➢ Describe collisions of objects as elastic or inelastic. Know that energy and momentum are conserved in elastic collisions, but only momentum is conserved in inelastic collisions. ➢ Classify all the various forms of energy as either kinetic or potential. ➢ Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed but the total quantity of energy is conserved. ➢ Demonstrate that waves such as light, (e.g., sound, seismic, and water have energy and that waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter. ➢ Apply the measureable properties of waves, such as wavelength, frequency, velocity, and amplitude, to describe mathematically the properties of materials, such as the index of refraction, reflectivity, diffraction patterns. ➢ Calculate the wavelength of a wave as a function of the relative motion of the source and the observer. ➢ Explain how Doppler Effect applies to the current understanding of the universe, redshift. ➢ Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and ideas within the study of physical sciences. Life Science ➢ Describe the composition, diversity, complexity, and interconnectedness of life on Earth. ➢ Apply classification systems to describe the vast diversity of organisms and their degree of relatedness between them. ➢ Apply fundamental concepts of heredity and evolution to understand the living world, the physical environment, and the interactions within and between them. ➢ Explain that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms, that once life originated all cells come from pre-existing cells, and there are a variety of cell types. ➢ Know that all cells: (a) are covered by a cell membrane that controls which materials can enter/leave the cell, (b) are composed of a small number of chemical elements— mainly carbon, but also hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. ➢ Describe the structure, function, and interrelatedness of cell organelles. ➢ Understand that the cell is a system that conducts a variety of functions associated with life as materials enter and leave the cell through the cell membrane. ➢ Explain the characteristics of life as regulated by cellular processes, such as photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, cellular respiration, and describe the process of cell division and differentiation. ➢ Relate the chemical basis of life to heredity, genetics, diversity, species survival, adapt ations, and extinction. ➢ Describe the mechanisms for biological evolution such as natural selection, genetic drift, immigration, emigration and mutation. ➢ Relate the diversity of species to the theory of evolution, and the kinship between organisms or species to the similarity in their DNA sequences. ➢ Know and apply the structure and function of DNA and RNA in cells to explain the gen etic mechanisms for cellular genetics, inheritance, and gene mutations. Students will know that: o genetic information is coded in DNA molecules, passed from parents to offspring, and provides instructions for assembling protein molecules; o the genetic code is virtually the same for all life forms; o genes are segments of DNA molecules which can be altered via insertions, deletions, or substitutions of DNA segments.
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