Index
missing women and excess female deaths, xxi, 3, 14–16, 15f, 77–79, 77t, 104–5, 120–21, 121f in adulthood, 128–32, 131f computing, 139–40f, 139–41 in early childhood, 24, 125–28, 126f, 128f in four Africas, 135b girls missing at birth, 23, 104, 120–25, 122f, 124f, 139–41 HIV/AIDS as factor. See HIV/AIDS income growth, effect of, 123f policies to address, xxii, 23–24, 23–26, 25f, 290–94 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Argentina), 334b Mozambique correlation of low maternal education with health problems in, 88 fertility decisions in, 157 globalization leaving undereducated women behind in, 269 land titling system in, 165 mortality rates in, 119 wage gaps in, 80 M-PESA (Kenya), 27, 264b Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS), 218b
N Namibia educational segregation by specialty in, 88 political office, women in, 335b National Crime Victimization Survey (U.S.), 84 nationality and citizenship laws, 159, 161, 347–48 National Service for Women (SERNAM, Chile), 347b Nepal agency’s effects in, 6 inheritance laws in, 309 justice system in, 313 lack of voice and control over resources in, 82, 88 women’s labor force participation in, 340 Netherlands female parliamentarians in, 84 part-time work for men in, 224 telework in, 263 Nicaragua agricultural businesses, access to inputs and equipment in, 227 domestic violence in, 36, 348 economic shock’s effect on education in, 87 Internet usage in, 261 Niger child mortality in, 119 contraceptive education and use in, 314 domestic violence in, 170 fertility rates in, 130 girls’ education in, 107 maternal mortality in, 15 Nigeria child mortality in, 119 credit, women’s access to, 28 fertility rates in, 75 inheritance laws in, 310 mortality rates in, 119
421
school enrollment in, 72 work restrictions on women’s ability to work outside home, 164 Nijera Kori (Bangladesh), 35, 333 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). See also development community’s role role in international women’s rights, 334b, 350 North Africa. See Middle East and North Africa North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, 266, 350 Norway child-care policies in, 297 corporate boards of directors, female representation on, 204b, 308, 354 economic rights for women in, 58 educational segregation by specialty in, 88 political representation, increase of women in, 85, 180
O occupational tasks and skill requirements, 259b Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 269 Organization of American States, 57 outsourcing, 109–10 ownership rights. See land ownership by women; property laws
P Pakistan agricultural businesses, access to inputs and equipment in, 227 children taken to work by mothers in, 222 girls’ education in, 12–13, 112, 295 household care and housework performed by women in, 217 justice, access to, 312 mortality of girls in early childhood in, 125 parent’s educational attainment, effect on their children in, 5, 69, 106 political representation, policies to increase women in, 307 proximity to school and increased educational enrollment in, 110–11, 112 wage gaps in, 80, 205 water and sanitation improvements in, 27, 299 Papua New Guinea female magistrates in, 312 household relations in, 318 oil palm industry in, 34–35 Paraguay credit, access to, 230 health expenditures for women in, 64 property ownership by women in, 82 parental aspirations for their children, 21, 116 parental leave policies, 27, 235, 298–99, 353–54, 353b parent’s educational attainment, effect on their children, 5, 87–88, 106 parliamentary representation of women, 348 partnerships in development community, 37–38, 361 public-private, 346–47 part-time work, 30, 220, 223, 224 paternal leave. See parental leave policies PEKKA Women’s Legal Empowerment (Indonesia), 32, 313