia Commons, 19 Aug. 2020, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mappa_dei_Sassi. jpg. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

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Siwa Culture

Vernacular Case Study: Trulli Homes, Alberobello

Masry, Enas El. “5 Common Misconceptions about Egypt’s Siwa Oasis.” Medium, 17 Oct. 2016, medium.com/@enaselmasry/5-common-misconceptions-about-egypts-siwa-oasis-61da116d5383. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. “The Trulli of Alberobello.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre, whc.unesco.org/en/list/787/.

“Siwa Oasis: Folklore and Cultural Identity.”

Folkculturebh.org, folkculturebh.org/en/index. php?issue=17&page=article&id=157. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

“The Trulli of Alberobello.” Expoaus.org, 2012, www.expoaus.org/ the-trulli-of-alberobello-uso7.

Co-living

“Women’s Freedom Comes Slowly to a Sleepy Oasis.” Time, Amany Radwan, content.time.com/ time/world/article/0,8599,1630445,00.html.

Siwa Landscape Abdulaziz, Abdulaziz M., and Abdalla M. Faid.

“Evaluation of the Groundwater Resources Potential of Siwa Oasis Using Three-Dimensional Multilayer Groundwater Flow Model, Mersa Matruh Governorate, Egypt.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 8, no. 2, 28 Dec. 2013, pp.

659–675, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1199-4.

Accessed 5 Jan. 2022.

“Mapping Soil Salinity and Evaluation of Water Quality in Siwa Oasis Using GIS.” Https://Www. researchgate.net/Publication/316526599_Mapping_Soil_Salinity_and_Evaluation_of_Water_Quality_in_Siwa_Oasis_Using_GIS, Research Gate.

“Siwa Oasis | Системы сельскохозяйственного наследия мирового значения (ГИАХС) | Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация Объединенных Наций | GIAHS | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.” Www.fao.org, www.fao.org/giahs/ giahsaroundtheworld/designated-sites/blizhnii-vostok-i-severnaja-afrika/siwa-oasis/ru/.

“The Wet with the Dry: The Geology of Siwa Oasis.” Four Degrees, blogs.egu.eu/network/4degrees/2014/03/10/the-wet-with-the-dry-the-geology-of-siwa-oasis/.

Siwa Vernacular Architecture Vacations, Insight. “From Islamic to Art Deco: A Rich History of Moroccan Architecture.” Insight Vacations, 14 Nov. 2022, www.insightvacations. com/blog/moroccan-architecture/#:~:text=In%20 Morocco%2C%20the%20Berbers%20built. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

“I Trulli E L’architettura Bioclimatica.” Www.studioarchitetturabp. it, www.studioarchitetturabp.it/it/page/26-i-trulli-e-l-architettura-bioclimatica.html. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

“A-001 Taller de Arquitectura , Sandra Pereznieto · Coliving Interlomas.” Divisare, divisare.com/projects/448866-a-001-taller-de-arquitectura-sandra-pereznieto-coliving-interlomas Alvin. “Introduction to Co-Housing in Denmark.” New Spatial Fields, 10 Feb. 2016, newspitalfields.wordpress.com/2016/02/10/ introduction-to-co-housing-in-denmark/.

“Ch+Qs Arquitectos.” ArchDaily, www.archdaily.com/office/ ch-plus-qs-arquitectos?ad_name=project-specs&ad_medium=single. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

“Collective Living | Tag | ArchDaily.” Www.archdaily.com, 1 Nov. 2022, www.archdaily.com/tag/collective-living. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

“LT Josai Shared House / Naruse Inokuma Architects.” ArchDaily, 18 Apr. 2014, www.archdaily.com/497357/lt-josai-naruse-inokuma-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab.

“Tetuan Coliving / Ch+Qs Arquitectos.” ArchDaily, 18 Dec. 2019, www.archdaily.com/930394/tetuan-coliving-ch-plus-qs-arquitectos?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

“The History of Cohousing.” Canadian Cohousing Network, cohousing.ca/about-cohousing/history-of-cohousing/.

“The Rise of Co-Living: Designing for Communal Life.” ArchDaily, 28 Dec. 2021, www.archdaily.com/974269/the-rise-of-co-livingdesigning-for-communal-life. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

Siwa History “Fertile Crescent | National Geographic Society.” Education. nationalgeographic.org, education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/fertile-crescent/.

Arab World Books. “The History of Siwa Oasis.” Www.arabworldbooks.com, www.arabworldbooks.com/en/e-zine/the-history-of-siwa-oasis.

Siwa Travel kiyzo. “Siwa Oasis How to Get There - Ultimate Travel Guide.” Kiyzo, 22 Apr. 2021, www.kiyzo.com/siwa-oasis-how-to-get-there-ultimate-travel-guide/#:~:text=The%20closest%20airport%20to%20 Siwa. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

25

“The best way to predict the future is to design it.”

-Abraham Lincoln