Toward Sustainable Communities:
Solutions for Citizens and Their Governments
Dr. Mark Roseland Professor and Director, Centre for Sustainable Community Development Professor, Resource & Environmental Management
Simon Fraser University www.sfu.ca/cscd; www.rem.sfu.ca TU DelF, NL
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“Most universities continue to do their least impressive work on the very subjects where society’s need for greater knowledge and better education is most acute.” – Derek Bok, former president, Harvard University
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n Founded in 1989 as the Community Economic Development (CED) Centre
n CED is a means to achieve sustainable development n In 2004 renamed Centre for Sustainable Community Development (CSCD) n Focus on integraDng economic, social, and environmental objecDves in community development, through research, educaDon, and community mobilizaDon
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Mission: to enable the sustainable development of communiDes in BC, Canada, and around the world Research, educaDon, and community mobilizaDon Academic, professional, and outreach programs
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The Ecological Footprint
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Courtesy: Mathis Wackernagel, Global Footprint Network
The Global Ecological Deficit
(comparing supply and demand) human population (2013):
7.1 billion
average eco- footprint/person:
2.7 gha
biocapacity per person:
1.7 gha
overshoot (EF – biocapacity)
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58% overshoot Mark Roseland
1.0 gha
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The Global Picture
global biocapacity: 12.0 billion hectares
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Economic and material growth today is being financed by the liquidaDon of essenDal, non-‐ subsDtutable self-‐ producing natural capital and at the expense of global life support systems. We are in violaDon of Hicksian sustainability criterion.
current human eco-footprint: 9 19.0 billion hectares
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Report Card: Humanity does not share well with others
* The wealthiest 20% of humanity take home 70-‐75% of income (consumpDon); the poorest 20% survive on about 2% of income (purchasing power parity). More than 80 percent of the world’s populaDon lives in countries where income differenDals are widening. * in ciDes: increasing phenomena of urban poverty and exclusion * poverty in ciDes increasingly linked to the informal economy, where women and youth are oaen locked in * Urban poverty is also increasingly segregated; inequaliDes are concentrated mainly in slums, especially in the developing world (est. 1/3 of populaDon) September 19, 2008 Mark Roseland 18
Business As Usual
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Sustainable Development
...Development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generaDons to meet their own needs” – Brundtland Commission (1987) September 19, 2008
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DefiniUons and Debate
n 1000+ publicaDons re: definiDons; conDnuous debate n example criDcisms: u Vague u Fosters delusions u Ajracts hypocrites u Context-‐specific, e.g., what are we sustaining and why? « Contested is OK; SD is robust.
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Sustainable Development does NOT simply mean n Environmental protecDon n Economic growth (presumably to pay for, among other things, environmental protecDon)
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Core E lements of Sustainable Development n Environmental consideraDons must be entrenched in, and constrain, economic decisions and policy-‐making. n An inescapable commitment to social equity. n “Development” does not simply equal “growth.”
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Sustainable Development means …
doing development differently
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A Model Sustainable Community"
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SCD Examples Oslo, Norway -‐ transit pass for downtown drivers Vancouver – “greenest city” acDon plan Minneapolis -‐ restricDons on packaging California -‐ water retrofit requirements San Luis Obispo -‐ stream daylighDng Zutphen, Holland -‐ “disassembly” line
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Sustainable Community Building Blocks 1. Greener, Food-‐Secure CommuniDes 2. Water & Sewage 3. Waste ReducDon & Recycling 4. Energy Efficiency & Renewables 5. TransportaDon Planning & Traffic Management 6. Land Use, Urban Form & Community Design 7. Housing & Community Development 8. Green Building 9. Community Economic Development 10. Climate Change September 19, 2008
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Greener, Food-‐Secure CommuniUes Using Urban Ecology to create, preserve & restore green spaces sustainably for mul8ple benefits. v Urban Parks & Open Space -‐ Xeriscaped public parks; naturalized traffic islands; green roofs. v Urban Agriculture -‐ community gardens, living walls, food hubs. v Urban AquaDc Systems – daylighDng streams; watershed restoraDon.
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Water & Sewage v Supply & Demand – reducing water demand through efficiency e.g. audits & rebate programs; educaDon programs; land-‐use planning methods v Water Quality & Sewage Treatment – enhancing water quality & wastewater management e.g. green infrastructure – swales, grass paving; integrated resource planning
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Waste ReducUon & Recycling v Source ReducDon – reducing the amount of waste & byproducts that enter the waste stream e.g. cradle-‐to-‐ grave/cradle approaches v ReUse – viewing waste as a resource eg. Habit for Humanity reStores; industrial ecology strategies v Recycling & Recovery – from Blue Box to eco-‐industrial parks. v ComposDng – home & business on-‐site composDng; municipal compost collecDon
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Energy Efficiency & Renewables v Demand Side Management – managing customer demand rather than simply expanding supply v Energy and Local Economies – money saved on energy can be reinvested in the local economy and circulate several Dmes over v Green Building CerDficaDon/RaDng Systems– eg., LEED v Municipal Energy Policy – eg., codes, bylaws, ordinances v Renewable Energy Supply – eg., eco-‐district heaDng, cogeneraDon, community energy planning/mgmnt
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TransportaUon Planning & Traffic Management
v True costs of driving -‐ from roads to polluDon to stress & poor health v Technical fixes tempDng but insufficient e.g. segway, electric cars v Reducing car dependency – complete communiDes; transportaDon demand management; area wide traffic management; transit markeDng
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Land Use & Urban Form v Land use & transportaDon-‐ inextricably linked! v Housing & Density – in an urban context more dense, compact communiDes + ameniDes are key, e.g. Ecodensity v Changing pajerns of growth – e.g. New Urbanism; Patrick Condon’s 7 Rules; Smart Growth
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Housing & Community Development v Social sustainability – integraDng social equity & responsible ciDzenship into sustainability v Affordable Housing-‐ addressing the gap between market rates & what’s affordable e.g. shared equity v Healthy communiDes-‐ links between physical/social environments & health growing focus e.g. Healthy CommuniDes & Healing CiDes movements
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Green Building
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Community Economic Development v Development redefined – local self-‐reliance & money recirculaDon, e.g. community development corporaDons v Green Business/Economy – from green collar jobs to green tech
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Climate Change v Local air quality– smog, acid rain v Climate Change – reducing GHGs major focus of ciDes & communiDes now v Ozone Layer DepleDon – progress made!
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Sustainability Â
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Community Capital Strengthening community capital for sustainable community development means focusing ajenDon on six forms of capital…
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Natural Capital Minimizing the consumpDon of essenDal natural capital, e.g.: – living within ecological limits, resource conservaDon and enhancement, cleaner producDon, less waste
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Physical Capital Improving physical capital, e.g.: – community assets such as faciliDes, water, transportaDon, housing, infrastructure, telecommunicaDons
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Economic Capital Strengthening economic capital, e.g.: – Making more with less, maximizing use of exisDng resources, circulaDng the money, making something new, trading fairly, community financial insDtuDons
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Human Capital Increasing Human Capital, e.g.: – health, educaDon, nutriDon, literacy, and family and community cohesion
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Social Capital MulDplying Social Capital, e.g.: – local governance, strong organizaDons, capacity-‐ building, parDcipatory planning, access to informaDon, collaboraDon and partnerships
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Cultural Capital Enhancing Cultural Capital, e.g.: – tradiDons and values, heritage and place, the arts, diversity, and social history
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Community Capital Framework
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A Framework for Sustainable Community Development Sustainable development requires mobilizing ciDzens and their governments to strengthen all forms of community capital. Community mobilizaDon is necessary to coordinate, balance and catalyse community capital.
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Sustainability
Researchers /Academics
Local Govts/ PracDDoners
CommuniDes September 19, 2008
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What is Pando? An online community with a professional focus, where researchers, academics, and public-‐ and private-‐sector pracUUoners focused on local sustainability challenges can share knowledge, network, and collaborate. September 19, 2008
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Why “ Pando” ?
* 47,000+ tree trunks are one living organism connected by a massive root system * 80,000 years old *one of world’s most resilient organisms * in LaUn, means "I spread” * Symbolizes collaboraUon: a strong, resilient internaUonal network of researchers and pracUUoners dedicated to innovaUon for more sustainable communiUes. September 19, 2008
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Why is Pando necessary?
• CommuniUes struggle with capacity, experUse, and resources to implement sustainability goals; success stories and failures not shared enough.
* Researchers need a more efficient way to connect with communiUes that need their assistance. * Pando provides a way to access the kinds of informaUon and personal interacUons that are oFen only available at conferences, to keep the momentum going between events. * Pando helps build and expand relaUonships with colleagues both near and far and promotes long-‐term, meaningful collaboraUon with colleagues around the world. September 19, 2008
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