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As long as these differences persist, globalization alone cannot—and will not—make gender inequality go away. Public action to close gender gaps is therefore critical for countries to fully capitalize on the potential of globalization as a force for development and greater gender equality. Such action is also urgent in light of the rising costs of gender inequality in a globalized world.
NOTES 1. Aguayo-Téllez 2011; Do, Levchenko, and Raddatz 2011. 2. Jacobsen 2011; Rendall 2011. 3. Sassen 2011. 4. World Bank 2010. 5. Aguayo-Téllez, Muendler, and Poole 2010. 6. ITU 2010. 7. Stern, Dethier, and Rogers 2005. 8. This calculation includes data for 51 countries. The developed countries included are Australia; Austria; The Bahamas; Barbados; Belgium; Canada; Cyprus; Denmark; Finland; France; Greece; Hong Kong SAR, China; Hungary; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea, Rep.; Luxembourg; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; Puerto Rico; San Marino; Singapore; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Trinidad and Tobago; United Kingdom; and the United States. The developing countries included are Bangladesh; Botswana; Brazil; Chile; Costa Rica; Egypt, Arab Rep.; El Salvador; Guatemala; Indonesia; Malaysia; Pakistan; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Romania; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Turkey; and Venezuela, RB. 9. Fontana 2009. 10. Baden and Joekes 1993; Pearson 1999; Standing 1999; Wood 1991. 11. Wood and Mayer 2001. 12. Mitter 2000. 13. Nanda 2000. 14. Mitter 2000; Pearson 1998. 15. Mitter 2000. 16. Barrientos, Kabeer, and Hossain 2004. 17. von Braun, Johm, and Puetz 1994; Wold 1997. 18. Arizpe and Aranda 1981; Barndt 1999; Barrientos and others 1999; Barrón 1994; Collins 1993; Dolan and Sorby 2003; Thrupp, Bergeron, and Waters 1995. 19. Barrientos and others 1999; Barrientos and Kritzinger 2003. 20. Dolan and Sorby 2003; Thrupp, Bergeron, and Waters 1995. 21. ILO 2002. 22. Davin 2001; Fernández-Kelly 1983; Kabeer 2000; Lim 1990.
23. Davin 2001. 24. Artecona and Cunningham 2002; Berik 2000; Ghiara 1999. 25. Bhattacharya 1999; Belghazi 1997, cited in Joekes 1999a. 26. Berik, van der Meulen Rodgers, and Zveglich, Jr. 2003; Seguino 1997; Seguino 2000. 27. Fussell 2000; Ver Beek 2001. 28. Borghans and ter Weel 2004; DiNardo and Pischke 1997; Entorf, Gollac, and Kramarz 1999; Krueger 1993; Lee and Kim 2004. 29. Rendall 2010. 30. Black and Spitz-Oener 2010. A related strand of the literature has focused on the impact of technological change (and particularly skill-biased technological change) on the demand for skills, where skills are generally measured in terms of workers’ levels of education. Both ideas are complementary in the sense that ICT and the computerization of the workplace have changed the nature of work and in the process altered both the relative importance of the various tasks that constitute an occupation and the kind of skills required to perform such occupation. 31. Black and Spitz-Oener 2010; Rendall 2010; Weinberg 2000. 32. Bacolod and Blum 2010; Black and Spitz-Oener 2010. 33. Liu, Tsou, and Hammit 2004; Ng 2006. 34. Rendall 2011. 35. Ibid. 36. Ibid. 37. GSMA Development Fund 2010. 38. Comfort and Dada 2009; Kyomuhendo 2009; Munyua 2009; GSMA Development Fund 2010. 39. Sane and Traore 2009. 40. GSMA Development Fund 2010. 41. Ibid. 42. Melhem, Morrell, and Tandon 2009; Ng and Mitter 2005. 43. Yitamben and Tchinda 2009. 44. Schaefer Davis 2005. 45. Data from Statistics Netherlands 2009. http:// www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/home/default.htm. 46. Mitter 2000; Ng 2001. 47. Becker 1957. 48. Bhagwati 2004. 49. Black and Brainerd 2004; Kongar 2007. 50. Do, Levchenko, and Raddatz 2011; van Stavaren and others 2007. 51. Do, Levchenko, and Raddatz 2011. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid. 54. Seguino 1997; Seguino 2000. 55. Byrnes and Freeman 2011. 56. Gray, Kittilson, and Sandholtz 2006. 57. Neumayer and De Soysa 2007. 58. Robertson and others 2009.