102
Integrating Sector-Wide Reforms for Mitigation
Figure 3.19 Modal Share, Selected Cities in Asia 100
Percent
80 60 40 20
k ko ng Ba
ila an M
aL um
pu
r
rta Ku
al
Ja
ka
ai gh an Sh
Dh a
ka
0
Other
Paratransit
Bus
Bicycles
Walking
Sources: International Road Federation 1998; reproduced by I-ce 2000.
of total trips (figure 3.19). In Africa walking still predominates in urban areas; in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam half the trips are entirely on foot (I-ce 2000). The use of nonmotorized modes may decline with economic growth, but even in developed countries, they can still represent a significant share of travel if they are well integrated with other transport modes, as in the Netherlands and Denmark (IEA 2000). In addition, new nonmotorized tools are being d eveloped. In China for instance, the electric bicycle (E-bike) is becoming more popular; the market has grown to 21 million in the past decade (World Bank 2009a). Nonmotorized Modes and Pedestrian Safety A particular challenge is ensuring the safety of pedestrians and bicyclists, who comprise the majority of road fatalities (table 3.11). Establishing and improving sidewalks and nonmotorized transport bridges can do so cost-effectively (table 3.12) (I-ce 2000). Intermodal Freight Connections Although rail freight can reduce emissions by two-thirds or more, the limited extent of railway networks constrain freight mobility. In Ghana, for example, demand for freight transit to neighboring countries, such as Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali, jumped in 2002 because of political disorder in Côte d’Ivoire, but most freight was carried by truck because of the lack of intermodal facilities, such as storage and handling equipment, at the north end of Ghana’s rail network in Kumasi (JBIC 2006). Thus a significant opportunity to take advantage of railways was missed. Combining more than one transport mode can increase rail attractiveness and improve freight energy efficiency. In Japan, for example, total energy expended for door-to-door 20-km freight transport was lowest when rail was Turning the Right Corner • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9835-7