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Historyhasshownthatforecastingthefuturehasbecomeascience andperhapsevenanart.
In:P.vanderDuiandR.Kok, Mindthegap–linkingforecastingwith decisionmaking. Telektronikk,December2004.
MobileBroadbandMultimedia Networks Techniques,ModelsandToolsfor4G Editedby LuísCorreia
Amsterdam•Boston•Heidelberg•London•NewYork•Oxford
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP 84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK 30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USA 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,California92101-4495,USA
Firstedition2006
Copyright©2006,LuísM.Correia.PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved
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Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermission ofthepublisher
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ISBN–13:978-0-12-369422-5
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1Introduction 1 1.1Trendsandevolution1 1 1.2Scopeofthebook 3
2Transmissiontechniques6
2.1Introduction 6
2.2OFDMsystems 7
2.2.1Introduction7
2.2.2OFDM:averydynamicsignal9
2.2.3EnhancingOFDMsystems15
2.3CDMAsystems 21
2.3.1Introduction21
2.3.2WidebandCDMA23
2.3.3TimedivisionCDMA25
2.3.4MulticarrierCDMA28 References 29
3Signalprocessing35
3.1Introduction 35
3.2Modulationandcoding37
3.2.1Advancedcodingandmodulationissues38
3.2.2Ultrawidebandwidth41
3.2.3Systemperformanceevaluation43
3.2.4Implementationissues45
3.3Equalisation 51
3.3.1Introduction51
3.3.2Transmissionmodel52
3.3.3Pre-equalisation53
3.3.4SISOequalisation57
3.3.5MIMOequalisation59
3.4Synchronisationandchannelstateestimation65
3.4.1Iterativetechnique66
3.4.2Channelstateestimationandprediction72
3.4.3Performanceevaluationandfundamentallimits75
3.4.4Sequencesynchronisationtechnique77
3.5Multi-usersystemsandmulti-userdetection79
3.5.1Multi-userMIMOtransmission80
3.5.2Multi-userdetectorsforDS-CDMA82
3.5.3Multi-userdetectionforMC-CDMAwithspatialdiversity88
3.6Linkadaptationandrate-adaptivesystems90
3.6.1Introductiontolinkadaptation90
3.6.2Impactofimperfectchannelstateinformation92
3.6.3LinkadaptationinMIMOsystems94
3.6.4LinkadaptationinOFDMsystems102
3.6.5Linkadaptationincurrentandupcomingwirelessstandards104
References 107
4Propagationmodellingandchannelcharacterisation119
4.1Introduction 119
4.2EMtheoryanddiffusescattering120
4.2.1Integralmethods120
4.2.2Differentialequationmethods124
4.2.3Raymethods127
4.3Deterministicpropagationmodelling129
4.3.1Introduction129
4.3.2Inputdatabaseissues130
4.3.3Electromagneticmodels134
4.3.4Raymodels136
4.3.5Advancedtechniquesforraymodels139
4.3.6Applicationsofraymodels146
4.3.7Simplifiedorhybridmodels152
4.4Channelmeasurementsandparameterestimation157
4.4.1Measurementscenarios157
4.4.2Channelsoundingtechniques158
4.4.3Parameterestimation160
4.4.4Deviceperformanceandreliabilityofchannelstructureestimates165 4.5Channelcharacterisation167
4.5.1Introduction167
4.5.2Statisticalprocessingofmeasurements168
4.5.3Pathlossandbuildingpenetration169
4.5.4Long-termfading176
4.5.5Narrowbandshort-termfading178
4.5.6Widebandshort-termfading181
4.5.7Temporalandangulardispersion186
4.5.8Fadingprediction198
References 202
5Antennasanddiversity:fromnarrowbandtoultrawideband218
5.1Introduction 218
5.2Antennaperformanceassessmentofmobilehandsets219
5.2.1Introduction219
5.2.2Figuresofmerit220
5.2.3Measurementmethods222
5.2.4Factorsinfluencingthemeasurementaccuracy226
5.2.5Figureofmeritcomparisons246
5.2.6Handsetdesignaspects248
5.3Diversitytechniques253
5.3.1Introduction:diversity,anoldconceptwithrenewedinterest253
5.3.2Diversityonreceivers254
5.3.3DiversityinthecontextofMIMOtechniques259
5.4UltraWideBand 263
5.4.1Introduction263
5.4.2Radiochannelmeasurements264
5.4.3Radiochannelmodels268
5.4.4Antennaaspects269
References 270
6MIMOchannelmodelling277
6.1Introduction 277
6.2Scenarios 279
6.2.1Introduction279
6.2.2Concept 280
6.2.3Indoorscenarios281
6.2.4Outdoorscenarios283
6.3PhysicallymotivatedMIMOchannelmodellingandsimulation287
6.3.1Introduction287
6.3.2Radiochannelmodelling288
6.3.3Simulation296
6.3.4MIMOhardwarechannelemulators300
6.4Antennaconfigurations302
6.4.1QualitymeasuresforMIMOantennas303
6.4.2Powerconsiderations308
6.4.3IntegrationofMIMOantennasintohandsets310
6.4.4Summaryandfuturetopics314
6.5AnalyticalMultiple-InputMultiple-Out(MIMO)channelmodels315
6.5.1Correlation-basedmodels315
6.5.2Coupling-basedmodels317
6.5.3Comparingcorrelationmatrices319
6.5.4ModelperformancecomparisonforRayleighchannels319
6.5.5PracticaluseofanalyticalMIMOchannelmodels325
6.6Multi-antennaradiomeasurementsandresults326
6.6.1Introduction326
6.6.2Directionalmulti-antennameasurements326
6.6.3MIMOmeasurementsofcombinedchannelandantennaresponses339
6.7Modelvalidationandrelatedmetrics348
6.7.1Introduction348
6.7.2Aboutexperimentalvalidation349
6.7.3Metricsformultiplexinggain350
6.7.4Multipathrichnessandmultipathstructure355
6.7.5Spatialcorrelation359
6.7.6AmetricforMIMOchanneldiversity361
6.7.7Ametricforbeamforming362
6.7.8Miscellaneous363
6.8TheCOST273MIMOchannelmodel364
6.8.1Introduction364
6.8.2Consideredenvironments364
Contents
6.8.3Genericchannelmodel366
6.8.4Parametervaluesinthedifferentenvironments378 References 384
7MIMOsystems398
7.1Introduction 398
7.2Information-theoreticaspects399
7.2.1CapacityofsinglelinkMIMOsystems399
7.2.2Capacityofmulti-userMIMOsystems401
7.2.3CapacityofMIMOsystemswithrelays402
7.3Arrayprocessingandbeamforming402
7.3.1Antennaselection403
7.3.2Beamforming403
7.3.3Uplinkarrayprocessing403
7.3.4Downlinkarrayprocessing405
7.3.5Channelestimation407
7.3.6Time-varyingchannels409
7.3.7Applicationsofarrayprocessing410
7.3.8Eigenbeamforming412
7.4MIMOtransmissiontechniques417
7.4.1Introduction417
7.4.2Space-timetransmitterdesign417
7.4.3Space-timereceiverdesign420
7.4.4Space-timetransceiverperformance424
7.4.5Real-valuednotationanditsapplications428
7.4.6Distributedandcooperativespace-timesystems431
7.5NetworkAspects432
7.5.1CapacityofMIMOsystems433
7.5.2MultihopMIMOarchitectures435 References 436
8Radionetworkaspects443
8.1Introduction 443
8.2MORANS 444
8.2.1GoalsoftheMORANSinitiative444
8.2.2Structureofthereferencemodel444
8.2.3DatamodelforascenarioandXMLschema452
8.2.4RRMparameters454
8.2.5Resultsandexamplesofusability454
8.3Techniquesforradionetworkoptimisation460
8.3.1Resourceallocationandpacketschedulingtechniquesinwirelesscellularsystems460
8.3.2JointlinkandnetworkoptimisationwithMIMOsystems462
8.4Methodologiesforperformanceevaluationofradionetworks467
8.4.1Theoreticalconnectivityresults467
8.4.2Someapplications469
8.4.3Markovchainmodelsforprotocols471
8.4.4RadioResourceManagementandmobilitymodels472
8.5Servicesandtrafficmodelling473
8.5.1Mobileservices473
8.5.2Trafficsourcemodelling474
Contents ix
8.5.3Spatialtrafficdemandestimation477
8.5.4Temporaltrafficdemandprediction479
8.6WirelessLANs 480
8.7Personalareanetworks487
8.8Wirelessadhocnetworks492
8.8.1Distributedwirelessnetworks493
8.8.2Wirelesssensornetworks495
8.9Terminallocationdetermination496
8.9.1Introduction496
8.9.2TOAtechniquesemployingchannelmodelling497
8.9.3Applicationofpropagationmodels498
8.9.4Assessmentandvalidation500
8.9.5GSMresults501
References 502
9UMTSradionetworks511
9.1Introduction 511
9.2UMTSRadionetworkplanning511
9.2.1Planningfundamentals511
9.2.2Radioparameterplanning514
9.2.3Automaticplanningalgorithms516
9.2.4Alternativeinfrastructuresolutions519 9.3UTRANoptimisationandradioresourcemanagement520
9.3.1Softhandoverandsiteselectiondiversitytransmission520
9.3.2BSparameteradjustment524
9.3.3CallAdmissionControl531
9.3.4Geneticalgorithmsandevolutionstrategies533 9.4UTRANperformanceevaluation534
9.4.1Staticvs.dynamic534
9.4.2Semi-analytical536
9.4.3Effectoflinklevelonperformance538 9.53Gandbeyond:networkevolution540
9.5.1Beamswitchingtechniques540 9.5.2Smartantennas541 9.5.3HSDPAchannels:impactofmultipleantennas544 9.5.4Futurenetworkscenarios546
References 547
Appendices:
AppendixA:AboutCOST273553 AppendixB:Listofparticipatinginstitutions557 Index 562
Preface ThisbookspresentstheresearchworkofCOST273 TowardsMobileBroadbandMultimedia Networks,hence,itreportsontheworkperformedandontheresultsachievedwithintheproject byitsparticipants.Thematerialpresentedherecorrespondstotheresultsobtainedinfouryears ofcollaborativeworkbymorethan350researchersfrom137institutions(universities,operators, manufacturers,regulators,independentlaboratoriesandothers–afulllistisprovidedinAppendix B)belongingto29countries(mainlyEuropean,butalsofromAsiaandNorthAmerica)intheareaof mobileradio.Theobjectiveofpublishingtheseresultsasabookisessentiallytomakethemavailable toanaudiencewiderthantheproject.Infact,itjustfollowsa‘tradition’ofpreviousCOSTActions inthisareaoftelecommunications,i.e.COST207,231and259.
ThemainobjectiveofCOST273wastoincreasetheknowledgeontheradioaspectsofmobile andwirelessbroadbandmultimedianetworks,byexploringanddevelopingnewmethods,models, techniques,strategiesandtoolstowardstheimplementationof4thgenerationmobileandwireless communicationsystems.Asasecondaryobjective,itwasintendedthatitshouldcontinuetoplay asupportingrolesimilartotheoneplayedbypreviousActionsinthisarea,thatis,besidegiving inputstothedevelopmentofsystemsbeyondthe3rdgeneration,itwasalsoexpectedthatitwould contributetothedeploymentofsystemsthataremoreorlessstandardised,likeUMTSandWLANs.
Thestructureofthebookisbasedonthestructureoftheprojectitself,i.e.chaptersareroughly mappedontopartoftheworkproducedinaWorkingGroup.TherewereatotalofthreeWorking Groups:WG1–RadioSystemAspects;WG2–PropagationandAntennas;WG3–RadioNetwork Aspects.AbriefdescriptionoftheprojectisgiveninAppendixA,sothatreaderswhoarenotfamiliar withtheCOSTframeworkingeneral,andwithCOST273inparticular,canhaveaglimpseofit.
Chaptersandsectionswereeditedbysomeoftheproject’sparticipants,beingbasedonthecontributionsthatallparticipantshavepresentedtotheproject.Thesecontributionsweregiveninthe formofTemporaryDocuments(TDs),towhichmanyreferencesappearinthetext.Sincetheywere internaldocuments,theirdistributioncannotbecarriedoutwithouttheauthors’permission,which couldposeproblemsforthereaderingainingaccesstothem.Toovercomethissituation,references toTDswerereplacedasmuchaspossiblebythecorrespondingonesintheopenliterature(e.g.papers injournalsandfromconferences);nevertheless,anyreaderinterestedcanhaveaccesstothelistof TDsandtheirauthorsviatheproject’swebsite:http://www.lx.it.pt/cost273
Asalreadymentioned,thisbookistheresultoftheworkofmanycolleagues.AnacknowledgementisduetoallCOST273participants,andtoitsmanagementcommittee,fortheireffortand contributions;withouttheircontinuedinterestandparticipation,itwouldnothavebeenpossible toreachthegoalofpublishingthisbook.Aspecialthanksisalsoduetosectioneditors,aswell astoallotherdirectcontributors,forvolunteeringtoperformthetaskofputtingtogetherallthe informationinauniformandcoherentstyle.Awordofrecognitionisdueaswelltothecolleagues
xii
Preface
whohelpedmeinthedirectmanagementoftheproject:thefirstVice-Chairman,MrPerLehne; thecurrentVice-Chairman,Prof.NarcisCardona,andtheWorkingGroupChairmen,Prof.Alister Burr,Prof.ErnstBonekandProf.RobertoVerdone,whoservedalsoaschaptereditors,together withProf.PierreDegauque;theSub-WorkingGroupChairpersons,Prof.AndreasMolish,Prof.Gert Pedersen,Prof.PerttiVainikainenandProf.SilviaRuiz.Anddefinitelylastbutnottheleast,the valuableworkofDrsTriciaWillink,JanSykoraandJa-vornikTomazinestablishingtheguidelines forthewritingofallcontributionsinLaTeX,andofLúcioFerreiraandMartijnKuipersingoing throughthewholemanuscript,takingcareofalltheLaTeXadditiontasks,isdulyrecognised.
LuísM.Correia (COST273Chairman)
Lisbon
Listofcontributorsandeditors HamidAghvami King’sCollegeLondon,UK
DraganaBajic UniversityofNoviSad,ServiaandMontenegro
MarkBeach UniversityofBristol,UK
Jean-CharlesBolomey UniversityofTrier,Germany
ErnstBonek
SilviaRuizBoqué PolitechnicalUniversityofCatalunya,Spain
RobertJ.C.Bultitude CommunicationsResearchCentre,Canada
AlisterBurr UniversityofYork,UK
NarcisCardona PolitechnicalUniversityofValencia,Spain
FilipeCardoso InstitutoSuperiorTécnico/TechnicalUniversity ofLisbonandEscolaSuperiordeTecnologia/ SetúbalPolytechnicalInstitute,Portugal
BatuChalise UniversityofDuisburg-Essen,Germany
LaurentClavier EcoleNouvelledeIngénieursenCommunication, France
OlivierColas FranceTélécom,France
LuísM.Correia InstitutoSuperiorTécnico/TechnicalUniversity ofLisbon,Portugal AndreasCzylwik UniversityofDuisburg-Essen,Germany
PierreDegauque UniversityofLille,France VittorioDegli-Esposti UniversityofBologna,Italy
EduardoRodriguesDeLima PolitechnicalUniversityofValencia,Spain BenoitDerat Sagem,France
JoséDiaz PolitechnicalUniversityofValencia,Spain L’ubomírDoboš TechnicalUniversityinKošice,Slovak Republic
MischaDohler FranceTélécomR&D,France
LúcioStuderFerreira InstitutoSuperiorTécnico/TechnicalUniversity ofLisbon,Portugal AlexanderGerdenitsch Motorola–MobileDevicesBusiness,Austria
JoãoGil
InstitutoSuperiorTécnico/TechnicalUniversity ofLisbonandEscolaSuperiordeTecnologiae Gestão/LeiriaPolytechnicalInstitute,Portugal
xivListofcontributorsandeditors
AndrésAlayonGlazunov TeliaSonera,Sweden
PaoloGrazioso FondazioneUgoBordoni,Italy
HelmutHofstetter ForschungszentrumTelekommunikationWien, Austria
MythriHunukumbure UniversityofBristol,UK
ClemensIcheln TechnicalUniversityofHamburg-Harburg, Germany
IchirouIda TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Japan
EmmanuelJaffrot EcoleNationaleSupérieurede TechniquesAvancées,France
TuomasJääskö Filtronic,Finland
StefanJakl TechnicalUniversityofVienna,Austria
TomazJavornik InstitutJozefStefan,Slovenia KimmoKansanen UniversityofOulu,Finland
OutiKivekäs HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Finland
JarmoKivinen HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Finland
WimA.Th.Kotterman IlmenauTechnicalUniversity,Germany
JoonasKrogerus HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Finland
ChristianeKuhnert UniversityofKarlsruhe,Germany
ThomasKürner TechnicalUniversityofBraunschweig,Germany
PekkaKyösti
Elektrobit,Finland
MarioGarcíaLozano PolitechnicalUniversityofCatalunya, Spain
TadashiMatsumoto UniversityofOulu,Finland OlivierMerckel Supélec–CNRS,France
AndreasMolisch
LundTechnicalUniversity,Sweden
JoséF.Monserrat PolitechnicalUniversityofValencia,Spain
ClaudeOestges UniversitéCatholiquedeLouvain,Belgium GeirE.Øien TheNorwegianUniversityofScienceand Technology,Norway
JohnOrriss UniversityofManchester,UK JorgPamp IMST,Germany
StephanePannetrat Sagem,France
GianniPasolini UniversityofBologna,Italy
RiccardoPatelli WirelessFuture,Italy
MarkusRadimirsch UniversityofHannover,Germany
AlainSibille EcoleNationaleSupérieurede TechniquesAvancées,France
GerhardSteinböck ARCSeibersdorfresearch,Austria
PasiSuvikunnas HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Finland
Listofcontributorsandeditorsxv
JanSykora CzechTechnicalUniversityofPrague, CzechRepublic
Jun-IchiTakada TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Japan
WernerTeich TechnicalUniversityofUlm,Germany
MartinToeltsch SYMENASoftware&ConsultingGmbH,Austria
VelioTralli UniversityofFerrara,Italy
PerttiVainikainen HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Finland
EmmanuelVanLil UniversitéCatholiquedeLouvain, Belgium
FernandoVelez UniversityofBeiraInterior,Portugal
RobertoVerdone UniversityofBologna,Italy
TriciaWillink CommunicationsResearchCentre,Canada
AlbertoZanella UniversityofBologna,Italy
DirkZimmermann UniversityofStuttgart,Germany
Listofacronyms 1G 1stGeneration
2D 2Dimensions
2G 2ndGeneration
3G 3rdGeneration
3GPP 3rdGenerationPartnershipProject
4G 4thGeneration
AAU AalborgUniversity
ABC AlwaysBestConnected
ABL AdaptiveBitLoading
AC AdaptiveCoding
ACK Acknowledgement
ACLR AdjacentChannelLeakagePowerRatio
ACM AdaptiveCodingandModulation
ACS AdjacentChannelSelectivity
ADI AlternatingDirectionImplicit
ADSL AsynchronousDigitalSubscriberLine
AM AmplitudeModulation
AMC AdaptiveModulationandCoding
AMR AdaptiveMulti-Rate
AODV AdhocOnDemandDistanceVector
AP AccessPoint
APDP AveragePowerDelayProfile
APL AdaptivePowerLoading
APP APrioriProbability
APS AngularPowerSpectra
AR Auto-Regressive
ARQ AutomaticRetransmissionRequest
ARROWS AdvancedRadioResourceManagementforWirelessServices–ISTProject
AS AngularSpread
ASE AverageSpectralEfficiency
AWGN AdditiveWhiteGaussianNoise
Listofacronymsxvii AbBC
AbsorbingBoundaryCondition
AcR AutocorrelationReceiver
AfP AffineProjection
AnM AntennaModule
AoA AngleofArrival
AoD AngleofDeparture
B3G Beyond3G
BCC BusinessCityCentre
BCCH BroadcastControlChannel
BCJR Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv
BEP BitErrorProbability
BER BitErrorRate
BGT Berrou,GlavieuxandThitimajshima
BHCA BusyHourCallAttempt
BICM Bit-InterleavedCodedModulation
BL BeamLaunching
BLAST BellLayeredSpace-Time
BLER BLockErrorRate
BMIR BitMappingIncrementalRedundancy
BPSK BinaryPhaseShiftKeying
BRAM BlockRAM
BS BaseStation
BSC BinarySymmetricChannel
BT Bluetooth
BTD-SAGE BroadbandTimeDomain-SAGE
BTG BracketingTransductionGrammar
BTS BaseTransceiverStation
BoL BodyLoss
CAC CallAdmissionControl
CAD ComputerAidedDesign
CAI Co-AntennaInterference
CBR ConstantBitRate
CC ConvolutionalCodes
CD CompactDisc
CDF CumulativeDistributionFunction
CDM CodeDivisionMultiplex
CDMA CodeDivisionMultipleAccess
CFIE
CombinedFieldIntegralEquation
CFL Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy
CFLN Courant-Friedrichs-LewyNumber
xviiiListofacronyms CG ConjugateGradient
CI CellIdentification
CIR Carrier-to-InterferenceRatio
CMD ConstrainedMinimisationDesign
COFDM Coded-OFDM
CORDIC COrdinateRotationDIgitalComputer
COST EuropeanCooperationintheFieldofScientificandTechnical
COST259 COSTAction259–WirelessFlexiblePersonalCommunications
COST273 COSTAction273–TowardsMobileBroadbandMultimediaNetworks Research
CP ChannelProcesses
CPICH CommonPilotChannel
CPM ContinuousPhaseModulation
CPU CentralProcessingUnit
CQF ChannelQualityFeedback
CRC CyclicRedundancyCheck
CRLB Cramer-RaoLowerBound
CRRM CommonRadioResourceManagement
CRa ClippingRatio
CS CircuitSwitch
CSE ChannelStateEstimation
CSI ChannelStateInformation
CSMA CarrierSenseMultipleAccess
CSMA/CA CarrierSenseMultipleAccesswithCollisionAvoidance
CSNR ChannelSignal-to-NoiseRatio
CTPC ConventionalTransmitPowerControl
CTS CleartoSend
CW ContinuousWave
ChIR ChannelImpulseResponse
CoDiT CodeDivisionTestbed–RACEProject
CoM ConvolutionModule
CrR CriticalRegion
DAB DigitalAudioBroadcast
DAR DecisionAidedReconstruction
DC DirectCurrent
DCIR DirectionalChannelImpulseResponse
DCS DigitalCellularSystem
DDDPS DoubleDirectionalDelayPowerSpectra
DDIR DoubleDirectionalImpulseResponse
DE DensityEvolution
Listofacronymsxix DECT DigitalEnhancedCordlessTelecommunications
DFE DecisionFeedbackEqualiser
DFT DiscreteFourierTransform
DGPS DifferentialGlobalPositioningSystem
DL Downlink
DMC DiffuseMultipathComponents
DMI DirectMatrixInversion
DPCCH DedicatedPhysicalControlChannel
DPDCH DedicatedPhysicalDataChannel
DS DelaySpread
DS-CDMA DirectSequence-CDMA
DSCH DownlinkSharedChannel
DSL DigitalSubscriberLine
DSSS DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum
DUT DeviceUnderTest
DVB DigitalVideoBroadcasting
DVB-T DigitalVideoBroadcast-Terrestrial
DWG AutoCAD’snativefileformatforCADmodels
DXF DataExchangeFormat
DoA DirectionofArrival
DoD DirectionofDeparture
DxPSK DifferentialxPSK
E-UMTS Enhanced-UMTS
EAC ExtendedAlamoutiCode
EADF EffectiveApertureDistributionFunction
ECC ErrorCorrectingCode
EGC EqualGainCombining
EIRP EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower
EM Electro-Magnetic
EMA ExpectationMaximisationAlgorithm
EMC Electro-MagneticCompatibility
EMTS EigenmodeTransmissionScheme
ER EffectiveRoughness
ES EvolutionStrategies
ESPRIT EstimationofSignalParametersviaRotationalInvarianceTechniques
ETSI EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute
ETSI/BRAN ETSI/BroadbandRadioAccessNetwork
EU EuropeanUnion
EVS ElectromagneticVectorSensor
EXIT ExtrinsicInformationTransfer
FAM FuzzyAssociativeMemory
FB FilterBased
FD FrequencyDependent
FDD FrequencyDivisionDuplex
FDMA FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess
FDTD FiniteDifferenceTimeDomain
FEC ForwardErrorCorrection
FEM FiniteElementMethod
FEQ Frequency-domainEQualiser
FER FrameErrorRate
FF FrameFixedLength
FFT FastFourierTransform
FH FrequencyHopping
FIM FisherInformationMatrix
FIR FiniteImpulseResponse
FLOPS FLOatingPointoperationsperSecond
FOMA FreedomofMobileMultimediaAccess
FPGA FieldProgrammableGateArray
FSMC Finite-StateMarkovChain
FSR FisheyeStateRouting
GA GeneticAlgorithm
GB GigaByte
GBAR GammaBetaAuto-Regressive
GCOD GeneralisedComplexOrthogonalDesign
GERAN GSM/EDGERadioAccessNetwork
GF GaloisField
GIS GeographicInformationSystem
GMSK GaussianMSK
GO GeometricalOptics
GOF GroupsOfFrequencies
GOP GroupOfPictures
GPRS GeneralPacketRadioService
GPS GlobalPositioningSystem
GRASP GreedyRandomisedAdaptiveSearchProcedure
GSCM Geometry-basedStochasticChannelModel
GSM GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications
GTD GeometricTheoryofDiffraction
GoS GradeofService
HARQ HybridAutomaticRepeatreQuest
HD HighDefinition
Listofacronyms
Listofacronymsxxi HDD Hard-DecisionDemapping
HHO HorizontalHandover
HIPERLAN HighPerformanceRadioLocalAreaNetwork
HIPERMAN HighPerformanceRadioMetropolitanAreaNetwork
HPA HighPowerAmplifier
HSDPA HighSpeedDownlinkPacketAccess
HTTP HyperTextTransferProtocol
HW HardWare
IAI InterAntennaInterference
IC InterferenceCancellation
IDFT InverseDFT
IEEE InstituteofElectrical&ElectronicEngineers
IF IntermediateFrequency
IFFT InverseFFT
iid independentidenticaldistributed
IISI Intra-andInter-Symbol-Interference
IMT-2000 InternationalMobileTelecommunications-2000
INR Interference-to-NoiseRatio
IO InteractingObject
IP InternetProtocol
IR ImpulseResponse
IRE InstituteofRadioEngineers(Scale)
IS-95 InterimStandard-95
ISI Inter-SymbolInterference
ISIS InitialisationandSearchImprovedSAGE
ISM Industrial,ScientificandMedical
IST InformationSocietyTechnologies
ITTS IterativeTree/TrellisSearch
ITU InternationalTelecommunicationsUnion
JCE JointChannelEstimation
JD JointDetection
JD-CDMA JointDetection-CodeDivisionMultipleAccess
JT JointTransmission
KP KroneckerProduct
L2CAP LinklayerControlandtheAdaptationProtocol
LA LocationArea
LAN LocalAreaNetwork
LBS Location-BasedServices
LDC LinearDispersionCode
LDD LinearDecorrelatingDetector
LDPC LowDensityParityCheck
LLR LogLikelihoodRatio
LMDS LocalMultipointDistributionSystem
LMS LeastMeanSquaresalgorithm
LoS Line-of-Sight
LSD ListSphereDecoding
LUT Look-UpTable
MAC MediumAccessControl
MAI MultipleAccessInterference
MAP MaximumAPosteriori
MB-OFDM Multi-BandOFDM
MBS MobileBroadbandSystems–RACEProject
MC MonteCarlo
MCC MultipathComponentCumulativepower
MC-CDMA MultiCarrier–CDMA
MCL MicrowaveConsultantsLtd
MCS ModulationandCodingSchemes
MDDCM MultiuserDouble-DirectionalChannelModel
MEA Multi-ElementAntenna
MEG MeanEffectiveGain
MELG MeanEffectiveLinkGain
MERP MeanEffectiveRadiatedPower
MERS MeanEffectiveRadiatedSensitivity
MF MatchedFilters
MFIE MagneticFieldIntegralEquation
MHA MastHeadAmplifier
MIMO Multiple-InputMultiple-Out
ML MaximumLikelihood
MLBMIR ModulationLimitedBitMappingIncrementalRedundancy
MLD MaximumLikelihoodDetector
MLSE MaximumLikelihoodSequenceEstimator
MLk MIMOLink
MM MultiMedia
MMS MultimediaMessagingService
MMSE MinimumMeanSquareError
MoM MethodofMoments
MOMENTUM ModelsandSimulationsforNetworkPlanningandControl–ISTProject
MORANS MobileRadioAccessNetworkReferenceScenarios
MPC MultipathComponent
MPCC MultipleParallelConcatenatedCodes
MPEG MovingPictureExpertsGroup
MPG MultipathGroup
MPIC MAPdecoderaidedPIC
MRC MaximalRatioCombining
MRT MaximumRatioTransmission
MRTo MagneticResonanceTomography
MRTo MagneticResonanceTomography
MSE MeanSquareError
MSINR MaximumSignaltoInterferenceplusNoiseRatio
MSK MinimumShiftKeying
MSRC ModesStirredReverberationChamber
MSSTC Multi-StratumSpace-TimeCode
MT MobileTerminal
MUD MultiUserDetection
MUSIC MultipleSignalClassification
MVDR MinimumVarianceDistortionResponse
MVM MinimumVarianceMethod
NACK NegativeAcknowledgement
NB NarrowBand
NEC2 NumericalElectromagneticsCode
NLMS NormalisedLeastMeanSquaresalgorithm
NLoS Non-LoS
NMS NetworkManagementSystem
NPCC NormalisedParallelChannelCapacity
NPCG NormalisedParallelChannelGain
OFCDM OrthogonalFrequencyCodeDivisionMultiplexing
OFDM OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing
OFDMA OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess
OLoS ObstructedLine-of-Sight
OMC OperationandMaintenanceCentre
ORT OverRoofTop
OSI OpenSystemInterconnection
OSIC OrderedSuccessiveInterferenceCancellation
OVSF OrthogonalVariableSpreadingFactor
PA PagingArea
PAM PulseAmplitudeModulation
PAN PersonalAreaNetwork
PAPR PeaktoAveragePowerRatio
PARSAR ParametricReconstructionofSAR
PAS Power-AzimuthDistribution
PC PowerControl
PCB PrintedCircuitBoard
PCS PersonalCommunicationsService
PDA PersonalDigitalAssistant
PDF ProbabilityDensityFunction
PDP PowerDelayProfile
PE ParabolicEquation
PEC PerfectElectricConducting
PEP PairwiseErrorProbability
PER PacketErrorRate
PIC ParallelInterferenceCancellation
PIFA PlanarInvertedFAntenna
PIM PatternIntegrationMethod
PL PathLoss
PLk PhysicalLink
PM PhaseModulation
PMA PowerandModulationAdaptation
PN Pseudo-Noise
PO PhysicalOptics
PSAM PilotSymbolAssistedModulation
PSK PhaseShiftKeying
PWF Pre-WhiteningFilter
PhS PhysicallyStationary
PrM PropagationModule
Q-OSTBC QuasiOrthogonalSTBC
QAM QuadratureAmplitudeModulation
QPSK QuaternaryPSK
QR-RLS Q-Rdecomposition-basedRecursiveLeastSquaresalgorithm
QoS QualityofService
RAB RadioAccessBearer
RACE ResearchandTechnologyDevelopmentinAdvancedCommunication Technologies
RAM Random-AccessMemory
RAN RadioAccessNetwork
RC ResistanceCapacitor
RC2 Rivest’sCipher2
RCS RadarCrossSection
RDF ResourceDescriptionFramework
RELAX RELAXationspectralestimator
RF RadioFrequency
Listofacronymsxxv
RFSIM
RadioFrequencySubscriberIdentityModule
RLB RadioLinkBudget
RLS RecursiveLeastSquaresalgorithm
RMC ReferenceMeasurementChannel
RMS RootMeanSquare
RNC RadioNetworkController
RNN RecurrentNeuralNetwork
RNP RadioNetworkPlanning
RR Round-Robin
RRM RadioResourceManagement
RS ReedSolomon
RSCP ReceivedSignalCodePower
RSSI ReceiverSignalStrengthIndicator
RSSUS ReferenceSystemScenarioforUMTSSimulations
RT RayTracing
RTS RequesttoSend
RTT RoundTripTimes
RX Receiver
RtS Roof-to-Street
S-V Saleh-Valenzuela
SAGE Space-AlternatingGeneralisedExpectation
SAM SpecificAnthropomorphicMannequin
SAR SpecificAbsorptionRate
SAS SmartAntennaSystems
SB Single-Block
SC SelectionCombining
SCDMA SynchronousCodeDivisionMultiplexAccess
SDD Soft-DecisionDirected
SDM SpaceDivisionMultiplexing
SDMA SpaceDivisionMultipleAccess
SDR SoftwareDefinedRadio
SE SpectralEfficiency
SEACORN SimulationofEnhancedUMTSAccessandCoreNetworks–ISTProject
SER SymbolErrorRate
SfC SoftCanceller
SfISfO SoftInSoftOut
SFMG Scattered-Field-MeasurementGain
SFTF Space-FrequencyTransmitFiltering
SHO SoftHandover
SI Self-Interference
SIC SelectiveInterferenceCancellation
SIMO SingleInputMultipleOutput
SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio
SIR Signal-to-Interference-Ratio
SISO SingleInputSingleOutput
SL SimpleswitchedLobe
SM SpatialMultiplexing
SMPAAL SiemensMobilePhonesinAalborg
SNR Signal-to-Noise-Ratio
SOVA SoftOutputViterbiAlgorithm
SP Sum-Product
SPEAG Schmid&PartnerEngineeringAG
SPIC SelectiveParallelInterferenceCancellation
SPUCPA StackedPolarimetricUniformCircularPatchArray
SSDT SiteSelectionDiversityTransmitPowerControl
SSPA SolidStatePowerAmplifier
ST Space-Time
STBC Space-TimeBlockCode
STBICM Space-TimeBit-InterleavedCodedModulation
STF Space-Time-Frequency
STFT Short-TimeFourierTransform
STOBC Space-TimeOrthogonalBlockCodes
StP StochasticProcess
STTC Space-TimeTrellisCodes
STTD Space-Time-Transmit-Diversity
SVD SingularValueDecomposition
TA TimingAdvance
TCE TimeandChannelEstimation
TCM TrellisCodedModulation
TCP TransmissionControlProtocol
TD TemporaryDocument
TD-CDMA TimeDivision-CodeDivisionMultipleAccess
TD-SCDMA TimeDivision-SynchronousCodeDivisionMultipleAccess
TDD TimeDivisionDuplex
TDMA TimeDivisionMultipleAccess
TDoA TimeDifferenceofArrival
ToA TimeofArrival
TDM TimeDivisionMultiplexing
TPC TransmitPowerControl
TR Transmitted-Reference
Listofacronymsxxvii TRP
TotalRadiatedPower
TRS TotalRadiatedSensitivity
TRX Transceiver
TS TabooSearch
TSD TransmissionSelectionDiversity
TSG TechnicalSpecificationGroup
TTI TransmissionTimeInterval
TX Transmitter
UCA UniformCircularArray
UE UserEquipment
UHF UltraHighFrequency
UHS UltraHighSites
UL Uplink
ULA UniformLinearArray
UMMSE UnbiasedMMSE
UMTS UniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem
UPL UniformPowerLoading
URL UniformResourceLocator
US UncorrelatedScattering
UTD UniformTheoryofDiffraction
UTRA UMTSTerrestrialRadioAccess
UTRAN UTRANetwork
UWB UltraWideBand
V-BLAST Vertical-BellLabsSpaceTime
VAA VirtualAntennaArray
VBR VariableBitRate
VD ViterbiDecoder
VDSL Very-High-RateDigitalSubscriberLine
VF FrameVariableLength
VHF VeryHighFrequency
VNA VectorNetworkAnalyser
VOWAL VoicecommunicationOverWirelessLocalAreaNetwork
VPL VerticalPlaneLaunch
VoIP VoiceoverIP
WB Wideband
WCDMA WidebandCDMA
WCM WheelerCapMethod
WDCM WidebandDirectionChannelModel
WLAN WirelessLAN
WLL WirelessLocalLoop
xxviiiListofacronyms
WP WorkshopPaper
WPAN WirelessPersonalAreaNetwork
WSS Wide-Sense-Stationary
WSSUS Wide-Sense-StationaryUncorrelatedScattering
WWW WorldWideWeb
XML ExtendedMarkupLanguage
XPD CrossPolarisationDiscrimination
XPR Cross-polarisationPowerRatio
ZF ZeroForcing
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Buddenbrooks, volume 1 of 2 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Buddenbrooks, volume 1 of 2
Author: Thomas Mann
Translator: H. T. Lowe-Porter
Release date: February 15, 2024 [eBook #72961]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1924
Credits: Tim Lindell, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
BUDDENBROOKS ·I· Other Books by THOMAS MANN DEATH IN VENICE ROYAL HIGHNESS MAGIC MOUNTAIN THOMAS MANN BUDDENBROOKS VOLUME ONE Translated from the German by H. T. Lowe-Porter
ALFRED·A·KNOPF·NEW YORK 1927
COPYRIGHT 1924, BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC.
Published,February,1924
SecondPrinting,July,1924
ThirdPrinting,March,1927
MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
