WOMEN IN POLITICS Newsletter January -March 2014
CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
Women in Politics Newsletter
Editorial
is a quarterly Newslletter Produced by CMD-Malawi Area 11, Off Chimutu Road P/Bag A216, Lilongwe Malawi Tel: +265 01 772 099 Email: kizito@sdnp.org.mw Website :www.cmdmalawi.com with financial support from Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy ......................... EDITORIAL TEAM EDITOR Peter Jegwa Kumwenda CONTRIBUTORS Betty Liwimbi Mandy Pondani
EDITORIAL ADVISOR Kizito Tenthani
COVER PICTURE: AFORD’s Enita Wezi Njolwa says women who dance at political parties are contributing to their parties (see story Page 10)
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Dear Reader, Welcome to the second edition of Women in Politics Newsletter published by the Center for Multiparty Democracy (CMD) Malawi. This is a quarterly newsletter which is part of the one year CMD-M project called Women’s Active Participation in Political Leadership and Decision Making in Political Parties in Malawi. This project is funded by the Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy (DIPD). The overall objective of the project is to strengthen and enhance participation of women in leadership and decision making within political parties in Malawi. There are well established facts that justify the need to increase women participation in leadership and decision making positions. It is a known fact that women represent 52 % of Malawi’s population and yet remain underrepresented in politics and decision making. This newsletter comes at a time when our country is preparing for the tripartite elections for the first time in our history. This presents a window of opportunity to Malawians to push for more women to be elected as as councillors, Members of Parliament or into the presidency. Elections are a transformative tool for the democratic governance. They are a means through which people voice out their preferences and chose their own representatives. Each vote is part of the larger process that stretches before, during and after elections. This is anchored in our own Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, section 13a. In addition, the right to participate in politics and decision making positions, is also anchored in the policy documents such as the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) and the Malawi Development Growth Strategy (MGDS) just to mention a few. However, elections are only an aspect of democratic governance and must be accompanied by strong and diverse institutions that provide equal protection to all people more especially women and youth. This enhances fair distribution of resources and equitable access to political power and decision making positions. CMD-M appreciates the proactive role taken by the Malawi Electoral Commission (MEC) by reducing the fees that female contestants would be required to pay. This gesture has encouraged more women to actively participate in the electoral processes. Some political parties have emulated the same by putting in place mechanisms that assist in leveling the playing field for all persons more especially women and youth. CMD- M is therefore appealing to the general public and more especially men to apply more effort to ensure that women representation gap is narrowed. It has to be appreciated that it is not about giving women special privileges but narrowing the gap and addressing historical discrimination women have faced in politics. This newsletter highlights some of the critical issues that women in politics are facing as well as some of the activities that CMD-M has been conducting throughout the year 2013. CMD –Malawi wishes to acknowledge, with gratitude, the financial support from the Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy (DIPD) for the publication of this newsletter. We hope you will enjoy reading the newsletter Kizito Tenthani Executive Director, CMD-MALAWI
WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
Word from the Chair I
CMD committed to leveling the playing field for women in politics
feel honored and privileged to present to you the latest edition of Women in Politics Newsletter. The Centre for Multiparty Democracy - Malawi (CMDM) as it strives to ensure the entrenchment of multiparty democracy in Malawi, continues to be passionate about increasing the participation of women in politics and decision making positions at a higher level so that women actualize their potential. We recognize that women representation in political decision making positions is still very minimal. In our Parliament for example, women account for just 22% out of the 193 seats in our National Assembly. It is also worth noting that there have been slight improvements in women representation in parliment over the previous general elections. For instance in 2004, the representation of women in Parliament was at 14.6%. In the preveous General Election in 1999 Women parliamentarians accounted for just 8%. Women representation was even lower in 1994 when only 6% women made it to parliament. This is encouraging, though much more needs to be done for Malawi to achive the 50% threshold which is our ultimate target. Sadly, however, most of the political party constitutions, manifestos and the other policy documents do not adequately tackle the question of women empowerment and inclusion. This in turn, makes it a challenge to change the status quo and achieve significant improvements in numbers of women who make it to Parliament and other leadership positions. In order to appreciate the magnitude of the problem, CMD-M with funding from the Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy (DIPD) conducted a Gender Audit and Assessment in September 2013 in seven political parties in Malawi. The aim was to come up with long lasting recommendations that would contribute to the leveling of the playing ground more especially for women and the youth. Gender equality in political participation is a fundamental aspect of modern democratic governance. Under international standards, both men and women have equal rights to participate fully in all aspects and at all levels of political processes. The audit has shown that in practice, it has been a challenge for Malawian women to exercise these rights. CMD-M is therefore grateful to the DIPD for the financial support that enabled it to carry out this audit. The findings and recommendations will contribute towards understanding the current situation and the bottle necks that exist that prevent the country from achieving the desirable targets of women representation and participation in politics. Our job now is to see to it that lessons learnt and recommendations made are used to help us achieve increased participation of women in decision making positions that we all desire. Let me urge all stakeholders to play their role in ensuring that we all play our part by making every effort to ensure that we achieve equal and meaningful inclusion and participation of women in all decision making structures. This is an important job that cannot be done by political parties or leaders alone. I hope that you will enjoy this edition of Women in Politics Newsletter. Jane Rose Anthony CMD- M Board Chair
CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
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Jane Rose Anthony becomes third female party SG
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hat do Kettie Kainja, Jean Kalirani and Rose Anthony have in common? All of them are women, yes. All of them are or were in politics. While the first two will probably be well known for having excelled to even hold senior positions in cabinet, the third name, that of Jane Rose Anthony joins them as the only other woman to be elected a Secretary General of a party represented in the National Assembly. Anthony has just been elected Secretary General of the Malawi Forum for Unity and Development (MAFUNDE), defeating party founding member and position holder, Levison Ganiza in a closely contested vote. The late Kettie Kainja (May Her Sould Rest In Peace) was the first woman to be elected party Secretary General by the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Dr. Jean Kalirani was second when she became Secretary General of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). And now, Jane Rose Anthony for MAFUNDE. Anthony was over the moon when she gave an interview to Women in Politics Newsletter. “First of all I thank members of our party for showing confidence in me by electing me to this important position,” Anthony said. “I am delighted, but I am also aware that it places a massive responsibility on me,” she said.
Anthony thanked her predecessor, (the man she defeated) Levison Ganiza for helping take the party to where it is now and said her job was to help build on what has been done in order to make the party even stronger. “It is not just about me, we’ll have to work together to realize the potential that this party has. We have one MP (Member of Parliament) now going into the coming elections, we need to significantly increase that number,” she said. Anthony said she would like to see more women get involved and take up top leadership positions, not only in her party, but in all parties as well. “Every political leader says it is important that women are not left behind, I am saying this should not be said by word of mouth only, we must actualize what we preach,” she said. Anthony’s elevation to the position of party Secretary General could not have come at a better. She has become MAFUNDE Secretary General at the time the rotational Chairmanship of the Centre for Multiparty Democracy moves to her party, thereby making her the Chair of the CMD Board. And among her first tasks was to be involved in the publication of this newsletter, authoring its “Word from the Chair” on page 3. Anthony is married and has two children.
THINKING DEEP: Anthony has taken on new responsibility as MAFUNDE Secretary General
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WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
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NGC-GCN wants support for “Women situation room”
GO – Gender Coordination Network (GCN) has said there is need for Malawi to endorse the Women Situation Room (WSR) during the 2014 tripartite polls in order to tackle issues of political conflicts in which women are the major victims. The Women Situation Room is an early warning and response mechanism that aims at receiving and responding to complaints on voting, Gender Based Violence (GBV), electoral offences and others from electeral stakeholders, including women and youth. Speaking in an interview with Women in Politics Newsletter, Vice Chairperson for NGO-GCN Noel Msiska said drawing lessons from the Kenyan elections held in March (2013), it is imperative that Malawi replicates the practice because it is one way of liberating the electoral process for women. “Experience shows that since the reintroduction of multiparty democracy in the country there have been a number of violations that women have suffered throughout the electoral cycle and there are no proper channels for them to lodge their complaints, so the situation room might just be the right platform for them,” said Msiska. Msiksa observed that since Malawi will be having its first tripartite elections, it is the right time to adopt the facility because it will ensure that women also take part in constructively launching measures that will contribute to an enabling voting environment for everyone regardless of gender. “There are cases of rape, physical assault and many others that happen at centers on the polling day but people especially women do not know who to approach or where to run to for assistance,” he observed. On re-establishment of the physical facility Program Manager for National Initiative for Civic Education (NICE) Gray Kalindekafe said Malawi needs to consider putting a gender desk within the generic situation room to help curb violence during elections. Different stakeholders in the country have endorsed an electoral situation room which has its secretariat housed at the Malawi Electoral Support Network (MESN). “Since we are running out of time before the 2014 polls
WANTS SUPPORT FOR WOMEN: NICE Program Manager, Gray Kalindekafe suggests establishment of a women’s desk within the situation room
I suggest that within the general situation room we should have a women’s desk with a call center specifically for handling issues brought forward by women and young people on the polling day,” Kalindekafe said. He however said there is need for intensive training and advocacy to let people know about the existence of the Women Situation Room so that people know how it operates and how to make use of it at the right time. He therefore asked the media to take a leading role in educating the masses about the concept bearing in mind that it is new to the country. According to a report produced by the UN Women the Women Situation Room does not serve to address issues of rigging and other electoral malpractices rather it seeks to mobilize women and young people to actively participate in democratic electoral processes without obstruction. WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
“Experience shows that since the reintroduction of multiparty democracy in the country there have been a number of violations that women have suffered throughout the electoral cycle and there are no proper channels for them to lodge their complaints” CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
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Parties for engendered generic model constitution and manifesto
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eading political parties have welcomed the suggestions that party constitutions and manifestoes must adequately address women empowerment issues. CMD member parties, meeting at Kuchawe Inn in the eastern city of Zomba were upbeat when briefed on gaps in their manifestoes and constitutions and were generally agreeable to a suggestion to have generic model constitutions and manifestoes that clearly outline strategies for women empowerment. The CMD-M contracted two consultants to review party manifestos and party constitutions respectively and develop generic models of manifesto and constitution from which political parties could tap. The meeting in Zomba, held last October, allowed for dissemination of findings to political parties for feedback and input from them where political leaders were also engaged in policy development. This was followed by popularizing engendered model constitution and manifesto through print and electronic media. Malawi women continue to play second fiddle to men and are rarely entrusted with leadership positions, despite national population figures showing the female gender accounting for 52 percent. If the participation of women is going to improve, there is need to begin the process within political parties which are the gateway to women’s participation in political par-
ties. It is for this reason that in March, 2013, the Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy (DIPD) signed a oneyear partnership agreement with the Centre for Multiparty Democracy Malawi (CMD-M) for the total sum of DKK550, 000 to run activities aimed at helping Malawian women rise to decision making positions in various spheres of life. The overarching goal of the project is to strengthen the inclusion and meaningful participation of women in leadership and decision making positions in political parties in Malawi. In order to address discrepancies in women participation in political parties, three components of the projectwere identified. • women empowerment and mentoring; • reviewing and engendering of party constitutions and manifestos and • Advocacy and sensitization of party leadership. Objectives of the project • To strengthen confidence and skills of women within political parties through training, networking and experience sharing including mentoring; • Engendered party constitutions and manifestos • Sensitized political party leadership
GIVING FULL SUPPORT: Leaders of main political parties support generic engendered constitutions
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WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
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Women must fight to get party positions - Chirambo “…we can’t all be MPs or councilors”
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eteran politician, Dorothy Chirambo has advised women to fight to take up top positions in their political parties, saying it is important to realize that not everyone can be a Member of Parliament (MP) or Councillor. Chirambo is a Director of Women in the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) and has been in politics for almost a decade now and serving the same party. “If some women are not aspiring to stand as MPs or councilors, or maybe they have lost primaries, that should not put them off. They need to actively participate in political parties by taking up other roles in their political parties,” Chirambo advised. Chirambo said it would be nice if more women made it as MPs or councilors, but it was equally important that more women become active in the rank and file of the parties. “Being an MP or a councilor is not the only role that we as women can play. We should also aim to take up other influential positions in the party,” she said, adding: “Unless more women contest for top National Executive Committee positions in their respective political parties, politics shall continue to be a men’s game.” The veteran politician is keen to pass on her experience to young and upcoming female politicians and is mentoring a number of women through the Mentorship project that is being implemented by CMD-Malawi with financial and technical support from DIPD. The CMD carried out a sensitization process of the project to all political party Secretaries General and Directors of Women for a buy-in. Political parties were also informed about what the project entails and how it would be operationalized, including mentorship. They were also briefed on the benefits that would accrue to their parties. Following this introduction, a successful mentorship training of 32 participants drawn from AFORD, DPP, MCP, MAFUNDE, PP, UDF, PETRA and PPM was undertaken in Mangochi in August, 2013. This was followed by a successful launch of the mentorship project which was also captured by some prominent media. Participants from political parties organized themselves into two groups - Mentors (experienced women in political parties), and Mentee (those who expressed the need to learn from the experienced women). Ms Beatriz de Fuhr from Kvinfo, a Danish Resource and Research Centre facilitated this training with support from CMD. This training has resulted in great enthusiasm by women who attended. CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
YOU CAN SERVE IN MORE WAYS THAT ONE: Dorothy Chirambo says women should aim to get positions in party executive committees Mentoring is about a one-on-one initiative aimed at strengthening the network and confidence of a “mentee”. This is done through talks, discussion with a ‘mentor’ with whom he/she meets on a regular basis. The one-on-one mentoring is often combined with networking and/or capacity building activities for the group of mentees in order for them to share experiences and strengthen their skills in different areas. While mentoring is well-known in the business sector, few have attempted to apply it in the political world. Only in recent years has the approach expanded into the political sphere.
WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
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“Effective Gender campaigns must involve grassroots women”
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ll campaigns for women’s political and social empowerment will be in vain if a common woman in the local community is bypassed, a Kenyan women’s rights activist has warned. National Coordinator for Groots Kenya, Esther Muiru gave the warning to Malawian Gender activists who toured her offices early this month. “Up to date there are a lot of interventions that African nations have put in place in order to get women to decision making positions let alone to fully participate in politics but the problem is most of the interventions leave the woman aside,” said Muiru. “When I say a woman I mean the grassroots woman who has no financial muscle, she that has no name but has the ability to serve her society once built with the necessary skills and relevant capacity,” she explained. Murai observed that there is need that women empowerment principles be internalized in terms of specific countries across Africa because of the cultural variations. “We have employed the universally accepted principles but they have failed to let us reach our desired threshold of women’s participation in decision making as well as political positions, and now we have realized that grassroots movements are more effective because they aim at taking the affected on board,” she said. Vice chairperson for NGO – Gender Coordination Network Noel Msiska said it was high time Malawi borrowed a leaf from the Kenyan counterparts especially now that the 2014 tripartite polls are around the corner. “We were in Kenya to learn how our friends managed to get enormous number of women to the national assembly,
even though most of the interventions are for the longer term, some of them can be applied within our timeframe so that we can achieve the same for our women politicians in the pending tripartite polls,” Msiska said. Msiska noted that locally the country has lacked interventions that men have actively advocated for women leadership because a man is widely deemed as a woman’s oppressor. “Men can go a mile in championing the cause for women’s inclusion in setting development or political agenda. Above all Groots has driven us lower to actively involve rural women so that they are empowered from their lower levels in order for them to rise above expectations to be at par with their male counter parts at national level,” Msiska said As Malawi prepares for the May 2014 tripartite polls, various stakeholders in partnership with Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare have launched different campaigns in order to retain the sitting women legislatures as well as getting new ones. “Special attention should also be paid to the local assembly, we need more women councilors and yet most of the aspirants do not have the financial drive, as such we hope their respective political parties can play a role in bailing them out,” said Msiska. Organizations like Center for Multiparty Democracy, NGO – GCN, UN Women in partnership with Ministry of Gender are working on profiling incumbent women representatives in the August House with a view to sell their development agendas that might see them retaining their seats if they performed well.
LEARNING FROM KENYA: NGO-GCN Deputy Chairperson, Noel Msiska (right) was part of the Malawi team that visited Kenya to learn how it is done there
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WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
Parliamentary committee backs CMD on party registration law
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he Legal Affairs Committee of Parliament has said it is ready and willing to support the Centre for Multiparty Democracy (CMD) as it works on a revised Political Parties Registration and Regulation Act (PPRRA). The CMD is implementing a project on “strengthening of political party” with support from UNDP and DFID. This project will be implemented between 2013-2016 with the higher level result of contributing to the democratic consolidation through the provision of assistance for the institutional development of political parties. The project is anchored on the MGDS11 (2012-2016) that identifies improved governance in political parties as a key strategy for realizing “political parties with clear ideologies and functioning internal democracy”. Further to this, the UNDAF and UNDP country program highlights strengthening of political parties to promote inclusiveness participation in the country’s democracy. Revising Political Parties Registration and Regulation Act (PPRRA) enacted by the National Assembly is one of the key outputs of the project. The Centre for Multiparty Democracy (CMD) had nationwide consultation and advocacy meetings with different stakeholders and also produced radio programmes and newspaper inserts to solicit views from the general public on the draft Political Parties Registration and Regulation Act (PPRRA). Among the advocacy meetings, CMD organized a meeting with the Legal Affairs committee of Parliament with the aim of lobbying the members of the committee to support the PPRRA drafting and enactment process. During the meeting, CMD presented the current Political Parties’ Registration and Regulation Act (PPRRA) and emphasized on the gaps that were identified during the initial consultation meetings with political parties and civil society organizations in December, 2012. Members of the committee commended the centre for taking this initiative and emphasised that the committee is ready and willing to support the centre in ensuring that this process is brought to its logical conclusion. Chair for the Parliamentary Committee, Kezzie Msukwa said CMD was welcome to seek the support of his committee at any time and the committee will be there to help. There is growing interest in the Draft Bill. The proposed bill is also seen as essential in the fight against abuse of public resources by a party in government. For this reason, there is interest to ensure that it is enacted within the reasonable timeframe. In terms of the next steps, once the Reference Group provides its input, the Draft Bill will be presented to the Board of CMD. It is expected that in turn the Board will explore the most practical and effective way of getting the Draft Bill into Parliament. CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
THERE TO HELP: Parliament’s Legal Affairs Committee Chair, Kezzie Msukwa
WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
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Dancing at political rallies does not demean women
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omen political leaders have defended the practice of women dancing for political leaders at rallies, describing it as a form of expressing themselves and their happiness. Women leaders from six political parties, the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), Democratic Progress Party (DPP), Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Malawi Forum for Unity and Development (MAFUNDE), the People’s Party (PP) and the United Democratic Front (UDF) were unanimous is dismissing assertions that women dancing at rallies was in any way demeaning to the female gender. The women were speaking during a radio debate run by the Centre for Multiparty Democracy (CMD) on Zodiak Broadcasting Station (ZBS). The radio debate was one in a series of 10 radio programmes sponsored by Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy (DIPD) aired every weekend between January 11 and February 10. DPP Director of Women, Patricia Kaliati described women dancing at rallies as purely an expression of happiness. “Men go to drinking places where they get drank and dance, what is wrong for a women who is happy, she is not drank dancing with her friends at a party meeting,” Kaliati wondered. Her views were shared by former AFORD Deputy Publicity Secretary, Wezi Njolwa and MCP Publicity Secretary, Jessie Kabwila who also said through songs the women convey important political messages. “Through their songs, women express themselves and convey political messages,” Kabwila said. Njolwa added: “Women dancing at political rallies is also an important contribution that women make to their parties and this must be celebrated, rather than derided upon,” On her part, MAFUNDE’s Secretary General, Rose Anthony said what was important was that women should not dance for politicians as a means of generating income for their families. “We need to first ensure that women are empowered so that when they go to dance they do so just for fun,” she said. PP’s National Campaign Director, Zeles Gomani said people must not forget that when women dance at political rallies they also showcase their talents as well as promote culture, which she said is not a bad thing. “Everywhere you go for a political meeting, it is women from that area showcasing dances from their areas which in a way helps promote culture,” said Gomani. UDF National Organizing Secretary, Lilian Patel said when her party first came to power in 1994, they held the view that getting women to dance at rallies was demeaning and tried to end the practice but failed. “It was the women themselves who said they wanted to dance at rallies, to show their happiness, so we said if noone is forcing them, let them dance” Patel said.
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LET THE WOMEN DANCE: Lilian Patel above and Zeles Gomani below don’t think it is demeaning for women to dance at party meetings
WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
Attitudes stiffling participation of young women in politics
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ary Phiri (not real name) has read and heard plenty of stories of women who have made it big in politics here in Malawi and abroad and now feels inspired. She has a good education, very articulate and with desire to make her society better. Mary has now decided she wants to deliver change for her society by stepping up and vying for leadership position in the coming election and believes she has the backing of people close to her. Her parents have pledged their support while her fiancĂŠe says he will support her whatever she decides to do. Mary is just about what Malawi needs as the country grapples the question of how to get more young people and women involved in decision making processes on national issues which at the moment is extremely minimal. Malawi is a signatory to several regional and international commitments which call for enhanced youth participation and representation in national forums and in the socio-economic spheres of development. This is seen as necessary in a country where young people especially young women have limited opportunities to express themselves and to participate in productive ventures. Yet, in spite of policy support, the participation of young women in the electoral and political processes remains dismally low due to chains of challenges ranging from social cultural barriers to poverty issues. These bottlenecks constrain the capacity of the young women like Mary to meaningfully participate in the electoral processes. The most underlying factor is that political activities require huge financing as a primary condition and this is a
key challenge for young women politicians. Through research done by CMD under the DIPD project, it was established that besides financial constraints, structures of political parties too, create barriers that often hinder young women to participate fully in party’s leadership and the core management. But as Mary found out, deep problems remain with the society at large. Mary was keen to launch a political career as a councilor. All seemed to be on course, with her family seemingly supporting her. Little did she know the support she thought she had was, in fact not there at all. Mary got married to her supporting finance just before the primary elections in her party took place. She relocated to the husbands place still keen to venture into politics only to discover that her husband was now a changed man. This was a shock to her because she thought the husband supported her democratic right to participate in electoral processes. Her political party tried to negotiate with the husband but this did not help solve the matter. Mary will not be contesting in the coming elections, her dreams have been shattered. Her party too has lost what would have been a formidable candidate, while those who know her say, in fact the entire ward has lost. It helps to have laws and policies that support women and youth participation in politics, but as Mary found out, it will be helpful too if people’s attitudes changed to be supportive of women.
FINDING IT HARD: Atitudes in society make it hard for women like these CMD members to excel in politics CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT
WOMEN IN POLITICS Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties
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In December, 2013, the CMD-M organised an interface meeting between senior officials from the Malawi Police Service and political party leaders to give the two sides an opportunity to discuss how best the elections must be approached and managed in order for them to be held in an atmosphere that is peaceful and orderly. 1. CMD Executive Director, Kizito Tenthani speaking during the opening of the interface meeting 2. CMD Programme Manager, Gerald Chigoma outlining objectives of the interface meeting 3. Chief Elections Officer at the Malawi Electoral Commission (MEC), Willie Kalonga sharing his experiences 4. Deputy Inspector General of Police Nelson Bophani addressing the meeting
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4 WOMEN IN POLITICS CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP REPORT Strengthening the confidence and skills of women within Political Parties