392
Index
I improved latrines. See latrines income groups affordability threshold, 173–74 household budgets, 161–62 sanitation and, 14–16, 16f, 66, 66f, 70–71, 177 water access, 13, 15f, 18, 172–73 increasing block tariffs (IBTs), 129, 168–70, 184, 187 index factors. See individual indexes (e.g., governance index for SOEs) India hygiene education, 261 interest rates, 239 Indonesia, public investment in, 233 inefficiencies in operations. See efficiency in situ sanitation. See on-site sanitation services institutions and institutional reform hidden costs and, 123 MDGs and, 24–27 performance improvement for utilities, 27, 153–57, 153f, 155t policy models, 255–57 private sector and, 24, 26t, 153–54, 155t, 253–54 in water sector, 24–27, 251, 252–54 Internally Delegated Area Management Contracts (IDAMCs), 156–57b International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET), 7, 9 International Comparison Program (ICP), 201b International Development Association (IDA), 239
J Jiro sy Rano Malagasy (JIRAMA), 84–85 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), 4–6, 5t, 6f, 266–67
K Kenya hand pumps, 52 institutional reforms, 252 sanitation, 117, 193 septic tanks, 68 sewerage systems, 63
spending needs, 206 tariffs, 130, 132 traditional latrines, 68 urban reform index, 89 utilities, 85, 97, 98, 100 water coverage, 193 water sector regulation, 94 Khartoum (Sudan), standposts in, 102 Kigali (Rwanda), piped water in, 165b Kingdom, W., 142 Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo), standposts in, 44 Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO), 130, 132 Komives, K., 169, 181
L land tenure, 39 Latin America infrastructure investment, 233 sewerage systems, 264–65 tariffs, 168 latrines. See also on-site sanitation services base scenario assumptions and, 196, 197 improved access patterns, 13, 15, 68, 69, 75, 76, 280–81t connection costs, 177, 179 defined, 4–5 management of, 117–18, 119t sanitation policy options, 261–62 traditional pit access patterns, 13, 15–16, 63–67, 69–71, 196, 282–83t defined, 4–5 goals for, 261, 262–64 progress measurement and, 266–67 ventilated improved pit (VIP), 4–5 women and, 78b lease contracts, 253–54 Lesotho latrines, 68 as middle-income country, 30, 34 rural water supply, 113, 115 sanitation, 117, 264 septic tanks, 71 sewerage systems, 63 spending needs, 244 standpipes, 103, 105 tariffs, 132 utilities, 94, 100