Closing the Feedback Loop: Can Technology Amplify Citizen Voices?
References Baer, W., N. Borisov, G. Danezis, W. H. Dutton, S. F. Gurses, M. Klonowski, M. Kutylowski, U. Maier-Rabler, T. Moran, A. Pfitzmann, B. Preneel, A. Sadeghi, V. Thierry, T. Westen, and F. Zagorski. 2009. “Machiavelli Confronts 21st Century Digital Technology: Democracy in a Network Society.” Working Paper, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford. Bailur, S., and S. Masiero. 2012. “The Complex Position of the Intermediary in Telecenters and Community Multimedia Centers.” Information Technologies and International Development 8 (1): 8–27. Balbo Di Vinadio, T. 2012. “Case Study: Information and Communication Technology for Governance (ICT4GOV) Program.” World Bank Institute, Washington, DC. http:// api.ning.com/files/LEJtngQzKyPQJ3wjWPJDOwZEs3kNah5pjOIGtK*QcvfxBs - o N 3 1 C R r Z z 4 y H AG 4 n S G n l P p d k z r h V B k d M 3 5 o M Va 6 b 5 9 p * H 8 F d T /ITC4GOVcasestudy.pdf. Barder, O. 2011 “Eight Lessons from Three Years Working on Aid Transparency.” Owen Abroad, February 22. http://www.owen.org/blog/4433. Bhatnagar, B., and A. Williams, eds. 1992. Participatory Development and the World Bank: Potential Directions for Change. Washington, DC: World Bank. Blaschke, S., P. Carroll, D. Rojas Chaves, M. Findley, M. Gleave, R. Morello, and D. Nielson. 2013. “Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Social Incentives for UNICEF’s Crowdsourcing Development Information in Uganda: A Field Experiment.” Working Paper submitted to the “Sixth Annual Conference on the Political Economy of International Organizations,” University of Mannheim and University of Heidelberg. Bonbright, D., D. Campbell, and L. Nguyen. 2008. The 21st Century Potential of Constituency Voice: Opportunities for Reform. Report prepared for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the David and Lucille Packard Foundation. http://alliance1 .org/ce/pubs/constituency-feedback. Bovens, M. 2007a. “Analyzing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework.” European Law Journal 13 (4): 447–68. ———. 2007b. “New Forms of Accountability and EU-Governance.” Comparative European Politics 5 (1): 104–20. Brett, E. 2003. “Participation and Accountability in Development Management.” Journal of Development Studies 40 (2): 1–29. Bukenya, J. 2012. “U-report Helps Ugandans Address Pressing Issues.” IT Web Africa, August 6. http://www.itwebafrica.com/mobile/442-uganda/229766-u-report-helps -ugandans-address-pressing-issues. Burkey, S. 1993. People First: A Guide to Self-Reliant Participatory Rural Development. London: Zed Books. Callen, M., and A. Hasanain. 2011. “The Punjab Model of Proactive Governance: Empowering Citizens through Information Communication Technology; Findings from an Early Review of Evidence.” Working Paper, University of California San Diego, Department of Economics; Lahore University of Management Sciences, Department of Economics. http://punjabmodel.gov.pk/assets/home/reports/Punjab_Model _Evaluation_Callen_and_Hasanain.pdf. Cecchini, S., and C. Scott. 2003. “Can Information and Communication Technology Applications Contribute to Poverty Reduction? Lessons from Rural India.” Information Technology for Development 10 (2): 73–84. Closing the Feedback Loop • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0191-4
273