Index
higher education. See tertiary education Hindustan Unilever, 238b hiring discrimination, 205b HIV/AIDS, 16, 38t, 78, 105, 117, 118, 128, 131–32, 132f, 135b, 361t, 365 Hogares Comunitarios (Colombian child-care program), 297 home-based businesses, 207, 263 Honduras contraceptive education and use in, 314 Internet usage in, 261 maternal mortality in, 294 wage gap in, 259 household care and housework intrahousehold allocations and, 219, 230 nontraditional industries and aid of another female in household to cover, 269 persistence of gender inequality, 17, 19f, 26–27, 80–81, 81f, 217, 219–21, 219f, 239 policies to address gender gap in, 319 household decision making bargaining capacity and, 99, 318 capacity for change in, 101 female-headed vs. male-headed households, 225, 225b, 226–27f impact of family decisions, 7, 151 persistence of gender inequality, 20–21, 82–83 policies to improve women’s voice in, xxii–xxiii, 5, 31–32, 159–60, 309–10, 320. See also voice scope of, 99–100 household income agency improved by higher income, 152–53, 169 education differences based on income levels, 13, 14f, 111 housework time of women, decline as income increases, 218 social norms disapproving of higher income of women, 171 How Schools Shortchange Girls (American Association of University Women), 340 human capital endowments. See education; health Human Development Index (HDI), 95 human rights conferences, 350f. See also United Nations Hurricane Mitch (1998), 86b hygiene. See water and sanitation
I Iceland female parliamentarians in, 84 Internet usage in, 261 ICTs. See information and communication technologies IFC’s Women in Business programs, 302, 303b ILO. See International Labour Organization income shocks, 296b India adolescence and social norms of behavior in, 176, 317 agency’s effects in, 6, 184n99 agricultural extension services in, 234 brain vs. brawn requirements in, 260–61, 261f business process outsourcing (BPO) in, 110 call centers in, 258 caste, ethnic, and religious politics and gender in, 335b cell phone usage in, 262, 300
417
child-care policies in, 27, 298 domestic violence in, 32, 88, 171, 313, 335 correlated with women’s property ownership and earnings in, 154, 311 fertility rate decline in, 8, 63 girls’ enrollment rates, 12–13 height differences between men and women in, 63 household decision making, lack of women’s voice in, 20 Internet usage in, 300 Janani Suraksha Yojana program, 294, 321n15 “marriage squeeze” in, due to preference for males, 106 maternal mortality in, 15, 25, 78, 129, 293, 294 missing girls at birth, 15, 23, 77–79, 77t, 78, 105, 120–25, 122f reversal of excess female mortality, 24 mortality of girls in early childhood in, 125 mortality rates in, 118 outsourcing in, 109–10 parental aspirations for their children in, 21 parental bias toward boys in, 116 police force, women on, 167 political representation, policies to increase women in, 6, 30, 152, 307 positive effect of women with own income in, 5 preventive health services for girls in, 125 property ownership by women effect on voice of women, 21, 88 inheritance laws, 27, 159, 317 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005, 335 sexual harassment laws in, 348 telework in, 264 women’s networks, creation of, 30 women worker associations in, 35, 333 work restrictions on women’s ability to work outside home, 164 Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004), 85, 86b individual agency of women, 6, 48 Indonesia agricultural businesses, access to inputs and equipment in, 227 domestic violence in, 32 export-oriented factories in, 271 family-run businesses in, 222 female-owned vs. male-owned businesses in, 16–17, 201 girls’ education in, 86 maternal mortality in, 78, 293 trade liberalization in, 267b water and sanitation in, 24, 293 infectious diseases, 125, 127, 136, 138 informal institutions, xxi, 230, 297–300 as agents of change, 95, 332–40 defined, 8b inertia of, 22 property distribution and, 230 relationship with gender equality, 100, 101f, 330–31, 331f labor participation and, 200b lifting constraints on women’s time, 297–99 information, power of, 37, 231–33, 339–40 information and communication technologies (ICTs) access to services via, 264b improvements, effect of, 27, 182