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Collaboration as a requirement for innovation A lot of different forms of innovation were considered in all the different subprojects. The innovation process is all about trying things in new, and if possible, better ways. Innovation is more than mere technical improvement and could also take place in the spheres of, for example, management and marketing. In the two years of Amsterdam Smart City, we dealt not only with innovative technology, but also with innovative partnerships, innovative financing and novel methods of communication. All of the projects were characterized by different forms and approaches. In summary, it would be fair to say that a precondition of innovation is collaboration with other partners - sometimes even with competing parties. While collaboration is the force that drives these types of projects, it can sometimes also be a pitfall, because of its delaying effects. The conclusion that can be drawn from the process of innovation through the implementation of new technologies and the reduction of CO2 is that a collective approach, the stimulation of awareness, and the use of economically sustainable initiatives are important.