LINKERS AND CONNECTORS CONTRAST however: Still: Regardless: Sin embargo nevertheless: instead of: en vez de in spite of / despite: a pesar de on the contrary: por el contrario whereas / while: mientras though / although / even though: aunque But / yet: pero all the same: a pesar de todo Despite (that) Sub + Vb. Despite (that) he hadn’t been invited, Peter came. in spite of / despite + ing/noun: al principio o al final de la frase. ‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’ ‘We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain’ although / though/ even though: Unen dos ideas que se oponen. Van seguidos de un Sujeto y un verbo. Pueden ir al principio o al final de la frase. ‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’. ‘Peter came, though he hadn’t been invited’
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In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.
REASON AND CAUSE because of + noun: a causa de /por due to + noun: debido a owing to + noun: debido a Because (porque) As / Since / Seeing that (ya que/como) due to the fact that + suj verbo: debido a que owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que for this / that reason: por esta / esa razón -
As / Since / Seeing that: introducen una oracion Suj-verbo. Introduce a sentence. ‘As/since it was raining, I stayed in. ‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’ Because ‘I stayed at home because it was raining.’
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Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to: seguido de un sustantivo. ‘John was late because of / due to / owing to/ on account of a traffic jam’. ‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’ PURPOSE
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However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast / All the same. Introducen una idea que contradice a otra que se ha dicho previamente. Van siempre seguidos de coma. ‘He was quite ill. however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’ ‘He felt tired. However/Nevertheless, he went on working.’ ‘She spent hours in the hot kitchen. Regardless, he didn't touch her food’. ‘The boy got F's on all his exams. All the same, the teacher passed him’. ‘I wasn't hungry. Still, I had dinner with the family and ate a lot’. while / Whereas Unen dos ideas contrarias. ‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’ ‘I like coffee, whereas/while Mary likes tea’ but / yet: van seguidos de una oracion suj-verbo o un sustantivo . ‘The book is short but / yet interesting’ ‘The book is short but / yet it is good’. Instead of + v-ing He rent a film instead of going to the cinema
To / in order to / so as to,: para So that: para For that purpose: por esta razón/ con este proposito To, in order to, so as to: van seguidos de un infinitivo. La diferencia entre las tres formas es sólo que el TO es informal, el IN ORDER TO es más formal, y el SO AS TO, es más formal aun. ‘I came in order to/ so as to/ to see Mary’ ‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’ -
So that: va seguido de una frase suj-verbo y normalmente se usa cuando la segunda acción tiene un sujeto diferente a la primera acción. ‘We came so that our daughter could see her grandparents’ For that purpose: seguido de coma. ‘For that purpose, I will come’