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Inclusion and Resilience: The Way Forward for Social Safety Nets in the Middle East and North Africa
Moreover, women in Lebanon and Syria stay in informal jobs longer than men, although women tend to drop out of the labor force with age. The share of women with formal jobs increases with age more than the share of men, which suggests that women who have formal jobs tend to remain in the labor force. When it comes to job benefits, the gap between men and women is larger in informal jobs. Furthermore, informal jobs are 30 percent less likely to offer maternity leave than formal jobs in Lebanon (Silva, Alloush, et al. 2011; Silva, Chartouni, et al. 2011).
The Challenge: Poverty, Exclusion, and Vulnerability to Shocks
ESC (Economic and Social Council). 2010a. “Assessing the Middle Class in Jordan.” Policy paper, ESC, Amman. ———. 2010b. “Female Labour Force Participation in Jordan.” Economic and Social Council Policy Papers, ESC, Amman. Galal, A., and K. Taher. 2010. Financing Higher Education in Arab Countries. Policy Research Report 34, Economic Research Forum, Cairo. Gallup Inc. 2009. World Poll Survey (database). The Gallup Organization, Washington, DC. http://www.gallup.com/se/126845/Action.aspx.
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