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CONTENTS
O.6 O.7 O.8
O.9
O.10 O.11 O.12 O.13 O.14 O.15 O.16 O.17 O.18 O.19 O.20 O.21 O.22 O.23 O.24 O.25 O.26 O.27 O.28 O.29 O.30 O.31 O.32
Expected wage by years of education in the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2006, and Jordan, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Levels and trends in regional unemployment in Tunisia, 2005–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Decomposition of the dissimilarity index by circumstance and effort for men ages 21–34 in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, and Morocco, 2009 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Share of workers with high-paying or protected jobs among the working-age population in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, and urban Morocco, 2009 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Preference for public sector employment among youth ages 15–34 in selected MENA economies, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Percentage of individuals and households with desirable jobs in the Arab Republic of Egypt (2009) and Jordan (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A framework for interpreting the labor market disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Youth NEET rates in selected MENA economies by education level, individuals ages 15–24, 2008–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Unemployment rates in selected MENA economies by education level, individuals ages 15–24, 2005–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Female participation in the labor force in five MENA countries, by education level, various years, 2005–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Women’s decision-making on whether they can work and labor force participation, by marital status and age, Morocco, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Male-female wage gap in selected MENA economies, various years, 2006–10 . . . . . . 12 Informality rate by quintile of per capita consumption in selected MENA countries, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Probability of being in a poor household by education and geographic location among the employed population in Jordan, 2006–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Education level of unskilled rural workers as a percentage of the working population, 2006–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Five-year moving average of real GDP growth rates in GCC and in Non-GCC MENA countries, 1960–2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Total annual employment growth in selected regions of the world, 1998–2008 . . . . . 15 Growth in employed and working-age population in non-GCC MENA countries, 1998–2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Changes in the composition of GDP in selected world regions, 1980–83 and 2007–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Sectoral contribution to annual employment growth in a typical MENA country and other selected countries, average 2000s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Private sector gross fi xed-capital formation as a percentage of GDP in selected countries, average 2004–09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Structure of foreign direct investment in selected MENA countries and the EU, 2000–07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Average fi rm entry density for selected emerging economies, 2004–09 . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Relation between fi rm size and age in Brazil (2009) and Jordan (2006) . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Labor taxes and contributions as a percentage of base salary in world regions, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Labor taxes and contributions as a percentage of base salary in MENA economies, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Average employment shares in the public sector in MENA and selected comparator economies, averages 2000s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22