The International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) is an influential t labor union that represents thousands of dockworkers on the West Coast of the United States, Hawaii, and British Columbia, Canada. ILWU negotiates contracts of employment on behalf of employees in the shipping industry and container terminals. On the other hand, the Pacific Maritime Association (PMA) is a mutual non-profit organization that brings together employers in the shipping industry on the US’s Pacific coast.