Valadez, James R. Durán, Richard P. (2007). "Redefining the Digital Divide: Beyond Access to Computers and the Internet”. The High School Journal. Feb/March 2007, pages 31-44 This study looks at the digital divide in relation to high and low resource schools in the U.S. It examines the disparities in those schools as indicative of the larger disparities in the U.S, focusing on the usage of computers rather than just access. It found that high resource schools had teachers utilizing more creative ways to incorporate the Internet into classrooms. The findings provide support for a broader definition of the digital divide that includes the social and academic impact of different ways the Internet is predominantly utilized by youth.
Jones, Steve; Johnson-Yale, Camille; Millermaier, Sarah; Pérez, Francisco Seoane (2009). "U.S. College Students' Internet Use: Race, Gender and Digital Divides." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol 14(2), Jan, 2009. pp. 244264. This paper presents the results of a study on the impact race and gender had in Internet use among U.S. college students. The study conducted a survey of college students at 40 institutions of higher education. It’s results show a strong point of contrast based on race, although not gender, with regards to Internet use,. The paper compares those findings to a survey of the general U.S. population. Barzilai-Nahon, Karine (2006). "Gaps and Bits: Conceptualizing Measurements for Digital Divides." The Information Society, Oct. 2006. This paper criticizes policymakers who rely on simplistic measures for the digital divide related to general Internet access, instead proposing that a more thoughtful analysis and comprehensive data is needed on how the Internet is being used by different families. It bases its analysis on the argument that networks and new technologies are not neutral artifacts but also political and social spaces. Jackson, Linda A.; Yong Zhao; Kolenic III, Anthony; Fitzgerald, Hiram E.; Harold, Rena; Von Eye, Alexander (2008). "Race, Gender and Information Technology Use: The New Digital Divide." CyberPsychology & Behavior. Vol. 11, No. 4, 2008. This paper presents research examining race and gender differences in the intensity and nature of Internet use to determine whether it predicted academic performance. It provides plenty of data on usage rates of IT among different ethnic groups, showing a gap between whites and minorities. Its findings are that length of time using computers and the Internet was a positive predictor of academic performance, indicating the importance of the digital divide as a socioeconomic issue. Ono, Hiroshi; Zavodny, Madeline (2008) "Immigrants, English Ability and the Digital Divide." Social Forces, Vol. 86, No. 4, June 2008, pages 1455-1479.
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