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Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kosovo)
Singapore (2015) (to be ratified, after a lengthy CJEU case upheld the treaty), deep and comprehensive
Turkey (a CU, with advanced regulatory convergence in EU technical regulation for goods)
CETA (2016) (to be ratified), deep and comprehensive
EPA with Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire & Cameroon
Japan (EPA) 2017, to be ratified, with investment separate; deep and comprehensive Mercosur (2019), deep and comprehensive Under negotiation: Australia & New Zealand; ASEAN countries Malaysia (on hold), Thailand (on hold), Philippines (on hold), Indonesia; India and 6 Gulf countries (both negotiations have been stuck for many years). Notes: EEA = European Economic Area; DCFTA = Deep and Comprehensive FTAs in Association Agreements (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova); CU = customs union; EPA = Economic Partnership Agreement (but with very different substance and obligations in the case of Japan than with ACP countries); SADC = Southern African Development Cooperation (South Africa, Swaziland, Botswana, Lesotho and Namibia).