349
K.J. Jonas and T.E. Guadamuz (2015), “Use of smart phone applications by travelling sex offenders”, Expert Submission to the Global Study.
350
Beaulieu, “Regional Report – North America”.
351
Backpage has replaced Craigslist as the leading website for prostitution and is now under the spotlight for organising child prostitution.
352
Amy Dalrymple and Katherine Lymn (2015), “Trafficking in North Dakota is on the rise, and often the victims can’t escape”, Forum News Service, 4 January 2015, accessed 13 April 2015, http://bismarcktribune.com/bakken/trafficking-in-north-dakota-is-on-the-rise-and-often/article_c7f42282-92b7-11e4-819f-5b05c8a62325.html.
353
Moreno and Abreu, “Regional Report - Latin America”.
354
Ibid.
355
Ibid.
356
Crispin and Mann, “Regional Report – Sub-Saharan Africa”.
357
Moreno and Abreu, “Regional Report - Latin America”.
358
Fernando G. Tenório, Luiz Gustavo Medeiros Barbosa (orgs.) (2008), “O setor turístico versus a exploração sexual na infância e na adolescência”, Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 424, pp. 186-190, accessed 13 March 2015, http:// www.crianca.mppr.mp.br/arquivos/File/publi/mtur/o_setor_turistico_versus_a_exploracao_sexual_mtur_2008.pdf.
359
Moreno and Abreu, “Regional Report - Latin America”.
360
Fundación Renacer, et al. (2011), “Caracterización y georreferenciación de las dinámicas de la Explotación sexual comercial de niños, niñas y adolescentes (ESCNNA) asociadas a viajes y turismo en siete (7) localidades de Bogotá”, 32.
361
CASACIDN (2013), “Hoja de ruta para la sistematización de la experiencia del proyecto Estrategia Regional de Lucha contra la Trata y el Tráfico de Niños Niñas y Adolescentes para fines de Explotación Sexual en el Mercosur”, Buenos Aires: El Comité Argentino de Seguimiento y Aplicación de la Convención Internacional de Derechos del Niño.
362
CEOP (2012), “CEOP launch a new way to prevent UK child sex offenders from abusing children overseas”, CEOP - NCA Press Releases, 18 October 2012, London: Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, accessed December 2015, http://ceop.police.uk/Media-Centre/Press-releases/2012/CEOP-launch-a-new-way-to-preventUK-child-sex-offenders-from-abusing-children-overseas-/.
363
Marina Gil (2015), “Legal Assessment of Legal Frameworks that address the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism”, Background Paper prepared for the Global Study on the Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism, Bangkok: ECPAT.
364
National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children (2015), “Governments’ responsibilities as countries of demand, supply and/or victimisation of child sex tourism”, Expert Paper submitted to the Global Study, The Hague: Dutch Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children.
365
M. Gil (2015), “Legal Assessment of Legal Frameworks”.
366
Hecht and Riggio (forthcoming), “Power, Impunity and Anonymity”.
367
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, 1989) obliges State Parties to take all appropriate measures to protect children from all manifestations of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (Article 34), and abduction, sale and trafficking (Article 35). They must also take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect children from sexual abuse, while in the care of parents, legal guardians or other carers (Article 19). The Protocol To Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (2000) states that exploitation shall include the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation…” (Article 3a). The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation is considered to be “trafficking in persons” (Article 3c). ILO Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour No. 182 (1999) defines the “worst forms of child labour” (Article 3) as: (1) “all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, (…)” and (2) “the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances”. ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 183 (1973) states that the minimum age for admission to any type of employment or work, which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to jeopardise the health, safety or morals of young people, shall not be less than 18 years (Article 3.1).
136 GLOBAL STUDY ON SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM