WOOD and STEEL IN DECONSTRUCTION

WOOD and STEEL IN DECONSTRUCTION : CHALLENGES and OPPORTUNITIES

Ali Can Erol 6027664 alicanerol92@gmail.com Michelangelo Mezzocolli 6027826 mmezzocolli@gmail.com

HCU I Hafencity Universität Hamburg REAP Master I WiSe 2014-2015 Technologies for Sustainable Material Cycles Prof. Dr._Ing. Wolfram Trinius

INTRODUCTION We only can reach every goods and products by using our finite sources. Even, our renewable sources are decreasing. While world’s population is growing, our resources are going on to diminish and this situation will not only result environmental degradation but also will cause possible political crisis. Then, a question comes to mind that is how do we compensate the growing demand of consumption with decreasing sources.

Some solutions pop up are decreasing the material demand, producing long lasting products which do not require high amount of maintenance, promoting renewable materials in goods and produce with already reused/recycled materials. If we can succeed, we can reach environmental ideal of ‘’closing the materials loop’’. Buildings dominantly require significant amount of resources of the world.

The statistics speak for themselves: buildings in the United States consume 40% of the nation’s energy, and 70% of its electricity (USEIA 2004). New construction, maintenance, and renovation of buildings account for 40% of the world’s material flows (Roodman and Lenssen 1995). In light of this information, it is obvious that one of the most important step to solve the problem, is to work on ‘closed material loop’ in building sector. [1] In order of decreasing preference, wasted materials should be:    

Recycled Reused Land-filled Involved in energy production

DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION WHY DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION? Is there any possibility to save abandoned parcels of future by producing new tools, new design methods and new components to build ? By doing that, is there any possibility to reach initial and virgin situation of these future parcels by creating artificial environments ? These two questions from the philosophy of Design for Deconstruction (DfD). Design for Deconstruction is a concept which includes disciplines of design, reuse, manufacturing and recycling.

Design for Deconstruction (DfD) is “the design of buildings to facilitate future change and eventual dismantlement for recovery of systems , components and materials. This design process includes developing assemblies components, materials, construction techniques, and information and management systems to accomplish this goal” (B. Guy et al.,2006)[2] ADVANTAGES [1] Adopting a DfD approach to new building design has the advantages of: • Reducing the amount of material sent to landfill.

• Increasing the amount of material suitable for reuse at the end of the buildings life cycle.

• Initiate the development of closed loop material flow streams within the built environment.

• Advance sustainable construction so that the built environment is an asset rather than a legacy of waste.

• Reduce long-term carbon emissions through reuse.

• Reduce the environmental impact of new developments.

Material reuse considerations do not start when a building reaches the end of its life; reuse starts when a building is designed. It starts with selecting materials that are reused or recycled (in order of preference), and with designing keeping building’s life-cycle in mind.

Designing for the full life-cycle means designing for durability, designing for adaptability, and designing a building that can be efficiently mined as a source of reused materials for new construction when it reaches the end of its useful life.

Deconstruction is a process of taking a building apart into its components in such a way that they can be reused and recycled trying not to waste materials and components.

DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION _ Deconstruction methodologies Simple layout, transparency, and regularity are the most important factors to take in consideration for deconstruction.

Thinking since the beginning about some designing strategies will facilitate the purpose of deconstruction and reuse: the construction of the building will not start at the initial construction phase but will go on for the whole life cycle of it. Adapting designing strategies will involve all the different parties in order to organize how the building is going to be operated, maintained, repaired. The best stage to apply design for Deconstruction is the early design stage, where all the inputs and datas start to be considered. Some deconstruction basic steps can be classified in this way: [2] 

Prefabrication and modular construction: the use of prefabricated elements can be a benefit later during deconstruction process, reducing the time and the operation costs.



Simplify and standardize connection details: the use of simple connection details will be helpful to manage easily the deconstruction process without having deformation of elements that will not be useful anymore.



Simplify and separate building systems: assembling the building systems in order to make them easily extractable during deconstruction (See the chapter “Design for deconstruction _ Layering”)



Consider worker safety: is one of the most important things to be considered during a deconstruction process. the deconstruction process should be thought trying to avoid dangerous activities and simplifying all the operations.



Minimize building components and materials: trying to use a system of different layers of materials that can be easily recognized and separated .



Designing to accommodate deconstruction logistics: trying to organize in the best way waste removal in order to reduce all the costs related to it.



Reduce building complexity: trying to use simple components and really transparent assembly sequence in order to simplify deconstruction process.



flexibility and adaptability: taking care of this concepts will extend the Life-Cycle of a building and save energy and deconstruction costs.

DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION _ Layering The idea of deconstruction is totally related to the idea of considering the building as a system of layers – a kind of kit of parts with different lifetime that can be easily removed at the end of their life.

The lifetime of components of a building depends on the original materials and could have a really extended range of years for the main structure but also only few years for the internal fit out. Often building obsolescence -due to the fact that some components went through deterioration/starting deterioratingneeds to be replaced: Separation of elements with different lifetime cycles in the components of the building into short and long life components will reduce the complexity of deconstruction in the future. Different lifetime components could be removed easily subsequently. During the planning of this phase designers should also consider the position of this different materials: layers with shorter lifetime should be positioned in a way which ease the removal without impacting longer lasting layers.

The lifetime of the structure-layer will be longer than the life of most of the other layers in the building: the useful life of a steel structure of a building should be between 30 and 100 years. Components such as internal finishes, mechanical equipment, cladding could be easily removed by the building and sent for reuse and recycle: doing that is possible to extend the using life of a building’s structure.

DESIGN FOR DECONTRUCTION _ Problems During Design for Deconstruction different parties like public and private sector and society are involved in order to discuss about some setbacks that make Design for Deconstruction difficult. The main setbacks of people can be classified in different sections: [1,2]  



  

Lack of legislation: No legislation requires constructors and clients to consider deconstruction at design stage Mentality barrier: buildings are nowadays considered a high value property. Design a building as temporary could be a real change in construction mentality Economic ,technical and dimensional barriers : cost and organization of DfD during construction and deconstruction are usually higher and more complicated than a normal design.

Lack of structured supply/demand chain.

Complex Buildings. Buildings where the structural and other systems are difficult to understand or hidden are challenging to deconstruct.

Non-Standard Components. Custom components may have no use in any other building.

WOOD VS STEEL In term of design for deconstruction we are going on the following pages to analyze two different kind of materials - which are wood and steel – and trying to compare them focusing on reuse, recycle and deconstruction advantages and disadvantages.

A CASE OF STUDY _ WOOD This part of the paper aims to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of the wood as a recyclable construction material. Additionally, Life Cycle Assessment graphics and analysis will show the features of wood among the any other materials.

CLIMATE CHANGE By organizing Kyoto Protocol, future damages in terms of climate change and the inevitable necessity to attach more importance to this issue in every sector, were discussed in detail, substantially. Countries those sign Kyoto Protocol, has affirmed the future precautions to decrease carbon emission rates in their countries. On the other hand, operation of existing and future wastes have been discussed. For these countries, construction sector is one of the significant field which consumes big amount of energy and which produces lots of wastes: 

Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy; (Kyoto Protocol, Article 2)



Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport and industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management.

Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial planning would improve adaptation to climate change; (Kyoto Protocol, Article 10)

http://www.cei-bois.org/files/FINAL_-_BoA_-_EN_-_2011_text_and_cover.pdf)

TACKLE WITH IT BY CHANGING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Rapidly increasing number of carbon dioxide emission alerts specialists and country policies in terms of saving our planet. The inevitable question is ‘’how can people reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ?’’

There are two solutions, which are decreasing the number of emissions and storing the carbon, that wood has both abilities (3, pg. 12). Thus, there are two main reasons why the scenario of sustainable yield policy resulted in a greater amount of carbon sequestration than the no management at all scenario.

Firstly, it is well known that trees sink carbon. Yet, efficiency of carbon sink of young trees is more than the old ones, which give carbon dioxide storage back to the atmosphere (3, pg.14). Because of this metabolism of trees, managed and harvested forest create better scenario than untouched forest.

Secondly, when a tree is cut down, 40 to 60 per cent of the carbon stays in the forest, and the rest is removed in the logs, which are converted into forest products (4, pg. 6) . This feature of wood enhances arguments of managed forest studies. Additionally, ability of carbon storage of wood provides cascading usages.

CASCADING FEATURES It is necessary to store carbon to mitigate or to postpone climate change. After harvesting of forest, carbon remains in wood or in wood products for decades, until they burn or decompose (4, pg. 4). On the other hand, wood products are more efficient to save carbon dioxide. For example, substituting a cubic metre of wood for concrete blocks or bricks results in a significant saving of 0.75 to 1 tonne of carbon dioxide (4, pg. 7). Therefore, cascading life of wood has great potential to mitigate climate change by storing carbon and delaying its emission.

Cascading use of wood is related with resource efficiency, due to decreasing carbon emission. Use and transformation of wood in different level of human life decrease deforestation and reduce energy of production.

Therefore, carbon stores in wood for decades and this process mitigates climate change.

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) Life Cycle Assessment is overall life-time evaluation of a material which starts from resource extraction of a material and ends with disposal of it.

WOOD _ REUSE Nowadays studies show that, if we have a building has 44.000 t of wood, more than half of it can be re-used, 6700 t as sawn timber and 16.000 t recycled into wood-based panels. (4) Reuse of wood depends on the quality after the woods’ life-time. This quality is affected by climate circumstances and maintenance of the materials or elements. Mostly, woods save its quality for decades and could be reused again.

Wood pieces can be transformed to shingle, garden shed, decking and fencing, even some specialists gather old woods to design a instrument which takes its unique sound from this reused wood.

WOOD_ RECYCLE Recycling wood, which commonly comes from old buildings, bridges and wharfs, requires less energy than recycle process of aluminium or steel. (3, pg.

34). There are developing legislations to increase the amount of wood recycle which is annually 15 million tonnes of 160 million tonnes in Europe (3, pg. 49).

Also, it is not possible everytime to be able to re-use or recycle wood, then, combustion is a carbon neutral solution, because of carbon sink effect of trees (3, pg. 13)

WOOD _ UPCYCLE Upcycling advantages of wood is obviously higher than concrete, because of easy-reshape features of wood. Additionally, open source opportunities of reshaping of wood, helps people to upcycle the material. The motta of DIY ‘do it yourself’ courages people to upcycle the wood. Although, it does not seem as a massive production or systematic way to upcycle, this motta increase public awareness about sustainability.

WOOD _ DOWNCYCLE Downcycling occurs when industrial materials are recycled into other products and in that process lose viability or value. Talking about wood we can report some examples about paper and pallets.

The process that turns virgin wood fiber into writing paper can be considered an example of downcycle. Paper life cycle involves recycle of paper also: that

could also be considered an example of downcycling : recycling paper is not 100 percent efficient. When the paper is recycled, the fibers must be separated, cleaned and made into a new product.[5] Another example could be found in production of wood-pallets: turning wood into economical and not-elaborate pallets is always a downcycling step. [6]

WOOD _ DECONSTRUCTION Although, there are some barriers to deconstruct timber structures, thanks to connection types , timber is well deconstructable construction element.

Wide range of use of timber in our daily life allows us to design almost whole building made by timber. There are interesting examples of this kind of buildings. One of them is situated in Zurich and designed by Shigeru Ban. Ban did not use metal elements as a connection type. He has tried to intertwine different timber elements to create the structure. Other detail example is from College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley, Kengo Kuma & Associates and named Nest we grow. In this project, we see easily deconstructable innovative wooden structure. Also, they mean that there is always elegance way to break new ground.

Archdaily.com

Main types of connection of wood are nails, screws, bolts, dowels and biscuits, glued joints, glue laminations, metal plate connectors, mechanical bounding in masonry. Screwing and bolting are seem best conventional ways to connect wooden elements, in despite of costs of these connection types. Additionally, it is also possible to re-use of screws and bolts if they do not seizes up. Beside the structure systems, other elements of a building can be made by wood. These are window frames, doors, inner and outer walls, floorboards etc... Prefabrication of timber walls allows us to dismantle every element easily.

OPPORTUNITIES

First opportunity to deconstruct a wooden element is about easiness of reusing. Compare to other structural elements wood requires less energy to reform or to sanitate. Timbers has large cross-sections are good example for reusing. Other reuseable parts are timber doors, window frames, walls and structures. Second opportunity is for weathered woods. By planned approach, damaged wooden elements can gain their initial value in salvage industries. [7, pg. 164] BARRIERS Wooden elements might be weathered and blackened when they are exposed to direct sunlight or to be closed to heat surfaces. These cases decrease the value of wood. This kind of wooden elements requires planned operation to gain their initial value, but this operation is not economical for all products. [7, pg. 165]

WOOD _ DESIGN FOR DECONCTRUCTION Designers’ tasks for deconstructable buildings are not to give a damage to elements or systems while dismantling them from each other and to design it in economical way. Therefore, rather than complex or unreachable details, simple and reachable details are more appreciated. By doing this, connectors should not damage the materials, neither. For wooden elements, nails and staples are not suitable connectors because of their future damages and great number of connection points. A great number of connection point requires labour intensive operations which are not economical. [7, pg. 165] Thus, screws, bolts and metal plate connectors are more suitable for wooden elements. Wooden elements that have smaller cross-sections, always have the risk of fractures while dismantling operation. Thus, for instance, using wooden materials as a wooden framing is not the best option.

A CASE OF STUDY _ STEEL A kind of construction typology that suits perfectly with deconstruction is the field of steel buildings. Steel buildings are mostly thought and built using prefabricated components following a specific construction sequence that makes them suitable for deconstruction process. Steel components like beams and columns are usually bolted together in frames able to resist in different hard conditions.

Every year 1.3 billion tons of steel are manufactured and according to main statistics there will be a strong growth in the volume of produced steel. Thanks to the ability to preserve its properties- steel is considered one the most recyclable products. [11]

STEEL MAKING PROCESS The process of production of steel can be divided into two different parts: primary process _ Blast Furnace route and Electric Arc Furnace_; secondary process _ products after primary process are treated to produce more steel components.

The energy usually required in steel making is since the beginning of the process a big amount. [10] Blast Furnace route: The BOF process uses virgin material, including iron ore, coke (coal that is crushed, washed and baked to remove impurities) and fluxes, as well as scrap steel. Scrap is added to the BOF vessel to maintain thermal balance.

Electric Arc Furnace route: The EAF process uses a very high percentage of scrap (recycled steel), typically supplemented by small quantities of virgin material, to manufacture new steel.

Secondary process: this process includes de-oxidation, vacuum degassing, alloy addition, inclusion removal, inclusion chemistry; it is usually associated with the production of high grades of steel.

STEEL _ DECONTRUCTION _ Key principles There are two ways to deconstruct steel buildings: some steel buildings are partly deconstructed when some big elements - like beams- are removed from a building and taken to another one project. Other steel buildings are completely deconstructed and rebuild elsewhere.

Each steel component should permit deconstruction facilitating his reuse in another building: components should be as independent as possible whit connections that allow easy and quick removals. [1]   

ELEMENTS: Use dry construction processes-like design modular and panelized elements- instead that wet processes COMPONENTS: If possible use prefabricated components easily composable/decomposable on site to be reused or recycled; MATERIALS: Consider the building as a series of layers related to different life spans of components

We can classify the main building systems and technologies with steel in this way: 



INTELLIGENT RIGID CONNECTIONS consist of independent joint components that offer a disassembly as simple and efficient as assembly.

The connections can be modular and interchangeable, offering many possibilities for future direct reuse. To maximize the reuse possibilities of intelligent rigid connections, they can be coupled with prefabricated modular components.

PREFABRICATION allows for a high level of control over the product. A good design will decrease the time and effort needed for construction



and deconstruction as well as increase the potential for reuse.

Prefabricated modular components require more time and energy in the front end design of a project, but the effort will pay off in future reuse.

Large scale volumetric modules can be designed to be readily disassembled MODULAR DEMOUNTABLE ASSEMBLIES offer proven solutions and have thought out interfaces with the other building layers, such as the services or structural layers.

STEEL _ RE-CYCLE As prefabricated products and systems, waste from the manufacture of steel construction products is easily collected and segregated for recycling and, on the construction site, steel products generate very low or zero waste.

Since steel was first mass produced during the 19th century it has always been highly recycled: [9]  Steel has a relatively high economic value - the price paid for scrap structural steel in 2014 was around 150 $/tonne 

The versatility of steel means that it can be easily recycled or remanufactured into new applications as demand dictates



Steel’s magnetic properties mean that it can be efficiently segregated from mixed waste streams.

Product

% % % Reused Recycled Lost

Heavy structural sections/tubes1

7

93

0

Rebar (in concrete superstructures)

0

98

2

Rebar (in concrete sub-structure or foundations)

2

95

2

15

71

14

5

93

2

10

89

1

Internal light steel (e.g. plaster profiles, door frames)

0

94

6

Other (e.g. stainless steel)

4

95

1

Steel piles (sheet and bearing) Light structural steel Profile steel cladding (roof/facade)

Average (across all products)

5

91

4

http://www.steelconstruction.info/Recycling_and_reuse

STEEL _REUSE Reuse of construction waste-products involves their reuse with any kind of modifying process (or really a few). Also from an environmental point of view reuse offers greater advantage than recycling since there is really few environmental impacts associated in the process: that means that steel components recovered in this way can be reused in future buildings without the requirement for recycling.

Another additional advantage of designing for deconstruction could be the reduction of neighborhood disruption and pollution during the demolition process; the probability of waste going to landfill is also reduced. [11] Some construction products and systems are more suitable to reuse than others and therefore designers should be encouraged to think about not only how their buildings can be easily and effectively constructed but also how they can be efficiently deconstructed.

The reuse is possible with many steel construction products and components like:  Piles (sheet and bearing piles)  

Structural members (hollow sections) Light gauge product like purlins and rails.

The process is clear and linear. For instance - talking about deconstructed sections- after an inspection- to verify and confirm dimensional properties- a remove of coatings and an adjust of length , they are ready to be used one more time in a new project.

STEEL _REUSE _ DESIGN FOR REUSE To facilitate greater reuse it is important that designers not only use steel but also do what they can to optimise future reuse. Steps that the designer can take to maximise the opportunity for reusing structural steel include: [9]

End plate beam to column and beam to beam connections

     

Use bolted connections in preference to welded joints to allow the structure to be dismantled during deconstruction Use standard connection details including bolt sizes and the spacing of holes Easy access to structure frames and connections Use of long-span beams : It will be easier to be adapt them for new functions and required dimensions Try to avoid the use of coatings and coverings Try to classify origin and properties of single products

STEEL BUILDINGS SUITABLE FOR DECONSTRUCTION Steel systems -because of their construction/deconstruction simplicity- are used frequently to construct different kind of temporary buildings .

Deconstruction as a need can be found in that king of buildings – like temporary pavilions- where the structures are designed only for a short period of time . An example can be found in different Expo pavilions: at the Expo Seville in 1992 the British Pavilion was completely designed and produced in Britain with a easily constructible/deconstructible steel structure and built directly on the site. The original aim of the building was to be easily deconstructed and built elsewhere.

Basic principles that are suitable for deconstruction are:     

Connection easily reachable and removable Simple geometry and tools Use of independent and exchangeable components Least possible damage during disassembly Form grids dense enough to state handling and transfer of components during deconstruction process.

A sector which is strictly related to deconstruction principles is steel modular sector: one of the most important aspects of design for deconstruction is the connection between elements. There are three different possible ways of connection between elements: [2] 





Integral connections: formed by interfaces held together in shear by the geometry of two elements. The formation can be an interlocking or an overlapping type .

Filled connections: usually applied on site forming chemical bonds (glued or welded connections) to connect elements . It’s really difficult to disconnect this elements without damaging them.

Accessory connections: usually interfaces between two elements that holds them together. Internal type connection are formed by parts directly connected to elements and usually bolted together , external type connections don’t connect directly to the element. Internal type connections can damage elements in case of deconstruction.

Steel connections, Durmisevic and Brouwer, 2002

A CASE OF STUDY _ STEEL + WOOD + CONCRETE _ A Skyscraper in Milan Some summary conclusions of the principles we talked about before could be taken trying to analyze a concrete project: “Easy-fitting tower. Milano” . The project - developed during a Master-design course at the University Iuav of Venice- is a skyscraper completed designed and taught to be easily deconstructed following principles of layering, simplicity of details and connections and recyclable materials.

Inside the 300 meters high-tower -completely connected with metro connection on the basement- take place library office and an hotel.

The focus is on precast elements, as the technological aspect and the structure are essential in a contemporary high-rise building. The precast idea

was taken on an extreme level and applied to every part of the tower: steel pillars, steel beams, cross laminated timber panels, modular floor, modular facade and precast concrete core.

This is a flexible structure because the covering elements can be inverted and adapted to every kind of use. The structure can be adapted too; that’s why the constructive project of the skyscraper is also the demolishing one.

“Top down” method is the appropriate one for a partial or a total demolition.

“Milano. Easy-fitting tower, Master Design Project I IUAV Architecture University Venice I prof. A. Dal Fabbro

CONCLUSIONS HOW IS THE TREND FOR THE FUTURE ?

Future trend of deconstruction idea seems totally depending on upcoming decisions of politics. Because, this idea of deconstruction impacts different fields and also been impacted by various sectors which are landfill organization sectors, policies, householders, technological support from universities, developing construction methods etc. If there will be no any concrete steps by politics, it is difficult to see deconstruction idea as a future life trend.

Additional to country policies, international agreements and protocols or at least new criterias in certification systems are needed as a first step to generate new style of liveable and sustainable environments. Otherwise, Design for Deconstruction will not be able to go further more than being a business sector in the current economic system with its business people. The second option for the future trend is advanced technology. If promoted researches initiate to make deconstruction methods easier, in terms of any development in material features or in computational strategies, than design for deconstruction become widespread.

STEEL VS WOOD To conclude the topic, if we look at the whole picture, it is apparent that steel production requires much higher amount of initial energy than wood production. Despite of this fact, also we know from the diagram mentioned before that steel has much higher amount of recycle rate than wooden one.

But, according to forest management experts, life cycle of wood and trees are much more sustainable than other materials because of carbon sink effect of trees. Additionally, other significant advantage of wood is being a open source material. It means that wood is easily formable and manageable without using facilities or machines. Contrary to wood, steel requires facilities and industries to be recycled.

It seems that this topic needs to be more discussed and searched in years to find better solutions for our future surroundings. But, as we see in the example of skyscraper, using correct material in correct position seems the best solution, and we do not need to compare different materials anymore.

GLOSSARY RE-USE “Reusing is the most sustainable choice by using materials or objects already manufactured, either for their original or new purposes, rather than recycle them into other products.” http://www.sustainabilitydictionary.com/reuse/

RECYCLE “Recycling is the process of reclaiming materials from used products or materials from their manufacturing and using them in the manufacturing of new products.” http://www.sustainabilitydictionary.com/recycle/

UPCYCLE” Upcycle means to process (used goods or waste material) so as to produce something that is better than the original. “ dictionary.com

DECONSTRUCTION “In the context of physical construction, deconstruction is the selective dismantlement of building components, specifically for re-use, recycling, and waste management” Wikipedia.com

DOWNCYCLE “Downcycling is the process of converting waste materials or useless products into new materials or products of lesser quality and reduced functionality.

Downcycling aims to prevent wasting potentially useful materials, reduce consumption of fresh raw materials, energy usage, air pollution and water pollution. Its goals are also lowering greenhouse gas emissions (though re-use of tainted toxic chemicals for other purposes can have the opposite effect) as compared to virgin production. A clear example of downcycling isplastic recycling, which turns the material in to lower grade plastics.” wikipedia.com

RECYCLED CONTENT “Portion of a product's material (expressed usually as a percentage of its total material content) recovered from pre- or post-consumer waste.” businessdictionary.com

CONSTRUCTION WASTE – DEMOLITION WASTE “Discarded material (such as blocks, bricks, concrete, glass, plastics, steel, wood.) and soil generated by new building construction, refurbishment, or demolition of existing structures, and which is neither biodegradable nor toxic. Also called construction waste, demolition waste.” businessdictionary.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SITOGRAPHY

[1]http://www.lifecyclebuilding.org/docs/Designing%20Structural%20Systems%20for %20Deconstruction.pdf Designing Structural Systems for Deconstruction: How to Extend a New Building’s Useful Life and Prevent it from Going to Waste When the End Finally Comes, Mark D. Webster, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Daniel T. Costello, [2]http://issuu.com/akokkos/docs/computational_modelling_tools_for_t Design for Deconstruction, TU Delft, Master Thesis, Anastasios Kokkos

A CASE OF STUDY _ WOOD [3] http://www.cei-bois.org/files/FINAL_-_BoA_-_EN_-_2011_text_and_cover.pdf Tackle Climate Change : Use Wood, 2011, CEI-Bois [4] http://www.naturallywood.com/sites/default/files/Tackle-Climate-Change-UseWood.pdf - Tackle Climate Change , Use Wood, 2009, Forest Products Association of Canada [5]http://www.valleypallet.com/industry-news/recycling-upcycling-downcycling-by-anyname-wood-is-good/ [6]http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6707&context=theses [7]PDF “Design for deconstruction and materials reuse” Workshop materials given by the teacher http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html - Article 2, Kyoto Protocol http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html - Article 10, Kyoto Protocol

A CASE OF STUDY _ STEEL [8]http://www.reuse-steel.org/files/Information%20papers/Deconstruction%20IP %2010-5.pdf [9]http://www.steelconstruction.info/Recycling_and_reuse [10]http://www.steelscape.com/Files/sustainability/sustainability_technical_bulletins/Su stainability_Tech_Bulletin_4_-_Recycling.pdf [11]http://www.steelconstruction.org/document Recycling and Reuse in steel, Corus construction Centre

A CASE OF STUDY _ STEEL + WOOD + CONCRETE

“Milano. Easy-fitting tower�, Master Design Project I IUAV Architecture University Venice prof: A. Dal Fabbro, students: Bettin Riccardo, Dalla Cia Camilla, Tosato Francesca.

Ali Can Erol 6027664 alicanerol92@gmail.com Michelangelo Mezzocolli 6027826 mmezzocolli@gmail.com

HCU I Hafencity Universität Hamburg REAP Master I WiSe 2014-2015 Technologies for Sustainable Material Cycles Prof. Dr._Ing. Wolfram Trinius