Promoting women’s agency
20. Pronyk and others 2006; Panda and Agarwal 2005; International Center for the Research on Women ICRW 2006; Swaminathan, Walker, and Rugadya 2008. 21. Aizer 2010. 22. Hjort and Villanger 2011; Panda and Agarwal 2005. 23. Deere and León 2001. 24. WDR 2012 team estimates based on Gallup data, for years 2008, 2009, and 2010, for Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe for Sub-Saharan Africa; and Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and República Bolivariana de Venezuela for Latin America and the Caribbean. 25. ETUC 2010. 26. Erulkar and others 2004. 27. Dinkelman 2010. 28. Babinard and Scott 2011. 29. Venter, Vokolkova, and Michalek 2007. 30. Joshi and Schultz 2007; Gertler and Molyneaux 1994. 31. World Bank 2011. 32. Ashraf, Field, and Lee 2010. 33. Jejeebhoy, Shah, and Thapa 2005. 34. Singh and others (2009) report that such parental consent is required for abortion in 32 countries—including many rich countries such as Denmark, Greece, Italy, the Slovak Republic, and the United States. 35. Lule, Singh, and Chowdhury 2007; World Bank 2007. 36. Kirdar, Dayioglu Tayfur, and Koç 2010. 37. Roy 2011. 38. Chiappori, Fortin, and Lacroix 2002. 39. Stevenson 2007; Stevenson and Wolfers 2006. See also Bargain and others (2010) and González and Özcan (2008) for evidence on Ireland. 40. Byrnes and Freeman 2011. 41. Gender Business Law Library, World Bank. 42. World Bank 2011. 43. Deininger, Goyal, and Nagarajan 2010. 44. Deere and Doss 2006a; Deere and Doss 2006b. 45. Quisumbing and Hallman 2005. 46. World Bank 2011. 47. Rangel 2006. 48. World Bank 2011. 49. UNIFEM 2003. 50. UNIFEM 2010.
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
73. 74.
75. 76. 77. 78.
79.
80. 81. 82. 83. 84.
Tarazona and Munro 2011. Harrington and Chopra 2010. Lastarria-Cornhiel 1997. Ayuko and Chopra 2008; Monson 2010. Aldashev and others, forthcoming. Kapur 1996; Khan, Bhuiya, and Bhattacharya 2010. Kahan 2010; UNIFEM 2009. UNIFEM 2010. Figure 5.4 in UNIFEM 2008. World Bank 2011a. Denham 2008. Sumner, Zurstrassen, and Lister 2011. Contreras and others 2010; WHO 2010. Jubb and Pasinato Izumino 2003. Ayuko and Chopra 2008. World Bank 2011b. Lungu and others 2001. World Bank 2010. World Bank 2011b. Luke and Munshi 2011. World Bank 2011b. The minimum age is 14 for girls and 16 for boys in Bolivia and República Bolivariana de Venezuela, 15 and 18 in Kuwait, South Africa, and Tanzania. Parental consent is required in Bolivia, Kuwait, South Africa, and República Bolivariana de Venezuela for the marriage of girls at these ages. Jensen and Thornton 2003. See Iversen and Rao (2011) for a discussion of trends in the incidence of domestic violence and attitudes toward it in India. WDR 2012 team estimates based on Demographic and Health Surveys. Contreras and others 2011. WHO (2010) and references within. Osawa (2011) shows that for the case of Japan, this norm permeated the market and created a male-breadwinner-centric model for career progression and for social security and social benefits. World Bank 2011b. The International Men and Gender Equality Survey took place in Brazil (metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro); Chile (metropolitan areas of Valparaiso, Concepcion, and Santiago); Croatia (metropolitan area of Zagreb and rural areas in the East); India (metropolitan areas of Delhi and Vijayawada); Mexico (metropolitan areas of Monterrey, Queretaro, and Jalapa); and Rwanda (national coverage). Abramsky and others 2011; Contreras and others 2011. Ashraf, Field, and Lee 2010. Iyengar 2009. Fogli and Veldkamp, forthcoming. Hoff and Mansuri 2011.
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