CollectionofSelectedMaterialson
InternationalHumanitarianLaw (LawofArmedConflict)
©CAPPELENDAMMAS,Oslo,2024
ISBN978-82-02-84642-8
1.edition,1.print2024
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TableofContents
Introduction ..........................................................
Abouttheeditor
SectionI
Selectedmaterialsongenerallegalissues
CharteroftheUnitedNations
InternationalConventionagainsttheRecruitment,Use,Financingand TrainingofMercenaries .............................................
ConventionontheSafetyofUnitedNationsandAssociatedPersonnel
Secretary-General’sBulletin–ObservancebyUnitedNationsforcesof internationalhumanitarianlaw ......................................
InternationalLawCommission,Draftarticlesontheeffectsofarmed conflictontreaties,2011 .............................................
InternationalLawCommission,Draftprinciplesonprotectionofthe environmentinrelationtoarmedconflicts,2022 .......................
Protectingciviliansagainstdigitalthreatsduringarmedconflict ...........
SectionII
Selectedmaininternationalhumanitarianlawtreatiesand customaryrules
ConventionrelativetotheOpeningofHostilities .........................
ConventionrespectingtheLawsandCustomsofWaronLand(Hague ConventionIV) ....................................................
ConventionrespectingtheRightsandDutiesofNeutralPowersand PersonsinCaseofWaronLand
ConventionfortheProtectionofCulturalPropertyintheEventofArmed Conflict ............................................................
FirstProtocoltotheHagueConventionof1954fortheProtectionof CulturalPropertyintheEventofArmedConflict ......................
SecondProtocoltotheHagueConventionof1954fortheProtectionof CulturalPropertyintheEventofArmedConflict ......................
GenevaConvention(I)fortheAmeliorationoftheConditionofthe WoundedandSickinArmedForcesintheField .......................
GenevaConvention(II)fortheAmeliorationoftheConditionof Wounded,SickandShipwreckedMembersofArmedForcesatSea ...... GenevaConvention(III)relativetotheTreatmentofPrisonersofWar ..... GenevaConvention(IV)relativetotheProtectionofCivilianPersonsin TimeofWar
ProtocolAdditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,and relatingtotheProtectionofVictimsofInternationalArmedConflicts (ProtocolI) ........................................................
ProtocolAdditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,and relatingtotheProtectionofVictimsofNon-InternationalArmed Conflicts(ProtocolII)
ProtocoladditionaltotheGenevaConventionsof12August1949,and relatingtotheAdoptionofanAdditionalDistinctiveEmblem (ProtocolIII),8December2005 ......................................
ListofCustomaryRulesofInternationalHumanitarianLawbytheICRC (2005)
SanRemoManualonInternationalLawApplicabletoArmedConflicts atSea,12June1994
ProgramonHumanitarianPolicyandConflictResearchatHarvard University,ManualonInternationalLawApplicabletoAirandMissile Warfare(black-letterrules),2009 .....................................
SectionIII
Selectedtreatiesonweaponsanddisarmament
TreatyonPrinciplesGoverningtheActivitiesofStatesintheExploration andUseofOuterSpace,IncludingtheMoonandOtherCelestial Bodies(OuterSpaceTreaty) .........................................
TreatyontheNon-ProliferationofNuclearWeapons(NPT) ............... TreatyontheProhibitionoftheEmplacementofNuclearWeaponsand otherWeaponsofMassDestructionontheSea-BedandtheOcean FloorandintheSubsoilThereof(SeabedArmsControlTreaty) ......... ConventionontheProhibitionofMilitaryoranyotherHostileUseof EnvironmentalModificationTechniques(ENMOD) ................... ConventionontheProhibitionoftheDevelopment,Productionand StockpilingofBacteriological(Biological)andToxinWeaponsandon theirDestruction(BWC)
ConventiononProhibitionsorRestrictionsontheUseofCertain ConventionalWeaponswhichmaybeDeemedtobeExcessively InjuriousortoHaveIndiscriminateEffects(CCW) ....................
ProtocolonNon-detectableFragments(ProtocolItothe1980 Convention)
ProtocolonProhibitionorRestrictionsontheUseofMines,Booby-Traps andOtherDevices(ProtocolIItothe1980Convention) ................
ProtocolonProhibitionsorRestrictionsontheUseofIncendiary Weapons(ProtocolIIItothe1980Convention) ........................
ProtocolonBlindingLaserWeapons(ProtocolIVtothe1980 Convention) .......................................................
ProtocolonExplosiveRemnantsofWar(ProtocolVtothe1980 Convention)
ConventionontheProhibitionoftheDevelopment,Production, StockpilingandUseofChemicalWeaponsandontheirDestruction (CWC) ............................................................
ConventionontheProhibitionoftheUse,Stockpiling,Productionand TransferofAnti-personnelMinesandontheirDestruction(MineBan Treaty) .............................................................
ConventiononClusterMunitions
TheArmsTradeTreaty(ATT)..........................................
TreatyontheProhibitionofNuclearWeapons ...........................
SectionIV
Internationalresponsibilityforwarcrimesandother internationallyrecognizedcrimes
ConventiononthePreventionandPunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocide ...
InternationalLawCommission,PrinciplesofInternationalLaw RecognizedintheCharteroftheNürnbergTribunalandinthe JudgmentoftheTribunal,1950 .......................................
ConventionontheNon-applicabilityofStatutoryLimitationstoWar CrimesandCrimesagainstHumanity ................................
RomeStatuteoftheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICC),andthe ElementsofCrimeforArticle8 ......................................
InternationalLawCommission,DraftarticlesonPreventionand PunishmentofCrimesAgainstHumanity,2019
Ljubljana–TheHagueConventiononInternationalCooperationin theInvestigationandProsecutionoftheCrimeofGenocide,Crimes AgainstHumanity,WarCrimesandOtherInternationalCrimes ........
Introduction
Dearreader,
Thiscollectionofmaterialsoninternationalhumanitarianlaw(IHL)andclosely relatedfieldstriestobringtogethersomekeyrelevantdocumentsregulating armedconflicts,theireffects,andlegalconsequences.Thebookismeanttoserve asanaidtothestudyofinternationalhumanitarianlaw.Knownasinternational humanitarianlaw,thelawofarmedconflict,or jusinbello,thisbodyof fundamentalprinciplesandcustomaryandtreatyrulesaimedatregulating armedconflictsisakeypartofpublicinternationallaw.WhiletheInternational CommitteeoftheRedCross(ICRC)hasanexcellentonlinedatabase,anddespite therebeingotherprintedcollections,thisvolumefillsagapbothcontent-wise andformat-wise,especiallyforthosewhopreferreadingprintedbookstodigital documents.Theup-to-datelistsofStatespartiestothetreatiesincludedinthis collection,areavailablethroughtheUnitedNationsTreatyCollectionandthe ICRC’sIHLTreaties,StatesPartiesandCommentariesdatabase.
Thecollectionisorganizedintofoursections,coveringrespectively‘Selected materialsongenerallegalissues’(SectionI),‘Selectedmaininternational humanitarianlawtreatiesandcustomaryrules’(SectionII),‘Selectedtreatieson weaponsanddisarmament’(SectionIII),and‘Internationalresponsibilityforwar crimesandotherinternationallyrecognizedcrimes’(SectionIV).Jointly,these foursectionsprovideanoversightofmoregeneralissuesrelatedtointernational humanitarianlaw,ofthemaininternationalhumanitarianlawtreatiesand customaryinternationalhumanitarianlawrules,oftreatiescoveringtheregulation ofmeansofarmedconflictanddisarmamentefforts,andfinallydocumentsrelated toensuringresponsibilityforStatesandindividualsforinternationallyrecognized crimes,includingwarcrimes.
Thesematerialscoveralongtimespanandreflecttheeffortsoftheorganized internationalcommunitysincethelate1800’toregulatetheconductofhostilities andprotectnotonlythosemostvulnerableduringarmedconflicts,butalso combatantsandfighters.Thetreatiesandotherlegalinstrumentsreflect
intentionaleffortstoavoid‘totalwar’andtoregulateactivitiesinvariousdomains, onland,atsea,onair,inouterspace,andmorerecentlyalsointhedigitaldomain. Whilethetextofthesedocumentswouldleavesomespaceforinterpretation,they areoftenaccompaniedbyauthoritativecommentaryissuedbyrelevantbodies, suchastheICRC,theInternationalLawCommission,orexpertsofinternational humanitarianlaw.Overtime,varioustreatyprovisionsandcustomaryIHLrules havebeeninterpretedbyinternationalcourtsandtribunals,UNhumanrights treatybodies,regionalhumanrightscourtsandcommissions,anddomesticcourts. Thishasgivenrisetoarichcaselaw,whichisveryimportanttothestudyofIHL.
Iamgratefultoseveralcolleaguesfortheirkindfeedbackonthescopeand contentofthiscollection,especiallyJannKKleffner,TerryDGill,Camilla GuldahlCooper,MagneFrostad,andKnutEinarSkodvin.Whilethecurrent collectioncannotbeexhaustive,itismeanttofurtherabetterunderstandingof themainelementsofIHLanditsrelationtootherfieldsofpublicinternational lawasinternationalhumanrightslaw,internationalcriminallaw,andthelawof internationalresponsibility.
Oslo,August2024
GentianZyberi
Abouttheeditor
GentianZyberiisaProfessorofInternationalLawandHumanRightsatthe NorwegianCentreforHumanRights,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofOslo.Professor Zyberihasover20yearsofprofessionalworkexperienceininternationallaw.Inhis career,hehascombinedeffectivelyacademicworkandthepracticeofinternational law.HispracticeofinternationallawincludesworkbeforetheInternational CriminalTribunalfortheformerYugoslavia(2004–2012)andtheInternational CourtofJustice(2009),asamemberoftheUNHumanRightsCommittee(2019–2022),andasamemberofthePermanentCourtofArbitration,TheHague,the Netherlands(2016–2028).ProfessorZyberihasdoneresearch,haspublishedand hastaughtintheareasofinternationalhumanrights,internationalhumanitarian law,internationalcriminallaw,andpublicinternationallawatvariousuniversities intheNetherlands,Albania,China,theUS,Kosovo,andNorway.Hisresearch interestsincludetheroleofinternationalcourtsandtribunalsindeveloping internationallaw;theprotectionofcommunityinterestsininternationallaw;and, transitionaljusticeprocesses,especiallyintheBalkans.
SectionI
Selectedmaterialsongeneral legalissues
CharteroftheUnitedNations*
Doneat:SanFrancisco
Dateenacted:1945-06-26
Inforce:1945-10-24
Content
ChapterI–Purposesandprinciples17
ChapterII–Membership18
ChapterIII–Organs18
ChapterIV–TheGeneralAssembly19 Composition19
Functionsandpowers19
Voting21
Procedure22
ChapterV–TheSecurityCouncil22
Composition22
Functionsandpowers22
Voting23
Procedure23
ChapterVI–Pacificsettlementofdisputes24
ChapterVII–Actionwithrespectstothreatstothepeace,breachesofthe peace,andactsofaggression25
ChapterVIII–Regionalarrangements28
ChapterIX–Internationaleconomicandsocialco-operation29
ChapterX–TheEconomicandSocialCouncil30
Composition30
Functionsandpowers30
Voting32
Procedure32
*AmendmenttoArticle23enlargedthemembershipoftheUNSecurityCouncilfrom11to15members, amendmenttoArticle27requiredthatdecisionsoftheSecurityCouncilbemadebyanaffirmativevote ofninemembers(formerlyseven);amendmenttoArticle61enlargedthemembershipofUNEconomic andSocialCouncilfrom18to27members.Theseamendmentswereadoptedin1963-12-17andentered intoforce1965-08-31.Article109wasamended1965-12-20,inforce1968-06-12.TheEconomicandSocial Councilwasenlargedto54byanamendmenttoArticle61,adopted1971-12-20,inforce1973-09-24.
ChapterXI–Declarationregardingnon-self-governingterritories32
ChapterXII–Internationaltrusteeshipsystem33
ChapterXIII–TheTrusteeshipCouncil36
Composition36
Functionsandpowers36
Voting37
Procedure37
ChapterXIV–TheInternationalCourtofJustice37
ChapterXV–TheSecretariat38
ChapterXVI–Miscellaneousprovisions39
ChapterXVII–Transitionalsecurityarrangements40
ChapterXVIII–Amendments40
ChapterXIX–Ratificationandsignature41
WethepeoplesoftheUnitedNationsdetermined tosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwar,whichtwiceinourlifetime hasbroughtuntoldsorrowtomankind,and toreaffirmfaithinfundamentalhumanrights,inthedignityandworthofthe humanperson,intheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeand small,and toestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarising fromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintained,and topromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedom, andfortheseends topracticetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgood neighbours,and touniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity,and toensure,bytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethods,that armedforceshallnotbeused,saveinthecommoninterest,and toemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionoftheeconomicandsocial advancementofallpeoples,
Haveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims Accordingly,ourrespectiveGovernments,throughrepresentativesassembledin thecityofSanFrancisco,whohaveexhibitedtheirfullpowersfoundtobeingood
anddueform,haveagreedtothepresentCharteroftheUnitedNationsanddo herebyestablishaninternationalorganizationtobeknownastheUnitedNations.
ChapterI–Purposesandprinciples
ARTICLE1
ThePurposesoftheUnitedNationsare:
1.Tomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity,andtothatend:totakeeffective collectivemeasuresforthepreventionandremovalofthreatstothepeace,and forthesuppressionofactsofaggressionorotherbreachesofthepeace,andto bringaboutbypeacefulmeans,andinconformitywiththeprinciplesofjustice andinternationallaw,adjustmentorsettlementofinternationaldisputesor situationswhichmightleadtoabreachofthepeace;
2.Todevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationsbasedonrespectfortheprinciple ofequalrightsandself-determinationofpeoples,andtotakeotherappropriate measurestostrengthenuniversalpeace;
3.Toachieveinternationalco-operationinsolvinginternationalproblemsofan economic,social,cultural,orhumanitariancharacter,andinpromotingand encouragingrespectforhumanrightsandforfundamentalfreedomsforall withoutdistinctionastorace,sex,language,orreligion;and
4.Tobeacentreforharmonizingtheactionsofnationsintheattainmentofthese commonends.
ARTICLE2
TheOrganizationanditsMembers,inpursuitofthePurposesstatedinArticle1, shallactinaccordancewiththefollowingPrinciples.
1.TheOrganizationisbasedontheprincipleofthesovereignequalityofallits Members.
2.AllMembers,inordertoensuretoallofthemtherightsandbenefitsresulting frommembership,shallfulfillingoodfaiththeobligationsassumedbythemin accordancewiththepresentCharter.
3.AllMembersshallsettletheirinternationaldisputesbypeacefulmeansinsuch amannerthatinternationalpeaceandsecurity,andjustice,arenotendangered.
4.AllMembersshallrefrainintheirinternationalrelationsfromthethreatoruse offorceagainsttheterritorialintegrityorpoliticalindependenceofanystate,or inanyothermannerinconsistentwiththePurposesoftheUnitedNations.
5.AllMembersshallgivetheUnitedNationseveryassistanceinanyactionit takesinaccordancewiththepresentCharter,andshallrefrainfromgiving assistancetoanystateagainstwhichtheUnitedNationsistakingpreventiveor enforcementaction.
