16
WO R L D D E V E LO P M E N T R E P O RT 2 0 1 3
F I G U R E 11
Views on preferred jobs and most important jobs differ a. China
b. Egypt, Arab Rep.
50
50
40
40
30
T
social value
social value
D
C F
20
30 T
20
F
D 10 0
10 S 0
10
20
30
40
0
50
C S 0
10
20
individual value
40
50
40
50
individual value
c. Colombia
50
30
d. Sierra Leone
50
D 40 D
social value
social value
40 30 T
20
F
C
10 0
10
20
F
20
T
10
S 0
D
30
30
40
0
50
CS
0
10
20
individual value
30
individual value
C
D
F
S
T
civil servant
doctor
farmer
shop owner
teacher
Sources: Bjørkhaug and others 2012; Hatløy and others 2012; Kebede and others 2012; and Zhang and others 2012; all for the World Development Report 2013. Note: The figure shows the share of respondents who would want the job for themselves (individual value) and those who think the job is good for society (social value).
payoffs to jobs has shaped recent development thinking.69 Spillovers from jobs can be identified across all three transformations (figure 12). Some directly affect the earnings of others, as when a job is supported through government transfers, or restrictive regulations that reduce employment opportunities for others. Other spillovers take place through interactions: in households in the case of gender equality, at the workplace when knowledge and ideas are shared, or in society more broadly in the case of networks. Spillovers also occur when jobs and their allocation con-
tribute to common goals, such as poverty reduction, environmental protection, or fairness. Because a job can affect the well-being of others as well as that of the jobholder, two jobs that may appear identical from an individual perspective could be different from a social perspective (figure 13). The individual perspective provides a useful starting point, because it often coincides with the social perspective. A highpaying job in Bangalore’s information technology sector is probably good for the worker; it is also good for India because it contributes to the country’s long-term growth. In other cases, the